Drugs and chronic alcohol abuse in drivers

Brinkmann, 2002, Incidence of alcohol dependence among drunken drivers, Drug Alcohol Depend., 66, 7, 10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00177-6 Bortolotti, 2002, Determination of CDT, a marker of chronic alcohol abuse, for driving license issuing: immunoassay versus capillary electrophoresis, Forensic Sci. Int., 128, 53, 10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00153-6 Brewer, 1994, The risk of dying in alcohol-related automobile crashes among habitual drunk drivers, N. Engl. J. Med., 331, 513, 10.1056/NEJM199408253310806 Del Rio, 2001, Alcohol-related problems and fitness to drive, Alcohol Alcohol., 36, 256, 10.1093/alcalc/36.3.256 Del Rio, 1999, Alcohol use among fatally injured drivers in Spain, Forensic Sci. Int., 104, 117, 10.1016/S0379-0738(99)00101-2 1991, Council Directive 91/439/EEC of 29 July on driving licences, Off. J. L, 237, 0001 Albery, 2000, Illicit drugs and driving: prevalence, beliefs and accident involvement among a cohort of current out-of-treatment users, Drug Alcohol Depend., 58, 197, 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00101-5 Del Rio, 2001, Illicit drugs and fitness to drive: assessment in spanish medical driving test centres, Drug Alcohol Depend., 64, 19, 10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00220-9 Lillsunde, 1996, Drugs usage of drivers suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. A study of one week's samples in 1979 and 1993 in Finland, Forensic Sci. Int., 77, 119, 10.1016/0379-0738(95)01848-4 Drummer, 2003, The incidence of drugs in drivers killed in Australian road traffic crashes, Forensic Sci. Int., 134, 154, 10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00134-8 Barbone, 1998, Association of road-traffic accidents with benzodiazepine use, Lancet, 352, 1331, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04087-2 Bramness, 2002, Clinical impairment of benzodiazepines — relation between benzodiazepine concentrations and impairment in apprehended drivers, Drug Alcohol Depend., 68, 131, 10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00188-6 Alvarez, 2002, Medicinal drugs and driving: from research to clinical practice, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 23, 441, 10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02083-7 Del Rio, 2002, Alcohol, illicit drugs and medicinal drugs in fatally injured drivers in Spain between 1991 and 2000, Forensic Sci. Int., 127, 63, 10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00116-0 Seymour, 1999, Role of drugs and alcohol in impaired drivers and fatally injured drivers in the Strathclyde police region of Scotland, 1995–1998, Forensic Sci. Int., 103, 89, 10.1016/S0379-0738(99)00061-4 Mura, 2003, Comparison of the prevalence of alcohol, cannabis and other drugs between 900 injured drivers and 900 control subjects: results of a French collaborative study, Forensic Sci. Int., 133, 79, 10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00052-5 Garriott, 1977, Incidence of drugs and alcohol in fatally injured motor vehicle drivers, J. Forensic Sci., 22, 383, 10.1520/JFS10600J Movig, 2003, Psychoactive substance use and the risk of motor vehicle accidents, Accid. Anal. Prev., 36, 631, 10.1016/S0001-4575(03)00084-8 Del Rio, 1995, Illegal drug taking and driving: patterns of drug taking among Spanish drivers, Drug Alcohol Depend., 37, 83, 10.1016/0376-8716(94)01055-P Miller, 1999, How intoxicated are drivers in the United States? Estimating the extent, risks and costs per kilometer of driving by blood alcohol level, Accid. Anal. Prev., 31, 515, 10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00008-1 Athanaselis, 1999, The use of alcohol and other psychoactive substances by victims of traffic accidents in Greece, Forensic Sci. Int., 102, 103, 10.1016/S0379-0738(99)00053-5 Christophersen, 1997, Drugged driving, a review based on the experience in Norway, Drug Alcohol Depend., 47, 125, 10.1016/S0376-8716(97)00081-1 Christophersen, 2002, Rearrest rates among Norwegian drugged drivers compared with drunken drivers, Drug Alcohol Depend., 66, 85, 10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00187-9 Christophersen, 1999, Drugged driving in the Nordic countries — a comparative study between