Morphology, composition, production, processing and applications of Chlorella vulgaris: A review

von Ditfurth, 1972

Brasier, 2002, Questioning the evidence for Earth׳s oldest fossils, Nature, 416, 76, 10.1038/416076a

Dalton, 2002, Microfossils: squaring up over ancient life, Nature, 417, 782, 10.1038/417782a

Venkataraman, 1997, Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): physiology, cell Biology and biotechnology, J Appl Phycol, 9, 295, 10.1023/A:1007911009912

Fradique, 2010, Incorporation of Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina maxima biomass in pasta products. Part 1: preparation and evaluation, J Sci Food Agric, 90, 1656, 10.1002/jsfa.3999

González-Fernández, 2012, Impact of microalgae characteristics on their conversion to biofuel. Part I: focus on cultivation and biofuel production, Biofuel Bioprod Biorefin, 6, 105, 10.1002/bbb.338

Tran, 2010, Catalytic upgrading of biorefinery oil from micro-algae, Fuel, 89, 265, 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.015

Mata, 2010, Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 14, 217, 10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020

Banerjee, 2002, Botryococcus braunii: a renewable source of hydrocarbons and other chemicals, CRC Crit Rev Biotechnol, 22, 245, 10.1080/07388550290789513

Ghirardi, 2000, Microalgae: a green source of renewable H(2), Trends Biotechnol, 18, 506, 10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01511-0

Lorenz, 2000, Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin, Trends Biotechnol, 18, 160, 10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01433-5

Singh, 2005, Bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and microalgae: an overview, CRC Crit Rev Biotechnol, 25, 73, 10.1080/07388550500248498

Spolaore, 2006, Commercial applications of microalgae, J Biosci Bioeng, 101, 87, 10.1263/jbb.101.87

Walker, 2005, Microalgae as bioreactors, Plant Cell Rep, 24, 629, 10.1007/s00299-005-0004-6

Lee, 2008

Singh, 2011, Renewable fuels from algae: an answer to debatable land based fuels, Bioresour Technol, 102, 10, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.032

Hu, 2008, Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances, Plant J, 54, 621, 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x

Beijerinck, 1890, Kulturversuche mit Zoochlorellen, Lichenengonidien und anderen niederen Algen, Botanische Ztg, 48, 729

Burlew, 1953

Kitada, 2009, Supercritical CO2 extraction of pigment components with pharmaceutical importance from Chlorella vulgaris, J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 84, 657, 10.1002/jctb.2096

Morris, 2009, Protein hydrolysates from the alga Chlorella vulgaris 87/1 with potentialities in immunonutrition, Biotecnol Appl, 26, 162

Justo, 2001, Effects of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris on the response of the host hematopoietic system to intraperitoneal ehrlich ascites tumor transplantation in mice, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 23, 119, 10.1081/IPH-100102573

Konishi, 1985, Antitumor effect induced by a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CE): resistance to Meth-A tumor growth mediated by CE-induced polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Cancer Immunol Immunother: CII, 19, 73, 10.1007/BF00199712

Morimoto, 1995, Anti-tumour-promoting glyceroglycolipids from the green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, Phytochemistry, 40, 1433, 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00458-J

Singh, 1999, Inhibitory potential of Chlorella vulgaris (E-25) on mouse skin papillomagenesis and xenobiotic detoxication system, Anticancer Res, 19, 1887

Yasukawa, 1996, Inhibitory effects of sterols isolated from Chlorella vulgaris on 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and tumor promotion in mouse skin, Biol Pharm Bull, 19, 573, 10.1248/bpb.19.573

de Souza Queiroz, 2012, Chlorella vulgaris treatment ameliorates the suppressive effects of single and repeated stressors on hematopoiesis, Brain Behav Immun, 29, 39, 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.12.001

Sano, 1988, Effect of lipophilic extract of Chlorella vulgaris on alimentary hyperlipidemia in cholesterol-fed rats, Artery, 15, 217

Sano, 1987, Effect of dried, powdered Chlorella vulgaris on experimental atherosclerosis and alimentary hypercholesterolemia in cholesterol-fed rabbits, Artery, 14, 76

