An assessment of areal and transect-based historic shoreline changes in the context of coastal planning
Tóm tắt
With increasing sea levels and anthropogenic coastal pressure, it is more important than ever to develop coastal zone management techniques that are based on sound scientific methodologies. In this paper shoreline change rates were calculated for Port Eynon Bay, Gower, Wales, UK, using a two-step approach (areal and transect-based), to predict future shoreline position and propose management strategies. A Geographical Information System (Qgis) was utilised to calculate shoreline position from historical aerial photographic evidence covering a 60-year period (1944–2014). Results highlighted an increase in the vegetation of 0.41 km2 and a seaward migration of the shoreline (0.3 m/yr.−1); temporal linear regression models constructed around the cumulative data confirmed a consistent trend of areal increase and shoreline migration. Wind components were qualitatively linked to shoreline changes. Models created to predict shoreline position at 10-year and 50-year epochs can be aligned with shoreline management plans and inform embayed beach shoreline assessments at all scales. A management process model was developed based upon the application of transect and areal assessments that can be utilised to inform CZM by identifying locations of vulnerability, enabling management strategy development, that improves resilience under scenarios of sea level rise and climate change.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anfuso G, Benavente J, Gracia FJ (2001) Morphodynamic responses of nourished beaches in south West Spain. J Coast Conserv 7(1):71–80
Anfuso G, Pranzini E, Vitale G (2011) An integrated approach to coastal erosion problems in northern Tuscany (Italy): littoral morphological evolution and cell distribution. Geomorphology 129(3):204–214
Benedet L, Klein AHF, Hsu JRC (2004) Practical insights and applicability of empirical bay shape equations. Proceedings of the 29th international conference coastal engineering. ASCE:2181–2193
Bilskie MV, Hagen SC, Medeiros SC, Passeri DL (2014) Dynamics of sea level rise and coastal flooding on a changing landscape. Geophys Res Lett 41(3):927–934
Bird, E.C.F., (1996) Beach management (Vol. 5). John Wiley & Son Ltd. pp. 281
Boak EH, Turner IL (2005) Shoreline definition and detection: a review. J Coast Res 214:688–703
Bullen (1993) Coastline response study: Worms head to Penarth head: final report. Bullen and Partners 1:285
Carter R (1988) Coastal environments, an introduction to the physical, ecological and cultural systems of coastlines. Academic Press, London, p 617
Cooper JAG, McKenna J, Jackson DWT, O'Connor M (2007) Mesoscale coastal behavior related to morphological self-adjustment. Geology 35(2):187–190
Cowell, P. J., and B. G. Thom. (1994) Morphodynamics of coastal evolution. In R. W. G. Carter, and C. D. Woodroffe, Cambridge University Press. pp.33–86
Crowell M, Leatherman SP, Buckley MK (1991) Historical shoreline change: error analysis and mapping accuracy. J Coast Res 7(3):839–852
Douglas BC, Crowell M (2000) Long-term shoreline position predictions and error propagation. Error propagation. J Coast Res 16(1):145–152
E.A. (Environment Agency). (2015) Shoreline Management Plan policies – what do they mean? Environment Agency. Available at http://apps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/134834.aspx (accessed 15th August, 2016)
El Mrini A, Maanan M, Anthony EJ, Taaouati M (2012) An integrated approach to characterize the interaction between coastal morphodynamics, geomorphological setting and human interventions on the Mediterranean beaches of northwestern Morocco. Appl Geogr 35(1):334–344
Halcrow (2010) Lavernock point to St. Ann’s head shoreline management plan SMP2. Swansea and Carmarthen Bay engineering group
Hanley ME, Hoggart SPG, Simmonds DJ, Bichot A, Colangelo MA, Bozzeda F, Heurtefeux H, Ondiviela B, Ostrowski R, Recio M, Trude R (2014) Shifting sands? Coastal protection by sand banks, beaches and dunes. Coast Eng 87:136–146
House C, Phillips MR (2012) Integrating the science education nexus into coastal governance: a Mediterranean and Black Sea case study. Mar Policy 36(2):495–501
Jones AL, Phillips MR (2011) Disappearing Destinations: climate change and future challenges for coastal tourism. CABI. Wallingford, Oxford, p 296
Komar PD (1971) The mechanics of sand transport on beaches. J Geophys Res 76(3):713–721
Komar PD (1998) Beach processes and sedimentation, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, p 544
Komar PD, Allan JC (2008) Increasing hurricane-generated wave heights along the U.S. East Coast and their climate controls. J Coast Res 24(2):479–488
Leatherman SP (2003) Shoreline change mapping and management along the U.S. East Coast. J Coast Res SI 38:5–13
Leatherman SP, Douglas BC, Crowell M (1997) Beach erosion trends and shoreline forecasting. J Coast Res 13(4)
Maune, D.F. (2007) Digital Elevation Model Technologies and Applications: The DEM Users Manual (2nd edition). American Society for Photogrammetry and remote sensing, Bethesda. Maryland, pp. 655
