Hydrocarbon distribution along the Soapaga thrust (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia) based on new strategic geochemistry samples
Tóm tắt
The Colombian Eastern Cordillera constitutes a region with potential for finding hydrocarbon reserves that are still under-explored, despite the existence of oil and tar sand production. The intense tectonic deformation affects the petroleum systems and increases exploration challenges due to the different generation, maturation, and entrapment conditions that they produce. Diverse geochemical analysis conducted on strategic samples determines that these are likely generated by the same anoxic marine source rock type. Two source rock samples we investigated are characterized by very different biomarker signals as compared to the tar sands and oil samples. Both samples are dominated by hopanes as compared to tri- and tetracyclic terpanes, with very low (Tibasosa Formation) to no (Chipaque Formation) extended tricyclic terpanes. The Soapaga Thrust, along which the analyzed samples are located, has exercised first-rate regional structural control of the distribution of hydrocarbons in the studied area. The uplift of their Mesozoic hanging wall produces intense erosion with sediment transport towards the eastern footwall forming the present infill of the Arcabuco basin. The kitchen areas were connected with the shallower entrapment sectors where excellent reservoir levels such as the Picacho Formation before the Soapaga Thrust movement. The high degree of biodegradation observed in the Picacho Fm. tar sands support early charge before the Soapaga thrust movement, and severe biodegradation following the thrust movement when hydrocarbon supply from the kitchen was interrupted. This work aims to contribute to a better understanding of the geochemical characteristics of the petroleum systems due to the action of the Soapaga Thrust.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aguilera R, Sotelo V, Burgos C, Arce C, Gómez C, Mojica J, Castillo H, Jiménez D, Osorno J (2010) Organic geochemistry Atlas of Colombia. Earth Science Research Journal, 2nd (Special ed), vol 14, Bogotá, p 182
Anderson VJ, Horton BK, Saylor JE, Mora A, Tesón E, Breecker DO, Ketcham RA (2016) Andean topographic growth and basement uplift in southern Colombia: Implications for the evolution of the Magdalena, Orinoco, and Amazon River systems. Geosphere 12(4):1235–1256. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01294.1
ANH (2008) Área cordillera. Informe de prospectividad. Ronda 2008 (Bogotá), p 111
Bayona G, Cortés M, Jaramillo C, Ojeda G, Aristizábal JJ, Reyes-Harker A (2008) An integrated analysis of an orogen–sedimentary basin pair: Latest Cretaceous—Cenozoic evolution of the linked Eastern Cordillera Orogen and the Llanos foreland basin of Colombia. Geol Soc Am Bull 120(9–10):1171–1197. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26187.1
Bayona G, Cardona A, Jaramillo C, Mora A, Montes C, Valencia V, Ayala C, Montenegro O, Ibáñez-Mejía M (2012) Early Paleogene magmatism in the northern Andes: insights on the effects of oceanic plateau–continent convergence. Earth Planet Sci Lett 331–332:97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.03.015
Branquet Y, Cheilletz A, Cobbold PR, Baby P, Laumonier B, Giuliani G (2002) Andean deformation and rift inversion, eastern edge of Cordillera Oriental (GuatequeMedina area), Colombia. J S Am Earth Sci 15:391–407
Cobbold PR (2007) Repeated reactivation of older thrust, the main mechanism of mountain building in the Andes and their foreland. Unpublished report, Geosciences Rennes, p 3
Cobbold PR, Rossello EA, Roperch P, Arriagada C, Gómez LA, Lima C (2007) Distribution, timing, and causes of Andean deformation across South America. In: Ries AC, Butler RWH, Graham RH (eds) Deformation of the continental crust: the legacy of Mike Coward. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, vol 272, pp 321–343