Converti, 2009, Effect of temperature and nitrogen concentration on the growth and lipid content of Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella vulgaris for biodiesel production, Chem Eng Process: Process Intensif, 48, 1146, 10.1016/j.cep.2009.03.006

Zheng, 2011, Disruption of Chlorella vulgaris cells for the release of biodiesel-producing lipids: a comparison of grinding, ultrasonication, bead milling, enzymatic lysis, and microwaves, Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 164, 1215, 10.1007/s12010-011-9207-1

Chisti, 2007, Biodiesel from microalgae, Biotechnol Adv, 25, 294, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001

Yamamoto, 2004, Regeneration and maturation of daughter cell walls in the autospore-forming green alga Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae), J Plant Res, 117, 257, 10.1007/s10265-004-0154-6

Illman, 2000, Increase in Chlorella strains calorific values when grown in low nitrogen medium, Enzyme Microb Technol, 27, 631, 10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00266-0

Yamamoto, 2005, Late type of daughter cell wall synthesis in one of the Chlorellaceae, Parachlorella kessleri (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae), Planta, 221, 766, 10.1007/s00425-005-1486-8

Yvonne, 2000, Cell wall development, microfibril and pyrenoid structure in type strains of Chlorella vulgaris, C. kessleri, C. sorokiniana compared with C. luteoviridis (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), Arch Hydrobiol, 100, 95

Kapaun, 1995, A chitin-like glycan in the cell wall of a Chlorella sp. (Chlorococcales, Chlorophyceae), Planta, 197, 577, 10.1007/BF00191563

Atkinson, 1972, Sporopollenin in the cell wall of Chlorella and other algae: ultrastructure, chemistry, and incorporation of 14C-acetate, studied in synchronous cultures, Planta, 107, 1, 10.1007/BF00398011

Burczyk, 1981, The ultrastructure of the outer cell wall-layer of Chlorella mutants with and without sporopollenin, Plant Syst Evol, 138, 121, 10.1007/BF00984613

Hagen, 2002, Ultrastructural and chemical changes in the cell wall of Haematococcus pluvialis (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) during aplanospore formation, Eur J Phycol, 37, 217, 10.1017/S0967026202003669

Biedlingmaier, 1987, A correlation between detergent tolerance and cell wall structure in green algae, Z Naturforsch, C: Biosci, 42, 245, 10.1515/znc-1987-0313

Martínez, 1991, Morphometric and stereologic analysis of Chlorella vulgaris under heterotrophic growth conditions, Ann Bot, 67, 239, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088128

Kuchitsu, 1987, Detection and characterization of acidic compartments (vacuoles) in Chlorella vulgaris 11h cells by 31P-in vivo NMR spectroscopy and cytochemical techniques, Arch Microbiol, 148, 83, 10.1007/BF00425353

Solomon, 1999

Van den Hoek, 1995

Brennan, 2010, Biofuels from microalgae – a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 14, 557, 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009

Přibyl, 2013, Production of lipids and formation and mobilization of lipid bodies in Chlorella vulgaris, J Appl Phycol, 25, 545, 10.1007/s10811-012-9889-y

Lv, 2010, Enhanced lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris by adjustment of cultivation conditions, Bioresour Technol, 101, 6797, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.120

Pribyl, 2012, Production of lipids in 10 strains of Chlorella and Parachlorella, and enhanced lipid productivity in Chlorella vulgaris, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 94, 549, 10.1007/s00253-012-3915-5

Widjaja, 2009, Study of increasing lipid production from fresh water microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng, 40, 13, 10.1016/j.jtice.2008.07.007

Liu, 2008, Effect of iron on growth and lipid accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris, Bioresour Technol, 99, 4717, 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.073

Richmond, 1993, A new tubular reactor for mass production of microalgae outdoors, J Appl Phycol, 5, 327, 10.1007/BF02186235

Qiang, 1996, Productivity and photosynthetic efficiency of Spirulina platensis as affected by light intensity, algal density and rate of mixing in a flat plate photobioreactor, J Appl Phycol, 8, 139, 10.1007/BF02186317

Zhang, 2001, Evaluation of a vertical flat-plate photobioreactor for outdoor biomass production and carbon dioxide bio-fixation: effects of reactor dimensions, irradiation and cell concentration on the biomass productivity and irradiation utilization efficiency, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 55, 428, 10.1007/s002530000550

