A 7000-year pollen record from the Amazon lowlands, Ecuador

Absy, M. L. 1979. A palynological study of Holocene sediments in the Amazon basin. Thesis. University of Amsterdam.

Absy, M. L. 1982. Palynology of Amazonia: the history of the forests as revealed by the palynological record. In: Prance, G. T. (ed.), Amazonia. pp. 72–82 New York.

Benninghoff, W. S. & Kapp, R. O. 1962. Suggested notations to indicate identification status of fossil pollen. Pollen Spores, 4, 332.

Bush, M. B. & Whittaker, R. J. 1986. The vegetation communities of Sertung, Rakata Kecil and Rakata. In: Bush, M. B., Jones, P. A. & Richards, K. (eds.), The Krakatoa Centenary Expedition 1983 Final Report, University of Hull, Dept. Of Geogr. Misc. Ser. 33, pp. 14–56.

Colinvaux, P. A. 1987. Amazon diversity in the light of the paleoecological record. Quat. Sci. Rev. 6: 93–114.

Colinvaux, P. A., Miller, M. C., Liu, K-b., Steinitz-Kannan, M. & Frost, I. 1985. Discovery of permanent Amazon lakes and hydraulic disturbance in the upper Amazon basin. Nature 313: 42–45.

Colinvaux, P. A. & Schofield, E. K. 1967a. Historical ecology in the Galapagos Islands. I. A Holocene pollen record from El Junco Lake, Isla San Cristobal. J. Ecol. 64: 989–1012.

Colinvaux, P. A. & Schofield, E. K. 1967b. Historical ecology in the Galapagos Islands. II. A Holocene spore record from El Junco Lake, Isla San Cristobal. J. Ecol. 64: 1013–1026.

Davis, M. B., Brubaker, L. B. & Webb, T. 1973. Calibration of pollen influx. In: Birks, H. J. B. & West, R. G. (eds.), Quaternary Plant Ecology. pp. 9–25. Blackwell, Oxford.

Dean, W. E. 1974. Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: Comparison with other methods. J. Sed. Pet., 44: 242–248.

Eisner, W. R. & Sprague, A. P. 1988. MACPOLLEN: Pollen data entry and diagramming software for the MacIntosh. Miscellaneous Publication of the Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University.

Faegri, K. 1966. Some problems of representativity in pollen analysis. Palaeobotanist 15: 135–140.

Faegri, K. & Iversen, J. 1975. Textbook of pollen analysis. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.

Faegri, K. & van derPijl, L. 1979. The principles of pollination ecology. 3rd edn. Pergamon, Oxford.

Flenley, J. R. 1973. The use of modern pollen rain samples in the study of teh vegetational history of tropical regions. In: Birks, H. J. B. & West, R. G. (eds.), Quaternary Plant Ecology. pp. 131–141. Blackwell, Oxford.

Frost, I. 1988. A Holocene sedimentary record from Anangucocha in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Ecology 69: 66–73.

Gentry, A. H. 1988. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 156–159.

Grubb, P. J., Lloyd, J. R., Pennington, T. D. & Whitmore, T. C. 1963. A comparison of montane and lowland rainforests in Ecuador. I: the forest structure, physiognomy and floristic. J. Ecol. 51: 576–601.

Heusser, C. J. 1971. Pollen and spores of Chile. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Jacobson, G. L. & Bradshaw, R. H. W. 1981. The selection of sites for paleovegetational studies. Quat. Res. 16: 80–96.

Jones, W. D. & Newell, L. C. 1946. Pollination cycles and pollen dispersal in relation to grass improvement. Univ. Nebraska Agric. Exp. Stat. Res. Bull. 148.

Kutzbach, J. E. & Guetter, P. J. 1986. The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18 000 yrs. J. Atmosph. Sci. 43: 1726–1759.

Lanning, E. P. 1967. Peru before the Incas. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.

Lathrap, D. W. 1970. The Upper Amazon. Praeger, New York.

Lathrap, D. W. 1975. Ancient Ecuador: Culture, clay and creativity 3 000–300 B.C.. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

Liu, K.-b. & Colinvaux, P. A. 1985. Forest changes in the Amazon basin during the last glacial maximum. Nature 318: 556–557.

Liu, K.-b. & Colinvaux, P. A. in press. A 5200-year history of Amazon rain forest. J. Biogeogr.

Mabberley, D. J. 1983. Tropical rain forest ecology. Blackie, London.

Mangelsdorf, P. C., MacNeish, R. S. & Galinat, W. C. 1967. Prehistoric and cultivated maize. In: Byers, D. S. (ed.), The prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley. pp. 178–200. Vol. 1: Environment and subsistence. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Markgraf, V. & D'Antoni, H. 1978. Pollen flora of Argentina. University of Arizona, Tucson.

MoreyJr, R. V. & Marwitt, J. P. 1976. Ecology, economy and warfare in lowland South America. In: Browman, D. L. (ed.), Advances in Andean archaeology. pp. 247–258. Mouton, The Hague.

Otterbein, K. F. 1970. The evolution of war: a cross-cultural study. New Haven.

Pickersgill, B. & HeiserJr, B. 1978. Origins and distributions of plants domesticated in the New World tropics. In: Browman, D. L. (ed.), Advances in Andean archaeology. pp. 133–165, Mouton, The Hague.

Piperno, D., Husum Clary, K., Cooke, R. C., Renere, A. & Weiland, D. 1985. Pre ceramic maize from central Panama, evidence from fossil phytoliths and pollen. Amer. Anthropol. 87: 871–878.

Pires, J. M. & Prance, G. T. 1985. The vegetation types of the Brazilian Amazon. In: Prance, G. T. & Lovejoy, T. E. (eds.), Amazonia. pp. 109–145. Pergamon Oxford.

Prance, G. T. 1982. Forest refuges evidence from woody angiosperms. In: Prance, G. T. (ed.), Biological Diversification in the Tropics. pp. 137–156. Columbia University Press, New York.

Prentice, I. C. 1986. Pollen representation, source area, and basin size: Toward a unified theory of pollen analysis, Quat. Res. 23: 76–86.

Prentice, I. C. 1985. Vegetation responses to past climatic variation. Vegetatio 67: 131–141.

Richards, P. W. 1952. The tropical rain forest. An ecological study, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge.

Salgado-Labouriau, M. L. 1978. Pollen and spore rain in Central Brazil. Proc. 1st. Conf. on Aeriobiology, pp. 89–110. Federal Environmental Agency.

Stockmarr, J. 1971. Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen Spores 13: 615–621.

van derHammen, T. & Gonzalez, E. 1960. Upper Pleistocene and Holocene climate and vegetation of the Sabana de Bogota (Colombia, South America). Leid. Geol. Meded. 25: 126–315.

Whitehead, D. R. 1983. Wind pollination: some ecological and evolutionary perspectives. In: Real, L. (ed.), Pollination biology. pp. 97–108. Chicago.

Whitmore, T. C. 1984. Tropical rain forests of the Far East. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Wijmstra, T. A. & van derHammen, T. 1966. Palynological data on the history of tropical savannas in northern South America. Leid. Geol. Meded. 38: 71–90.