five countries, Forensic Sci. Int., 106, 173, 10.1016/S0379-0738(99)00194-2 Smink, 2001, Driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs in The Netherlands, 1995–1998 in view of the German and Belgian legislation, Forensic Sci. Int., 120, 195, 10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00476-X Augsburger, 1997, Drugs and alcohol among suspected impaired drivers in canton de Vaud (Switzerland), Forensic Sci. Int., 85, 95, 10.1016/S0379-0738(96)02084-1 Schiwy-Bochat, 1995, Trends in occurrence of drugs of abuse in blood and urine of arrested drivers and drug traffickers in the border region Aachen, Forensic Sci. Int., 71, 33, 10.1016/0379-0738(94)01631-E Charlier, 1998, Narcotic drugs and traffic safety in Belgium, Toxicorama, 10, 27 Arvers, 1999, Regional varaitions in alcohol use among young people in France. Epidemiological approach to alcohol use and abuse by adolescents and conscripts, Drug Alcohol Depend., 56, 145, 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00028-9 Smart, 2000, Drinking and heavy drinking by students in 18 countries, Drug Alcohol Depend., 60, 315, 10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00117-4 John, 2002, Alcohol-attributable mortality in a high per capita consumption country: Germany, Alcohol Alcohol., 37, 581, 10.1093/alcalc/37.6.581 Lember, 1997, How Estonian and Finnish primary care doctors rate their need for common drugs, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 52, 437, 10.1007/s002280050316 Helmerson Bergmark, 1999, Drinking in the Swedish gay and Lesbian community, Drug Alcohol Depend., 56, 133, 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00026-5 Caetano, 2000, Hispanics, blacks and whites driving under the influence of alcohol: results from the 1995 national alcohol surveys, Accid. Anal. Prev., 32, 57, 10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00049-4 WHO, Highlights on health in Luxembourg, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1997. 1999 Ministry of Health, Santé Pour Tous, Luxembourg, 1994. Legros, 2002, Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin isoforms measured by capillary zone electrophoresis for detection of alcohol abuse, Clin. Chem., 48, 2177, 10.1093/clinchem/48.12.2177 Flanagan, 1998, Guidelines for the interpretation of analytical toxicology results and unit of measurement conversion factors, Ann. Clin. Biochem., 35, 261, 10.1177/000456329803500210 Marquet, 1998, Prevalence of drugs of abuse in urine of drivers involved in road accidents in France: a collaborative study, J. Forensic Sci., 43, 806, 10.1520/JFS14310J Mikkelsen, 1998, Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: marker of actual alcohol consumption or chronic alcohol misuse?, Alcohol Alcohol., 33, 646, 10.1093/alcalc/33.6.646 Ingum, 1992, Relationship between drug plasma concentrations and psychomotor performance after single doses of ethanol and benzodiazepines, Psychopharmacology, 107, 11, 10.1007/BF02244959 Maes, 1999, Classification of medecines according to their influence on driving ability, Acta Clin. Belgica Suppl., 1, 82 Kuitunen, 1994, Drug and ethanol effects on the clinical test for drunkenness: single doses of ethanol, hypnotic drugs and antidepressant drugs, Pharmacol. Toxicol., 75, 91, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1994.tb00329.x Linnoila, 1990, Effects of single doses of alprazolam and diazepam, alone and in combination with ethanol, on psychomotor and cognitive performance and on autonomic nervous system reactivity in healthy volunteers, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 39, 21, 10.1007/BF02657051 EMCDDA, Annual Report on the State of the Drugs Problem in the European Union and Norway, 2002. ISSN 1609-6150, http://www.emcdda.eu.int. Huestis, 1992, Blood cannabinoids. I. Absorption of THC and formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana, J. Anal. Toxicol., 16, 276, 10.1093/jat/16.5.276 Lukas, 2001, Ethanol increases plasma D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels and subjective effects after marihuana smoking in human volunteers, Drug Alcohol Depend., 64, 146, 10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00118-1 Baselt, 2000 Repertoire commente des medicaments, Centre Belge d’Information Pharmacotherapeutique, 2003.