Molina Grima, 2003, Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics, Biotechnol Adv, 20, 491, 10.1016/S0734-9750(02)00050-2

Kojima, 1999, Growth and hydrocarbon production of microalga Botryococcus braunii in bubble column photobioreactors, J Biosci Bioeng, 87, 811, 10.1016/S1389-1723(99)80158-3

Degen, 2001, A novel airlift photobioreactor with baffles for improved light utilization through the flashing light effect, J Biotechnol, 92, 89, 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00350-9

Lee, 2001, Microalgal mass culture systems and methods: their limitation and potential, J Appl Phycol, 13, 307, 10.1023/A:1017560006941

Liang, 2009, Biomass and lipid productivities of Chlorella vulgaris under autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth conditions, Biotechnol Lett, 31, 1043, 10.1007/s10529-009-9975-7

Ogawa, 1981, Bioenergetic analysis of mixotrophic growth in Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus acutus, Biotechnol Bioeng, 23, 1121, 10.1002/bit.260230519

Mallick, 2012, Green microalga Chlorella vulgaris as a potential feedstock for biodiesel, J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 87, 137, 10.1002/jctb.2694

Patino, 2007, A study of the growth for the microalga Chlorella vulgaris by photo-bio-calorimetry and other on-line and off-line techniques, Biotechnol Bioeng, 96, 757, 10.1002/bit.21182

Yeh, 2012, Effects of cultivation conditions and media composition on cell growth and lipid productivity of indigenous microalga Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31, Bioresour Technol, 105, 120, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.103

de-Bashan, 2005, Cultivation factors and population size control the uptake of nitrogen by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris when interacting with the microalgae growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense, FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 54, 197, 10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.014

Gonzalez, 2000, Increased growth of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris when coimmobilized and cocultured in alginate beads with the plant-growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense, Appl Environ Microbiol, 66, 1527, 10.1128/AEM.66.4.1527-1531.2000

Munoz, 2006, Algal-bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous contaminants: a review, Water Res, 40, 2799, 10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.011

de-Bashan, 2002, Increased pigment and lipid content, lipid variety, and cell and population size of the microalgae Chlorella spp. when co-immobilized in alginate beads with the microalgae-growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense, Can J Microbiol, 48, 514, 10.1139/w02-051

Lebsky, 2001, Ultrastructure of interaction in alginate beads between the microalga Chlorella vulgaris with its natural associative bacterium Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum and with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense, Can J Microbiol, 47, 1, 10.1139/w00-115

Leupold, 2013, Influence of mixing and shear stress on Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, J Appl Phycol, 25, 485, 10.1007/s10811-012-9882-5

Cha, 2010, Optimization of pressurized liquid extraction of carotenoids and chlorophylls from Chlorella vulgaris, J Agric Food Chem, 58, 793, 10.1021/jf902628j

Vandamme, 2012, Flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris induced by high pH: role of magnesium and calcium and practical implications, Bioresour Technol, 105, 114, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.105

Wu, 2012, Evaluation of flocculation induced by pH increase for harvesting microalgae and reuse of flocculated medium, Bioresour Technol, 110, 496, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.101

Divakaran, 2002, Flocculation of algae using chitosan, J Appl Phycol, 14, 419, 10.1023/A:1022137023257

Oh, 2001, Harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris using a bioflocculant from Paenibacillus sp. AM49, Biotechnol Lett, 23, 1229, 10.1023/A:1010577319771

Chang, 2012, Coagulation–membrane filtration of Chlorella vulgaris at different growth phases, Dry Technol, 30, 1317, 10.1080/07373937.2012.662710

Lee, 2012, Coagulation–membrane filtration of Chlorella vulgaris, Bioresour Technol, 108, 184, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.098

Cheng, 2010, Dispersed ozone flotation of Chlorella vulgaris, Bioresour Technol, 101, 9092, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.016

Frappart, 2011, Influence of hydrodynamics in tangential and dynamic ultrafiltration systems for microalgae separation, Desalination, 265, 279, 10.1016/j.desal.2010.07.061