Moore LJ (2000) Shoreline mapping techniques. J Coast Res 16(1):111–124
Morang, A.; Batten, B.K.; Connell, K.J.; Tanner, W.; Larson, M.; Kraus, N.C. Regional Morphology Analysis Package (RMAP), Version 3: Users guide and tutorial (2009). Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note ERDC/CHL CHETN-XIV-9. Vicksburg, U.S. Army Research and Development Center, Available at; http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/chetn/. (accessed 6th June 2010)
Morton, R. A. (1991) Accurate shoreline mapping; past, present and future. Proceedings of Coastal Sediments. ASCE, 997–1010
O’Connor MO, Cooper JAG, Jackson DWT (2007) Morphological behaviour of headland-embayment and inlet- associated beaches, Northwest Ireland. J Coast Res SI 59:626–630
Parker BB (2003) The difficulties in measuring a consistently defined shoreline – the problem of vertical referencing. J Coast Res SI 38:44–56
Phillips MR (2008) Beach erosion and marine aggregate dredging: a question of evidence? The Geographical Journal. Vol 174(4):332–343
Phillips MR, House C (2009) An evaluation of priorities for beach tourism: case study from South Wales, UK. Tour Manag 30(2):176–183
Phillips M, Jones AL (2006) Erosion and tourism infrastructure in the coastal zone: problems, consequences and management. Tour Manag 27(3):517–524
Ranasinghe R, McLoughlin R, Short A, Symonds G (2004) The southern oscillation index, wave climate, and beach rotation. Mar Geol 204(3):273–287
Rangel-Buitrago NG, Anfuso G, Williams AT (2015) Coastal erosion along the Caribbean coast of Colombia: magnitudes, causes and management. Ocean & Coastal Management 114:129–144
Rangel-Buitrago NG, Thomas T, Phillips MR, Anfuso G, Williams AT (2016) Wave climate, storminess, and northern hemisphere teleconnection patterns influences: the outer Bristol Channel, South Wales, UK. J Coast Res 32(6):1262–1276
Robinson A, Millward R (1983) The Shell book of the British coast. David & Charles, London, p 496
Rogers J, Hamer B, Brampton A, Challinor S, Glennerster M, Brenton P, Bradbury A (2010) Beach management manual, 2nd edn. CIRIA, London, p 915
Ruggiero P, Kaminsky GM, Gelfenbaum G (2003) Linking proxy-based and datum based shorelines on a high energy coastline. Journal of Coastal Research SI 38:57–82
SBCEG (Swansea Bay coastal engineering group). (2001) Swansea Bay Shoreline Management Plan. Sub-Cell 8b: Worms Head to Lavernock Point. Shoreline Management Partnership and HR Wallingford
SBCEG (Swansea Bay Coastal Engineering Group) (1999) Swansea Bay shoreline management plan. Sub-cell 8b: Worms head to Lavernock point. Shoreline Management Partnership and HR Wallingford:73
Short AD (1999) Handbook of beach and shoreface morphodynamics. John Wiley, Chichester, p 379
Short AD, Hogan CL (1994) Rip currents and beach hazards: their impact on public safety and implications for coastal management. J Coast Res SI 12:197–209
Short AD, Masselink G (1999) Embayed and structurally controlled beaches. In: Short AD (ed) Handbook of beach and shoreface morphodynamics. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, pp 230–250
Simm JD, Brampton AH, Beech NW, Brooke JS (1996) Beach management manual. CIRIA. London, p 448
Sorensen RM (2006) Basic coastal engineering (3rd edition). Springer. New York, p 319
Swansea.gov.uk. (2017). South Gower Coast, Rhossili to Oxwich. Available at: http://www.swansea.gov.uk/article/2729/South-Gower-Coast-Rhossili-to-Oxwich (accessed 3rd January 2017)
The Tourism Company (2015) City and county of Swansea beaches management plan and action plans for blue flag beaches of Gower. The Tourism Company, Ledbury, p 39
Thomas T, Phillips MR, Williams AT (2010) Mesoscale evolution of a headland bay: beach rotation. Process. Geomorphology 123:129–141
Thomas T, Phillips MR, Williams AT, Jenkins RE (2011) A multi-century record of linked nearshore and coastal change. Earth Surf Process Landf 36:995–1006
Thomas T, Phillips MR, Williams AT, Jenkins RE (2012) Rotation on two adjacent open coast macrotidal beaches. Appl Geogr 35(1):363–376
Thomas T, Phillips MR, Williams AT (2013) A centurial record of beach rotation. J Coast Res 65(sp1):594–599
Thomas T, Lynch SK, Phillips MR, Williams AT (2014) Long-term evolution of a sand spit, physical forcing and links to coastal flooding. Appl Geogr 53:187–201
Thomas T, Williams A, Rangel-Buitrago N, Phillips M, Anfuso G (2016) Assessing embayed equilibrium state, beach rotation and environmental forcing influences; Tenby Southwest Wales, UK. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 4(2):30
Turki R, Medina R, Gonzalez M, Coco G (2013) Natural variability of shoreline position: observations at three pocket beaches. Mar Geol 338:76–89
Wildlife Trust (2016) Port Eynon Point and Sedger’s Bank, Port Eynon, Swansea. Available at: https://www.welshwildlife.org/nature-reserve/port-eynon-point-port-eynon-swansea/ (Accessed 3rd January 2017)
Zhang K, Huang W, Douglas BC, Leatherman SP (2002) Shoreline position variability and long term trend analysis. Shore and Beach 70:31–35