Phenotype-first hypotheses, spandrels and early metazoan evolution
Tóm tắt
Against the neo-Darwinian assumption that genetic factors are the principal source of variation upon which natural selection operates, a phenotype-first hypothesis strikes us as revolutionary because development would seem to constitute an independent source of variability. Richard Watson and his co-authors have argued that developmental memory constitutes one such variety of phenotypic variability. While this version of the phenotype-first hypothesis is especially well-suited for the late metazoan context, where animals have a sufficient history of selection from which to draw, appeals to developmental memory seem less plausible in the evolutionary context of the early metazoans. I provide an interpretation of Stuart Newman’s account of deep metazoan phylogenesis that suggests that spandrels are, in addition to developmental memory, an important reservoir of phenotypic variability. I conclude by arguing that Gerd Müller’s “side-effect hypothesis” is an illuminating generalization of the proposed non-Watsonian version of the phenotype-first hypothesis.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abedin, M., & Nicole King (2010). Diverse evolutionary paths to cell adhesion. Trends in Cell Biology, 20(12), 734–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.002
Alegado, R. A., Laura, W., Brown, S., Cao, R. K., Dermenjian, R., Zuzow, S. R., Fairclough, J., Clardy, & King, N. (2012). A bacterial sulfonolipid triggers multicellular development in the closest living relatives of animals. ELife 1 (October): e00013. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00013
Altenberg, L. (1995). Genome growth and the evolution of the genotype-phenotype map. In W. Banzhaf & F. H. Eeckman (Eds.), Evolution and Biocomputation, (pp. 205–259). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-59046-3_11
Arthur, W. (1997). The origin of animal body plans: A study in evolutionary developmental biology. Cambridge University Press
Badyaev, A. V. (2010). The beak of the other finch: Coevolution of genetic covariance structure and developmental modularity during adaptive evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1543), 1111–1126. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0285
Boraas, M., Seale, D., & Boxhorn, J. (1998). Phagotrophy by a flagellate selects for colonial prey: A possible origin of multicellularity. Evolutionary Ecology, 12(2), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006527528063
Brigandt, I. (2007). Typology now: Homology and developmental constraints explain evolvability. Biology & Philosophy, 22(5), 709–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-007-9089-3
Brown, R. L. (2014). What evolvability really is. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 65(3), 549–572. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axt014
Brunet, T., Larson, B. T., Linden, T. A., Vermeij, M. J. A., McDonald K., & King, N. E. (2019). Light-regulated collective contractility in a multicellular choanoflagellate. Science, 366(6463), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay2346
Cuénot, L. (1914). Théorie de préadaptation. Scientia, 16, 60–67
Dennett, D. C. (1995). Darwin’s dangerous idea: Evolution and the meanings of life. Allen Lane
Eldredge, N., & Gould S. J. (1972). Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism. In Thomas J. M. Schopf (Ed.), Models in paleobiology, (pp. 82–115). Freeman, Cooper and Company
Eshel, I. & Matessi, C. (1998). Canalization, genetic assimilation and preadaptation: A quantitative genetic model. Genetics, 149(4), 2119–2133
Fagan, M. B. (2012). Waddington redux: Models and explanation in stem cell and systems biology. Biology & Philosophy, 27(2), 179–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-011-9294-y
Fernández, R., & Gabaldón, T. (2020). Gene gain and loss across the metazoan tree of life. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4(4), 524–533. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1069-x
Futuyma, D. J. (2013). Evolution. 3rd edition. Sinauer Associates (Oxford University Press)
Gibson, G., & Dworkin, I. (2004). Uncovering cryptic genetic variation. Nature Reviews Genetics, 5(9), 681–690. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1426
Gould, S. J. (1997). The exaptive excellence of spandrels as a term and prototype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94 (20), 10750–55. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.20.10750
Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. (1979). The spandrels of San Marco and the panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 205 (1161), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1979.0086
Griffiths, P. E., & Gray, R. D. (1994). Developmental systems and evolutionary explanation. The Journal of Philosophy, 91(6), 277–304. https://doi.org/10.2307/2940982
Guijarro-Clarke, C., Holland, P. W. H., & Jordi, P. (2020). Widespread patterns of gene loss in the evolution of the animal kingdom. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4(4), 519–523. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1129-2