Morineau-Thomas, 2002, The role of exopolysaccharides in fouling phenomenon during ultrafiltration of microalgae (Chlorella sp. and Porphyridium purpureum): advantage of a swirling decaying flow, Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 25, 35, 10.1007/s00449-001-0278-1

Hung, 2006, Microfiltration for separation of green algae from water, Colloid Surf B, 51, 157, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.07.003

Becker, 1994

Morris, 2008, Utilisation of Chlorella vulgaris cell biomass for the production of enzymatic protein hydrolysates, Bioresour Technol, 99, 7723, 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.080

Safi, 2013, Influence of microalgae cell wall characteristics on protein extractability and determination of nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors, J Appl Phycol, 25, 523, 10.1007/s10811-012-9886-1

Servaites, 2012, A dye binding method for measurement of total protein in microalgae, Anal Biochem, 421, 75, 10.1016/j.ab.2011.10.047

Seyfabadi, 2011, Protein, fatty acid, and pigment content of Chlorella vulgaris under different light regimes, J Appl Phycol, 23, 721, 10.1007/s10811-010-9569-8

Berliner, 1986, Proteins in Chlorella vulgaris, Microbios, 46, 199

Hanan, 2011, Comparative effects of autotrophic and heterotrophic growth on some vitamins, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, amino acids and protein profile of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck, Afr J Biotechnol, 10, 13514

Safi, 2013, Evaluation of the protein quality of Porphyridium cruentum, J Appl Phycol, 25, 497, 10.1007/s10811-012-9883-4

Ursu, 2014, Extraction, fractionation and functional properties of proteins from the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, Bioresour Technol, 157, 134, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.071

Bajguz, 2000, Effect of brassinosteroids on nucleic acids and protein content in cultured cells of Chlorella vulgaris, Plant Physiol Biochem, 38, 209, 10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00733-6

Rausch, 1981, The estimation of micro-algal protein content and its meaning to the evaluation of algal biomass I. Comparison of methods for extracting protein, Hydrobiologia, 78, 237, 10.1007/BF00008520

Barbarino, 2005, An evaluation of methods for extraction and quantification of protein from marine macro- and microalgae, J Appl Phycol, 17, 447, 10.1007/s10811-005-1641-4

Oliveira, 1999, Purification of polysaccharides from a biofilm matrix by selective precipitation of proteins, Biotechnol Tech, 13, 391, 10.1023/A:1008954301470

Chronakis, 2000, The behaviour of protein preparations from blue-green algae (Spirulina platensis strain Pacifica) at the air/water interface, Colloid Surf A, 173, 181, 10.1016/S0927-7757(00)00548-3

Safi, 2014, A two-stage ultrafiltration process for separating multiple components of Tetraselmis suecica after cell disruption, J Appl Phycol, 10.1007/s10811-014-0271-0

Diniz, 2011, Gross chemical profile and calculation of nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for five tropical seaweeds, Am J Plant Sci, 02, 287, 10.4236/ajps.2011.23032

Lopez, 2010, Protein measurements of microalgal and cyanobacterial biomass, Bioresour Technol, 101, 7587, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.077

Lourenço, 2002, Amino acid composition, protein content and calculation of nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for 19 tropical seaweeds, Phycol Res, 50, 233, 10.1111/j.1440-1835.2002.tb00156.x

Lourenço, 2004, Distribution of intracellular nitrogen in marine microalgae: calculation of new nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors, Eur J Phycol, 39, 17, 10.1080/0967026032000157156

Lourenço, 1998, Distribution of intracellular nitrogen in marine microalgae: basis for the calculation of specific nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors, J Phycol, 34, 798, 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340798.x

Lowry, 1951, Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent, J Biol Chem, 193, 265, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6

Peterson, 1979, Review of the Folin phenol protein quantitation method of Lowry, Rosebrough, Farr and Randall, Anal Biochem, 100, 201, 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90222-7

Crossman, 2000, Determination of protein for studies of marine herbivory: a comparison of methods, J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 244, 45, 10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00126-4

Sriperm, 2011, Evaluation of the fixed nitrogen-to-protein (N:P) conversion factor (6.25) versus ingredient specific N:P conversion factors in feedstuffs, J Sci Food Agric, 91, 1182, 10.1002/jsfa.4292

