China’s ‘New-Type’ Private Think Tanks: Is ‘New’ Better?
Tóm tắt
China’s public policy research community has long been dominated by large state-run research institutes, but in recent years financially and bureaucratically independent think tanks have played a more prominent role. While private think tanks have used a variety of strategies to secure funding and access to officials, a major constraint is the continuing influence of their state-run counterparts. What are the conditions under which private institutes can prosper in this environment, both in terms of providing meaningful advice and developing prestigious brands? This essay theorizes that these goals can be achieved under three conditions: when human capital is leveraged to provide new advice, when networks are deployed to build bridges between scholarly communities, and when effective use of information technology supports the dissemination of research outputs. An organization’s ability to meet those criteria depends both on resource endowments and on willingness to buck the conventional wisdom.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abb, Pascal. 2015. China’s foreign policy think tanks: Institutional evolution and changing roles. Journal of Contemporary China 24: 531–553.
Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany. (2018). Rubio questions D.C. panel on China influence. May 7. Foreign Policy. Available at: http://foreignpolicy.com/2018/05/07/rubio-questions-d-c-panel-on-china-influence-united-front-beijing-communist-party/.
CCP Central Committee General Office and State Council General Office. (2015). Full text: opinions on strengthening the construction of new-type think tanks with Chinese characteristics. January 21. Xinhua. Available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/zgjx/2015-01/21/c_133934292.htm.
Chubb, Andrew. (2013). Propaganda as policy? Explaining the PLA’s ‘hawkish faction.’ August 9. China Brief. Available at: https://jamestown.org/program/propaganda-as-policy-explaining-the-plas-hawkish-faction-part-two/.
Fan, Bi. (2015). China has think tank quantity, but not quality. March 12. Caixin Wang. Available at: http://english.caixin.cn/20150312/100790448.html.
Fu, Ying. (2013). Zhongguo zhiku de shidai zeren. [Chinese think tanks’ responsibilities of the times]. August 18. Shijie Zhishi. [World Knowledge]. Available at: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_afd6f1b50101o6y3.html.
Gill, Bates, and James Mulvenon. 2002. Chinese military-related think tanks and research institutions. China Quarterly 171: 617–624.
Glaser, Bonnie, and Phillip C. Saunders. 2002. Chinese civilian foreign policy research institutions: Evolving roles and increasing influence. China Quarterly 171: 597–616.
Hornby, Lucy. 2015. China to let 100 think-tanks bloom. May 4. Financial Times. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/115be32a-f234-11e4-b914-00144feab7de.
Jakobson, Linda, and Dean Knox. 2010. New foreign policy actors in China. Stockholm: SIPRI.
Jun, Mai. (2017). Liberal economics think tank Unirule locked out of its office for ‘security reasons’ ahead of forum. May 13. South China Morning Post. Available at: http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2094217/liberal-economics-think-tank-unirule-locked-out-its.
Kuo, Lily. (2019). Chinese liberal think tank forced to close after being declared illegal. August 28. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/28/chinese-liberal-thinktank-forced-to-close-after-being-declared-illegal.
Li, Cheng. 2009. China’s new think tanks: Where officials, entrepreneurs, and scholars interact. China Leadership Monitor. 29: 1–21.
Li, Jian and Ma Zengjun. (2016). Meiguo fangwu zhiku xianzhuang ji zhuyao tezheng. [current situation and main characteristics of U.S. defense think tanks]. Zhiku Lilun yu Shijian. [Think Tank Theory and Practice]. 1: 50-4
Li, Yang 2014. Independence of mind to support policymaking. July 29. China Daily. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-07/29/content_17945703.htm.
McGann, James. 2016. 2016 global go-to think tank index. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Medeiros, Evan. 2004. Agents of influence: Assessing the role of Chinese foreign policy research organizations after the 16th party congress. In Civil-military change in China, ed. A. Scobell and L. Wortzel, 279–307. Carlisle: U.S. Army War College.
Naughton, Barry. 2002. China’s economic think tanks: Their changing roles in the 1990s. China Quarterly 171: 625–635.
No author. 2014. Xi calls for new type of think tanks. October 27. Xinhua. Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-10/27/content_18810882.htm.
No author. 2017. Chinese government issues new policy on think tanks. May 5. China Development Brief. Available at: http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/news/chinese-government-issues-new-policy-governing-think-tanks/.
No author. 2018. Chaha’er xuehui zai Shanghai juban xin shidai gonggong waijiao yantaohui. [Chahar holds conference on public diplomacy in the new era in Shanghai]. Zhongguo wang. [China Online]. March 7. Available at: http://www.china.com.cn/opinion/think/2018-03/07/content_50676030.htm.
No author. 2018. Hanguo zhengfu shouyu Han Fangming waijiao gongxian xunzhang. [South Korean government awards Han Fangming diplomatic contribution medal]. February 28. Renmin Wang. [People’s Daily Online]. Available at: http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0228/c1002-29839775.html.
Party Committee of the PRC Ministry of Civil Affairs. 2017. Tuijin shehui zhiku jiankang fazhan. [Advance the healthy development of social think tanks]. May 5. Renmin Ribao. [People’s Daily]. Available at: http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0505/c1001-29255044.html.
Saunders, Phillip, and Julia Bowie. 2016. U.S.-China military relations: Competition and cooperation. Journal of Strategic Studies 39: 662–684.
Shandong Province Social Organization Management Bureau. 2018. Guanyu cijin shehui zhiku jiankang fazhan de shishi yijian. [Implementation opinion on promoting the healthy development of social think tanks]. October 31. Available at: http://mzt.shandong.gov.cn/art/2018/10/31/art_92810_7205719.html.
Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Think Tank Research Center. 2018. 2018 Report on Chinese Think Tanks. Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences
Stone, Diane. 2005. Think tanks and policy advice in countries in transition. Paper presented at the Asian Development Bank Institute.
Wang Ou and Wu Ji. 2018. Multirole mechanism in Chinese non-governmental think tanks—a comparison with the US ‘revolving door.’ China: An International Journal 16: 89–108.
Wang, Weiguang. 2015. Nuli jianshe juyou guoji yingxiangli, shijie zhiming de Zhongguo te se de xinxing zhiku. [make diligent efforts to build a world-renowned new type think tanks with international influence and Chinese characteristics]. January 30. Renmin Ribao. [People’s Daily]. Available at: http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2015/0130/c40531-26477783.html.
Wang, Wenwen. 2015. Weak think tanks shackle nation’s governance upgrade. January 23. Global Times. Available at http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/903556.shtml.
Xu, Pan. 2017. Research on the effectiveness of social think tanks: A case of the Center for China and Globalization. Journal of Public Management Research 3: 17–28.
Yue, Ben. 2013. Asia weekly: Forming new policy plans for China. September 23. China Daily Online. Available at http://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/201309/23/content_15089255.html.
Zhang, Diyu. 2013. Jian zhi yu si: Zhongguo zhiku jiemi. [it is here that knowledge is found: Unmasking China’s think tanks]. Shijie Zhishi. [World Knowledge]. 1: 14-25.
Zhou, Qijun. 2015. Gov’t gives think tanks food for thought with supporting policies. July 17. Caixin Wang. Available at: http://english.caixin.cn/20150717/100830006.html.
Zhu, Xufeng, and Lan Xue. 2007. Think tanks in transitional China. Public Administration and Development 27: 452–464.
Zhu, Xufeng. 2009. The influence of think tanks in the Chinese policy process: Different ways and mechanisms. Asian Survey 49: 333–357.