Colletta B, Hebrard F, Letouzey J, Werner P, Rudkiewicz JL (1990) Tectonic and crustal structure of the Eastern Cordillera (Colombia) from a balanced cross-section. In: Letouzey J (ed) Petroleum and tectonics in mobile belts. Editions Technip, Paris, France, pp 80–100
Conan J (1984) Biodegradation of crude oils in reservoirs. In: Brooks J and Welte DH (eds) Advances in petroleum geochemistry, Academic Press (London) vol 1, pp 299–335
Cooper MA, Addison FT, Alvarez R, Coral M, Graham RH, Hayward AB, Howe S, Martinez J, Naar J, Penas R, Pulham AJ, Taborda A (1995) Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena valley, Colombia. Am Asso Petrol Geol Bull 79(10):1421–1443
Etayo-Serna F, Laverde-Montaño F (eds) (1985) Proyecto cretácico: contribuciones. Publicaciones Geológicas Especiales del Ingeominas 16, I-1–XXX-1, Bogotá
Gómez J, Montes N, Alcárcel FA, Ceballos JA (2015) Catálogo de dataciones radiométricas de Colombia en Arc-GIS y Google Earth. In: Gómez J, Almanza MF (eds) Compilando la geología de Colombia: una visión a 2015. Servicio Geológico Colombiano, Publicaciones Geológicas Espe-ciales 33, Bogotá, pp 63–419
Gómez J, Montes-Ramírez NE, Almanza-Meléndez MF, Alcárcel-Gutiérrez FA, Madrid-Montoya CA, Diederix H (2017) Geological map of Colombia 2015. Episodes 40(3):201–212. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2017/v40i3/017023
Gómez-Rojas OP, Ángeles G, Perea-Solano C, Sánchez-Morales OA, Flórez-Molano HF (2018) Caracterización preliminar de las arenas asfálticas de Picacho, municipio de Pesca (Boyacá, Colombia). Bol Geol 40(2):15–26
Higuera-Sandoval CH, Salamanca-Rodriguez EC, Santos-Chaparro CF (2012) Caracterizacion de las asfaltitas de Pesca Boyacá-Cantera Santa Teresa. Rev Ingenio 5(1):38–44
Hoffmann CF, Strausz OP (1986) Bitumen accumulation in Grossmont platform complex, upper devonian, alberta, Canada. Am Asso Petrol Geol Bull 70:21–35
Holba AG, Ellis L, Dzou IL (2001). Extended tricyclic terpanes as age discriminators between Triassic, Early Jurassic and Middle-Late Jurassic oils. In: 20th international meeting on organic geochemistry, Nancy, France, pp 10–14
Horton BK, Parra M, Mora A (2020). Construction of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: insights from the sedimentary record. In: Gómez J, Mateus-Zabala D (eds) The geology of Colombia, volume 3 paleogene—Neogene. Servicio Geológico Colombiano, Publicaciones Geológicas Especiales, vol 37, Bogotá. https://doi.org/10.32685/pub.esp.37.2019.03, pp 67–88
Jaramillo C, Rueda M, Torres V (2011) A palynological zonation for the Cenozoic of the Llanos and Llanos Foothills of Colombia. Palynology 35(1):46–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2010.515069
Kammer A (1996) Estructuras y deformaciones del borde oriental del Macizo de Floresta. Geol Colomb 21:65–80
Kammer A, Sánchez J (2006) Early Jurassic rift structures associated with the Soapaga and Boyacá Thrusts of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia: sedimentological inferences and regional implications. J S Am Earth Sci 21(4):412–422
Lin LH, Michael GE, Kovache G, Zhu H, Philp RP, Lewis CA (1989) Biodegradation of tar-sand bitumens from the Ardmore and Anadarko Basins, Carter County, Oklahoma. Org Geochem 14:511–523
Lozano E, Zamora N (2014) Compilacion de la Cuenca de la Cordillera Oriental. Servicio Geológico Colombiano (Bogotá), Anexo G, p 21
Moldowan MJ, Dahl J, Huizinga BJ, Fago FJ, Hickey LJ, Peakman TM, Taylor DW (1994) The molecular fossil record of oleanane and its relation to angiosperms. Science 265:768–771
Ochoa D, Hoorn C, Jaramillo C, Bayona G, Parra M, De la Parra F (2012) The final phase of tropical lowland condi-tions in the axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: evidence from three palynological records. J S Am Earth Sci 39:157–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2012.04.010