Yeoh, 1996, Protein contents, amino acid compositions and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for Cassava roots, J Sci Food Agric, 70, 51, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199601)70:1<51::AID-JSFA463>3.0.CO;2-W

Stephenson, 2009, Influence of nitrogen-limitation regime on the production by Chlorella vulgaris of lipids for biodiesel feedstocks, Biofuels, 1, 47, 10.4155/bfs.09.1

Chen, 2011, Microwave-assisted nile red method for in vivo quantification of neutral lipids in microalgae, Bioresour Technol, 102, 135, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.076

Lee, 2010, Comparison of several methods for effective lipid extraction from microalgae, Bioresour Technol, 101, S75, 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.058

Mercer, 2011, Developments in oil extraction from microalgae, Eur J Lipid Sci Technol, 113, 539, 10.1002/ejlt.201000455

Phukan, 2011, Microalgae Chlorella as a potential bio-energy feedstock, Appl Energy, 88, 3307, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.11.026

Olmstead, 2013, A quantitative analysis of microalgal lipids for optimization of biodiesel and omega-3 production, Biotechnol Bioeng, 110, 2096, 10.1002/bit.24844

Dejoye, 2011, Combined extraction processes of lipid from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae: microwave prior to supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, Int J Mol Sci, 12, 9332, 10.3390/ijms12129332

Safi, 2013, Extraction of lipids and pigments of Chlorella vulgaris by supercritical carbon dioxide: influence of bead milling on extraction performance, J Appl Phycol, 10.1007/s10811-013-0212-3

Yeh, 2011, Nitrogen starvation strategies and photobioreactor design for enhancing lipid content and lipid production of a newly isolated microalga Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31: implications for biofuels, Biotechnol J, 6, 1358, 10.1002/biot.201000433

Lordan, 2011, Marine bioactives as functional food ingredients: potential to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases, Mar Drugs, 9, 1056, 10.3390/md9061056

DuBois, 1956, Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances, Anal Chem, 28, 350, 10.1021/ac60111a017

Shi, 2007, Purification and identification of polysaccharide derived from Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Food Chem, 103, 101, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.07.028

Dragone, 2011, Nutrient limitation as a strategy for increasing starch accumulation in microalgae, Appl Energy, 88, 3331, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.03.012

Fernandes, 2012, Starch determination in Chlorella vulgaris – a comparison between acid and enzymatic methods, J Appl Phycol, 24, 1203, 10.1007/s10811-011-9761-5

Branyikova, 2011, Microalgae – novel highly efficient starch producers, Biotechnol Bioeng, 108, 766, 10.1002/bit.23016

Choix, 2012, Enhanced accumulation of starch and total carbohydrates in alginate-immobilized Chlorella spp. induced by Azospirillum brasilense: I. Autotrophic conditions, Enzyme Microb Technol, 51, 294, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.07.013

Janczyk, 2007, Nutritional value of Chlorella vulgaris: effects of ultrasonication and electroporation on digestibility in rats, Anim Feed Sci Technol, 132, 163, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.03.007

Abo-Shady, 1993, Chemical composition of the cell wall in some green algae species, Biol Plant, 35, 629, 10.1007/BF02928041

Griffiths, 1969, The fine structure of autotrophic and heterotrophic cells of Chlorella vulgaris (Emerson strain), Plant Cell Physiol, 10, 11

Northcote, 1958, The chemical composition and structure of the cell wall of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Biochemical J, 70, 391, 10.1042/bj0700391

Takeda, 1988, Classification of Chlorella strains by means of the sugar components of the cell wall, Biochem Syst Ecol, 16, 367, 10.1016/0305-1978(88)90027-0

Takeda, 1988, Classification of Chlorella strains by cell wall sugar composition, Phytochemistry, 27, 3823, 10.1016/0031-9422(88)83025-5

Takeda, 1991, Sugar composition of the cell wall and the taxonomy of Chlorella (Chlorophyceae)1, J Phycol, 27, 224, 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00224.x

Takeda, 1993, Chemical composition of cell walls as a taxonomical marker, J Plant Res, 106, 195, 10.1007/BF02344585

Takeda, 1984, Studies on the cell wall of Chlorella V. Comparison of the cell wall chemical compositions in strains of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Plant Cell Physiol, 25, 287