Hansen, T. F., & Pélabon, C. (2021). Evolvability: A quantitative-genetics perspective. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 52(1), 153–175. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011121-021241
Hayden, E. J., Ferrada, E., & Wagner, A. (2011). Cryptic genetic variation promotes rapid evolutionary adaptation in an RNA enzyme. Nature, 474(7349), 92–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10083
Herron, M. D., Borin, J. M., Boswell, J. C., Walker, J., Chen, I.-C. K., Knox, C. A., Boyd, M., Rosenzweig, F., & Ratcliff, W. C. (2019). De novo origins of multicellularity in response to predation. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 2328. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39558-8
Houston, A. I. (2009). San Marco and evolutionary biology. Biology & Philosophy, 24(2), 215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-008-9141-y
Kirschner, M., & Gerhart, J. (2006). The plausibility of life: Resolving Darwin’s dilemma. Cincias Biol-Gicas e edition. Yale University Press
Kumler, W. E., Jorge, J., Kim, P. M., Iftekhar, N., & Koehl, M. R. (2020). Does formation of multicellular colonies by choanoflagellates affect their susceptibility to capture by passive protozoan predators? Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 67(5), 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12808
Laland, K., Odling-Smee, J., & Endler, J. (2017). Niche construction, sources of selection and trait coevolution. Interface Focus, 7(5), 20160147. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0147
Levis, N. A., & Pfennig, D. W. (2016). Evaluating ‘plasticity-first’ evolution in nature: Key criteria and empirical approaches. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31(7), 563–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.03.012
Lewin, R. (1980). “Evolutionary Theory Under Fire.” Science, November. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6107993
Lewis, D. (1986). Postscript C to ‘Causation’: (Insensitive Causation) Philosophical Papers, II vol., (pp. 184–188). Oxford University Press
Loison, L. (2019). Canalization and genetic assimilation: Reassessing the radicality of the waddingtonian concept of inheritance of acquired characters. Special issue ‘Canalization, a central concept in biology’, Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 88, 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.009
Love, A. C. (2008). Explaining evolutionary innovations and novelties: Criteria of explanatory adequacy and epistemological prerequisites. Philosophy of Science, 75(5), 874–886. https://doi.org/10.1086/594531
Love, A. C., & Lugar, G. L. (2013). Dimensions of integration in interdisciplinary explanations of the origin of evolutionary novelty. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44 (4, Part A), 537–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.09.008
Masel, J. (2006). Cryptic genetic variation is enriched for potential adaptations. Genetics, 172(3), 1985–1991. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.105.051649
Moss, L., & Newman, S. (2016). The grassblade beyond Newton: The pragmatizing of Kant for evolutionary-developmental biology. https://doi.org/10.13130/2240-9599/6686
Müller, G. B. (1990). Developmental mechanisms at the origin of morphological novelty: A side-effect hypothesis. In M. H. Nitecki (Ed.), Evolutionary innovations , 1st edition, (pp. 99–130). University Of Chicago Press
Newman, S. (1995). Carnal boundaries: The commingling of flesh in theory and practice. In L. Birke, & R. Hubbard (Eds.), Reinventing biology: Respect for life and the creation of knowledge, (pp .191–227). Indiana University Press
Newman, S. (2004). In conversation: Four critics of biotech. Irish Pages, 2(2), 155–168
Newman, S. (2016). Origination, variation, and conservation of animal body plan development. In Reviews in cell biology and molecular medicine, (pp. 130–162). American Cancer Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600906.mcb.200400164.pub2
Newman, S. (2019a). Inherency of form and function in animal development and evolution. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00702
Newman, S. (2019b). Inherent forms and the evolution of evolution. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 332(8), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22895
Newman, S. (2020). The origins and evolution of animal identity. In A. S. Meincke, & J. Dupré Biological identity: Perspectives from metaphysics and the philosophy of biology, (pp. 128–148). Routledge
Newman, S., & Bhat, R. (2009). Dynamical patterning modules: A ‘Pattern Language’ for development and evolution of multicellular form. The International Journal of Developmental Biology, 53(5–6), 693–705. https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.072481sn
Newman, S., Forgacs, G., & Müller, G. (2003). Before programs: The physical origination of multicellular forms. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 50(2–3), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.052049sn
Oyama, S. (2000). Causal democracy and causal contributions in developmental systems theory. Philosophy of Science, 67, S332–S347
Paps, J., & Holland, P. W. H. (2018). Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1730. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04136-5