Pedraza-Fracica S, Mariño-Martínez JE (2016) Thermal evaluation of 6 wells of the central part of the eastern cordillera (Colombia), from paleogeotherms: implications on thermal history and hydrocarbons. Ing Compet 18(1):9–21
Peters KE, Moldowan JM, McCaffrey MA, Fago FJ (1996) Selective biodegradation of extended hopanes to 25-norhopanes in petroleum reservoirs Insights from Molecular Mechanics. Org Geochem 24:765–783
Peters KE, Walters CC, Moldowan JM (2005) The biomarker guide: biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum exploration and Earth history. 2nd (ed), vol 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Rangel A, Osorno JF, Ramírez JC, De Bedout J, González JL, Pabón JM (2017) Geochemical assessment of the Colombian oils based on bulk petroleum properties and biomarker parameters. Mar Pet Geol 86:1291–1309
Requejo AG, Halpern HI (1989) An unusual hopane biodegradation sequence in tar sands from the Pt. Arena (Monterey) formation. Nature 342:670–673
Reyes Í (1984) Geología de la Región de Duitama-Sogamoso—Paz de Rio—Belencito. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Sogamoso, p 75
Rodríguez-Parra AJ, Solano-Silva O (2000) Mapa geológico del Departamento de Boyacá, Memoria explicativa. Ingeominas, Bogotá, p 127
Rodríguez DM, Hernández O, Kammer A (2009) Modelo estructural de la Falla de Soapaga a partir de correlación espectral de anomalías gravimétricas y magnéticas en la Cordillera Oriental Colombia. Bol Geol 2:35–50
Sarmiento LF (2011). Eastern Cordillera basins Colombia: ANH-University EAFIT. Department of Geology, vol 7, Medellín, p 141
Saylor JE, Horton BK, Nie J, Corredor J, Mora A (2011) Evaluating foreland basin partitioning in the northern Andes using Cenozoic fill of the Floresta Basin Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Basin Res 23(4):377–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2010.00493.x
Saylor JE, Stockli DF, Horton BK, Nie J, Mora A (2012) Discriminating rapid exhumation from syndepositional volcanism using detrital zircon double dating: implications for the tectonic history of the Eastern Cordillera Colombia. Geol Soc Am Bull 124(5–6):762–779. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30534.1
Silva A, Mora A, Caballero V, Rodríguez G, Ruiz C, Moreno N, Parra M, Ramírez-Arias JC, Ibáñez-Mejía M, Quintero I (2013) Basin compartmentalization and drainage evolution during rift inversion: Evidence from the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. In: Nemčok M, Mora A, Cosgrove JW (eds) Thick-skin-dominated orogens: from initial inversion to full accretion. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, vol 377. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP377.15, pp 369–409
Tesón E, Mora A, Silva A, Namson J, Teixell A, Castellanos J, Casallas W, Julivert M, Taylor M, Ibáñez-Mejía M, Valencia V (2013) Relationship of Mesozoic graben development, stress, shortening magnitude, and structural style in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. In: Nemčok M, Mora A, Cosgrove JW (eds) Thick-skin-dominated orogens: from initial inversion to full accretion. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, vol 377, London. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP377.10, pp 257–283
Toro J, Roure F, Bordas-Le Floch N, Le Cornec-Lance S, Sassi W (2004) Thermal and kinematic evolution of the Eastern Cordillera fold and thrust belt, Colombia. In: Swennen R, Roure F, Granath JW (eds) Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Hedberg Series, vol 1, pp 79–115
Velandia F (2005) Interpretación de transcurrencia de las fallas Soapaga y Boyacá a partir de imágenes Landsat TM. Bol Geol 27(1):81–94
Villar A, Alarcón H, Jiménez G, Velandia F (2017) Zonas transversales en el dominio axial de la Cordillera Oriental—bloque yacente de la Falla de Soapaga (Sátiva sur—Sátiva norte, Boyacá). Bol Geol 39(3):13–23
Wenger LM, Isaksen GH (2002) Control of hydrocarbon seepage intensity on level of biodegradation in sea bottom sediments. Org Geochem 33:1277–1292