Blumreisinger, 1983, Cell wall composition of chlorococcal algae, Phytochemistry, 22, 1603, 10.1016/0031-9422(83)80096-X

Ogawa, 1999, A new trisaccharide, α-d-glucopyranuronosyl-(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-rhamnopyranose from Chlorella vulgaris, Carbohydr Res, 321, 128, 10.1016/S0008-6215(99)00176-7

Gouveia, 2005, Chlorella vulgaris and Haematococcus pluvialis biomass as colouring and antioxidant in food emulsions, Eur Food Res Technol, 222, 362, 10.1007/s00217-005-0105-z

Fernandez-Sevilla, 2012, Obtaining lutein-rich extract from microalgal biomass at preparative scale, Methods Mol Biol, 892, 307, 10.1007/978-1-61779-879-5_19

Granado, 2003, Nutritional and clinical relevance of lutein in human health, Br J Nutr, 90, 487, 10.1079/BJN2003927

Cha, 2008, Antiproliferative effects of carotenoids extracted from Chlorella ellipsoidea and Chlorella vulgaris on human colon cancer cells, J Agric Food Chem, 56, 10521, 10.1021/jf802111x

Tanaka, 1984, Augmentation of antitumor resistance by a strain of unicellular green algae, Chlorella vulgaris, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 17, 90, 10.1007/BF00200042

Görs, 2009, Quality analysis of commercial Chlorella products used as dietary supplement in human nutrition, J Appl Phycol, 22, 265, 10.1007/s10811-009-9455-4

Kong, 2012, Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of chlorophyll from Chlorella vulgaris residue after lipid separation using response surface methodology, J Food Sci Technol, 1

Li, 2002, Isolation and purification of lutein from the microalga Chlorella vulgaris by extraction after saponification, J Agric Food Chem, 50, 1070, 10.1021/jf010220b

Maxwell, 1995, Photosystem II excitation pressure and development of resistance to photoinhibition (I. light-harvesting complex II abundance and zeaxanthin content in Chlorella vulgaris), Plant Physiol, 107, 687, 10.1104/pp.107.3.687

Cha, 2010, Effect of pressurized liquids on extraction of antioxidants from Chlorella vulgaris, J Agric Food Chem, 58, 4756, 10.1021/jf100062m

Ritchie, 2006, Consistent sets of spectrophotometric chlorophyll equations for acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents, Photosynth Res, 89, 27, 10.1007/s11120-006-9065-9

Becerra, 1999, Supercritical fluid extraction and supercritical fluid chromatography of Vitamin E in pharmaceutical preparations, J High Resolut Chromatogr, 22, 300, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4168(19990501)22:5<300::AID-JHRC300>3.0.CO;2-E

Brown, 1997, Nutritional properties of microalgae for mariculture, Aquaculture, 151, 315, 10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01501-3

Ochiai, 1970, Studies on chlorophyll formation in Chlorella protothecoides I. Enhancing effects of light and added δ-aminolevulinic acid, and suppressive effect of glucose on chlorophyll formation, Plant Cell Physiol, 11, 663

Safi, 2014, Release of hydro-soluble microalgal proteins using mechanical and chemical treatments, Algal Res, 3, 55, 10.1016/j.algal.2013.11.017

Demirbas, 2011, Biofuels from algae for sustainable development, Appl Energy, 88, 3473, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.01.059

Wang, 2013, Fast pyrolysis of microalgae remnants in a fluidized bed reactor for bio-oil and biochar production, Bioresour Technol., 127, 494, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.016

Francisco, 2010, Microalgae as feedstock for biodiesel production: carbon dioxide sequestration, lipid production and biofuel quality, J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 85, 395, 10.1002/jctb.2338

Hirano, 1997, CO2 fixation and ethanol production with microalgal photosynthesis and intracellular anaerobic fermentation, Energy, 22, 137, 10.1016/S0360-5442(96)00123-5

Ross, 2010, Hydrothermal processing of microalgae using alkali and organic acids, Fuel, 89, 2234, 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.025

Biller, 2011, Potential yields and properties of oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with different biochemical content, Bioresour Technol, 102, 215, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.028