Peterson, T., & Müller, G. B. (2016). Phenotypic novelty in EvoDevo: The distinction between continuous and discontinuous variation and its importance in evolutionary theory. Evolutionary Biology, 43(3), 314–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-016-9372-9
Peterson, T., & Müller, G. B. (2018). Developmental finite element analysis of cichlid pharyngeal jaws: Quantifying the generation of a key innovation. Plos One, 13(1), e0189985. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189985
Pfennig, D. W. (Ed.). (2021). Phenotypic plasticity & evolution: Causes, consequences, controversies. CRC Press
Pfennig, D. W., & Peter, J. M. (2000). Character displacement in polyphenic tadpoles. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution, 54(5), 1738–1749. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00717.x
Ros-Rocher, N., Pérez-Posada, A., Leger, M. M., & Iñaki, R. T. (2021). The origin of animals: An ancestral reconstruction of the unicellular-to-multicellular transition. Open Biology, 11(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.200359
Ruiz-Trillo, I., & Mendoza, A. (2020). Towards understanding the origin of animal development. Development, 147(23), dev192575. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.192575
Rust, J. (2021). Von Baer, the intensification of uniqueness, and historical explanation. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 43(4), 122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-021-00473-9
Saunders, P. (1993). The organism and a dynamical system. In W. Stein, & F. J. Varela (Eds.), Thinking About Biology. CRC Press
Schmalhausen, I. (1949). Factors of evolution: The theory of stabilizing selection. (Translated by Theodosius Dobzhansky). Blakiston Co
Sebé-Pedrós, A., Degnan, B. M., & Iñaki, R. T. (2017). The origin of metazoa: A unicellular perspective. Nature Reviews Genetics, 18(8), 498–512. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.21
Sharov, A. A. (2014). Evolutionary constraints or opportunities? Biosystems, 123: 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.06.004
Smith, J., Maynard, R., Burian, S., Kauffman, P., Alberch, J., Campbell, B., Goodwin, R., Lande, D., Raup, & Wolpert, L. (1985). Developmental constraints and evolution: A perspective from the mountain lake conference on development and evolution. The Quarterly Review of Biology 60 (3), 265–87. https://doi.org/10.1086/414425
Sober, E. (2014). The nature of selection: Evolutionary theory in philosophical focus. University of Chicago Press
Stanley, S. M. (1973). An ecological theory for the sudden origin of multicellular life in the late precambrian. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 70(5), 1486–1489
Sterelny, K. (2007). What is evolvability? In M. Matthen, & C. Stephens (Eds.), Philosophy of biology, (pp. 163–178). Handbook of the philosophy of science. North-Holland. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451543-8/50011-3
Waddington, C. H. (1942). Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characters. Nature, 150(3811), 563–565. https://doi.org/10.1038/150563a0
Waddington, C. H. (1956). Principles of embryology. MacMillan
Waddington, C. H. (1957). The strategy of the genes. George Allen and Unwin
Waddington, C. H. (1958). Theories of evolution. In S. A. Barnett (Ed.), A century of Darwin, (pp. 1–18). William Heinemann Ltd. http://archive.org/details/centuryofdarwin0000barn
Wagner, A. (2011). The origins of evolutionary innovations: A theory of transformative change in living systems. Oxford University Press
Wagner, G., & Altenberg, L. (1996). Perspective: Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution, 50(3), 967–976. https://doi.org/10.2307/2410639
Watson, R. A., & Szathmáry, E. (2016). How can evolution learn? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31(2), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.11.009
Watson, R. A., Wagner, G. P., Pavlicev, M., Weinreich, D. M., & Mills, R. (2014). The evolution of phenotypic correlations and ‘developmental memory.’ Evolution, 68(4), 1124–1138. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12337
West-Eberhard, M. J. (1989). Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 20(1), 249–278
West-Eberhard, M. J. (2003). Developmental plasticity and evolution. 1st edition. Oxford University Press
West-Eberhard, M. J. (2021). Forward: A perspective on ‘plasticity.’ In D. W. Pfennig (Ed.), Phenotypic plasticity & evolution: Causes, consequences, controversies, (pp .ix–xxi). CRC Press
Wilkins, A. S. (2008). Waddington’s unfinished critique of neo-Darwinian genetics: Then and now. Biological Theory, 3(3), 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1162/biot.2008.3.3.224
Williams, G. C. (1966). Adaptation and natural selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press
Williams, G. C. (1992). Natural selection: Domains, levels, and challenges. Oxford University Press
Woodward, J. (2010). Causation in biology: Stability, specificity, and the choice of levels of explanation. Biology & Philosophy, 25(3), 287–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-010-9200-z
Woodward, J. (2021). Causation with a human face: Normative theory and descriptive psychology. Oxford University Press