Biller, 2011, Catalytic hydrothermal processing of microalgae: decomposition and upgrading of lipids, Bioresour Technol, 102, 4841, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.113

Clarens, 2010, Environmental life cycle comparison of algae to other bioenergy feedstocks, Environ Sci Technol, 44, 1813, 10.1021/es902838n

Collet, 2011, Life-cycle assessment of microalgae culture coupled to biogas production, Bioresour Technol, 102, 207, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.154

Jorquera, 2010, Comparative energy life-cycle analyses of microalgal biomass production in open ponds and photobioreactors, Bioresour Technol, 101, 1406, 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.038

Lam, 2012, Microalgae biofuels: a critical review of issues, problems and the way forward, Biotechnol Adv, 30, 673, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.11.008

Sander, 2010, Life cycle analysis of algae biodiesel, Int J Life Cycle Assess, 15, 704, 10.1007/s11367-010-0194-1

Singh, 2011, A critical review of biochemical conversion, sustainability and life cycle assessment of algal biofuels, Appl Energy, 88, 3548, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.012

Stephenson, 2010, Life-cycle assessment of potential algal biodiesel production in the United Kingdom: a comparison of raceways and air-lift tubular bioreactors, Energy Fuels, 24, 4062, 10.1021/ef1003123

Yang, 2011, Life-cycle analysis on biodiesel production from microalgae: water footprint and nutrients balance, Bioresour Technol, 102, 159, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.017

Lardon, 2009, Life-cycle assessment of biodiesel production from microalgae, Environ Sci Technol, 43, 6475, 10.1021/es900705j

Liang, 2004, Current microalgal health food R&D activities in China, 45

Yamaguchi, 1996, Recent advances in microalgal bioscience in Japan, with special reference to utilization of biomass and metabolites: a review, J Appl Phycol, 8, 487, 10.1007/BF02186327

Grobbelaar, 2003, Quality Control and Assurance: crucial for the sustainability of the applied phycology industry, J Appl Phycol, 15, 209, 10.1023/A:1023820711706

Gulati, 2006, Legislation relating to nutraceuticals in the European Union with a particular focus on botanical-sourced products, Toxicology, 221, 75, 10.1016/j.tox.2006.01.014

Rodriguez-Garcia, 2008, Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of three microalgal species for use as dietary supplements and in the preservation of foods, Food Chem, 108, 1023, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.059

Becker, 2007, Micro-algae as a source of protein, Biotechnol Adv, 25, 207, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.11.002

Chacón-Lee, 2010, Microalgae for “Healthy” foods – possibilities and challenges, Compr Rev Food Sci Saf, 9, 655, 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00132.x

Gouveia, 2002, Pigmentation of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (L. 1875), using Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorophyta, Volvocales) microalga, Aquac Res, 33, 987, 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00751.x

Gouveia, 1996, Potential use of a microalga (Chlorella vulgaris) in the pigmentation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle, Z Lebensm Forchh, 202, 75, 10.1007/BF01229690

Gouveia, 2007, Functional food oil coloured by pigments extracted from microalgae with supercritical CO2, Food Chem, 101, 717, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.027

Gouveia, 1996, Chlorella vulgaris used to colour egg yolk, J Sci Food Agric, 70, 167, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199602)70:2<167::AID-JSFA472>3.0.CO;2-2

Shim, 2008, Protective effects of Chlorella vulgaris on liver toxicity in cadmium-administered rats, J Med Food, 11, 479, 10.1089/jmf.2007.0075

Vijayavel, 2007, Antioxidant effect of the marine algae Chlorella vulgaris against naphthalene-induced oxidative stress in the albino rats, Mol Cell Biochem, 303, 39, 10.1007/s11010-007-9453-2

Yun, 2011, Protective effect of Chlorella vulgaris against lead-induced oxidative stress in rat brains, J Health Sci, 57, 245, 10.1248/jhs.57.245

Keffer, 2002, Use of Chlorella vulgaris for CO(2) mitigation in a photobioreactor, J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 29, 275, 10.1038/sj.jim.7000313

Aslan, 2006, Batch kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by algae, Ecol Eng, 28, 64, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.04.003

Feng, 2011, Lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris cultured in artificial wastewater medium, Bioresour Technol, 102, 101, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.016

Lau, 1996, Wastewater nutrients removal by Chlorella vulgaris: optimization through acclimation, Environ Technol, 17, 183, 10.1080/09593331708616375

Lim, 2010, Use of Chlorella vulgaris for bioremediation of textile wastewater, Bioresour Technol, 101, 7314, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.092

Silva-Benavides, 2012, Nitrogen and phosphorus removal through laboratory batch cultures of microalga Chlorella vulgaris and cyanobacterium Planktothrix isothrix grown as monoalgal and as co-cultures, J Appl Phycol, 24, 267, 10.1007/s10811-011-9675-2

Valderrama, 2002, Treatment of recalcitrant wastewater from ethanol and citric acid production using the microalga Chlorella vulgaris and the macrophyte Lemna minuscula, Water Res, 36, 4185, 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00143-4

Yun, 1997, Carbon dioxide fixation by algal cultivation using wastewater nutrients, J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 69, 451, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199708)69:4<451::AID-JCTB733>3.0.CO;2-M

de-Bashan, 2002, Removal of ammonium and phosphorus ions from synthetic wastewater by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris coimmobilized in alginate beads with the microalgae growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense, Water Res, 36, 2941, 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00522-X

González, 1997, Efficiency of ammonia and phosphorus removal from a colombian agroindustrial wastewater by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorphus, Bioresour Technol, 60, 259, 10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00029-1

Ordog V. Beneficial effects of microalgae and cyanobacteria in plant/soil-systems, with special regard to their auxin-and cytokinin-like activity. In: Proceedings of the international workshop and training course on microalgal biology and biotechnology. Mosonmagyarovar, Hungary. June 1999. p. 13–26.

de Mulé, 1999, Effect of cyanobacterial inoculation and fertilizers on rice seedlings and postharvest soil structure, Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal, 30, 97, 10.1080/00103629909370187

Adam, 1999, The promotive effect of the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum on the growth of some crop plants, Acta Microbiol Pol, 48, 163

Saffan, 2001, Allelopathic effects of cyanobacterial exudates on some metabolic activities of Cynara cardunculus seeds during germination, Egypt J Biotechnol, 10, 157

Shaaban, 2001, Green microalgae water extracts as foliar feeding to wheat plants, Pak J Biol Sci, 4, 628, 10.3923/pjbs.2001.628.632

Faheed, 2008, Effect of Chlorella vulgaris as bio-fertilizer on growth parameters and metabolic aspects of lettuce plant, J Agric Soc Sci, 4, 165

Naik, 2010, Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 14, 578, 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.003

Singh, 2010, Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 14, 2596, 10.1016/j.rser.2010.06.014

Mendes, 2003, Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of compounds with pharmaceutical importance from microalgae, Inorg Chim Acta, 356, 328, 10.1016/S0020-1693(03)00363-3

Tokuşoglu, 2003, Biomass nutrient profiles of three microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana, J Food Sci, 68, 1144, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb09615.x

Panahi, 2012, Investigation of the effects of Chlorella vulgaris as an adjunctive therapy for dyslipidemia: results of a randomised open-label clinical trial, Nutr Diet, 69, 13, 10.1111/j.1747-0080.2011.01569.x

Honjoh, 2003, Preparation of protoplasts from Chlorella vulgaris K-73122 and cell wall regeneration of protoplasts from C. vulgaris K-73122 and C-27, J Fac Agric Kyushu Univ, 47, 257, 10.5109/4494

Berliner, 1977, Protoplast induction in Chlorella vulgaris, Plant Sci Lett, 9, 201, 10.1016/0304-4211(77)90099-2

Wilson, 2000, The role of growth rate, redox-state of the plastoquinone pool and the trans-thylakoid pH in photoacclimation of Chlorella vulgaris to growth irradiance and temperature, Planta, 212, 93, 10.1007/s004250000368

Yamada, 2000, Characterization and amino acid sequences of cytochromes c(6) from two strains of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 64, 628, 10.1271/bbb.64.628

Maruyama, 1997, Application of unicellular algae Chlorella vulgaris for the mass-culture of marine rotifer Brachionus, Hydrobiologia, 358, 133, 10.1023/A:1003116003184