Energetic properties’ investigation of removing flattening filter at phantom surface: Monte Carlo study using BEAMnrc code, DOSXYZnrc code and BEAMDP code
Tóm tắt
The Monte Carlo calculation method is considered to be the most accurate method for dose calculation in radiotherapy and beam characterization investigation, in this study, the Varian Clinac 2100 medical linear accelerator with and without flattening filter (FF) was modelled. The objective of this study was to determine flattening filter impact on particles’ energy properties at phantom surface in terms of energy fluence, mean energy, and energy fluence distribution. The Monte Carlo codes used in this study were BEAMnrc code for simulating linac head, DOSXYZnrc code for simulating the absorbed dose in a water phantom, and BEAMDP for extracting energy properties. Field size was 10 × 10 cm2, simulated photon beam energy was 6 MV and SSD was 100 cm. The Monte Carlo geometry was validated by a gamma index acceptance rate of 99% in PDD and 98% in dose profiles, gamma criteria was 3% for dose difference and 3mm for distance to agreement. In without-FF, the energetic properties was as following: electron contribution was increased by more than 300% in energy fluence, almost 14% in mean energy and 1900% in energy fluence distribution, however, photon contribution was increased 50% in energy fluence, and almost 18% in mean energy and almost 35% in energy fluence distribution. The removing flattening filter promotes the increasing of electron contamination energy versus photon energy; our study can contribute in the evolution of removing flattening filter configuration in future linac.
Tài liệu tham khảo
E. B. Podgorsak, Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students (IAEA, Vienna, 2005), pp. 161–216.
S. Jayaraman and L. H. Lanzl, Clinical Radiotherapy Physics (Springer, Berlin, 2004), pp. 189–229.
E. B. Podgorsak, Radiation Physics for Medical Physicists (Springer, Heidelberg, 2010), pp. 277–374.
A. Mesbahi, P. Mehnati, and A. Keshtkar, “A comparative Monte Carlo study on 6 MV photon beam characteristics of VARIAN 21EX and ELEKTA SL-25 linacs,” Iron. J. Radiat. Res., 23–30 (2007).
U. Titt, O. N. Vassiliev, F. Ponisch, L. Dong, H. Liu, and R. Mohan, “A flattening filter free photon treatment concept evaluation with Monte Carlo,” Med. Phys. 33, 1595–1602 (2006).
M. Asghar, M. Parinaz, K. Ahmad, and F. Alireza, “Dosimetric properties of a flattening filter-free 6-MV photon beam: a Monte Carlo study,” Radiat. Med. 25, 315–324 (2007).
L. Grevillot, T. Frisson, D. Maneval, N. Zahra, J.-N. Badel, and D. Sarrut, “Simulation of a 6 MV elekta precise linac photon beam using GATE/GEANT4,” Phys. Med. Biol. 56, 903–918 (2011).
J. El Bakkali and T. El Bardouni, “Validation of Monte Carlo Geant4 code for a 6 MV varian linac,” J. King Saud Univ., Sci. (2016).
Y. Tayalati, S. Didi, M. Zerfaoui, and A. Moussaa, “Monte Carlo simulation of 6MV elekta synergy platform linac photon beam using Gate/Geant4,” J. Med. Phys. (2013); arXiv:13090758.
S. Didi, A. Moussa, Y. Tayalati, and M. Zerfaoui, “Simulation of the 6 MV elekta synergy platform linac photon beam using Geant4 application for tomographic emission,” J. Med. Phys. 40, 136–143 (2015).
“Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy,” Technical Reports Series No. 398 (Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2000), pp. 110–133.
D. W. O. Rogers, B. Walters, and I. Kawrakow, “BEAMnrc users manual,” NRCC Report (Natl. Res. Council of Canada, Ottawa, 2013), pp. 12–254.
B. Walters, I. Kawrakow, and D. W. O. Rogers, “DOSXYZnrc users manual,” NRCC Report (Natl. Res. Council of Canada, Ottawa, 2013), pp. 9–103.
D. W. O. Rogers, I. Kawrakow, J. P. Seuntjens, B. Walters, and H. E. Mainegra, “NRC user codes for EGSnrc,” NRCC Report (Natl. Res. Council of Canada, Ottawa, 2013), pp. 6–83.
H. C. E. McGowan, B. A. Faddegon, and C. M. Ma, “STATDOSE for 3D dose distributions,” NRCC Tech. Report (Natl. Res. Council of Canada, Ottawa, 2013), pp. 5–10.
C. M. Ma and D. W. O. Rogers, “BEAMDP users manual,” NRCC Report (Natl. Res. Council of Canada, Ottawa, 2013), pp. 3–24.
A. Mesbahi, M. Fix, M. Allahverdi, E. Grein, and H. Garaati, “Monte Carlo calculation of varian 2300 C/D linac photon beam characteristics: a comparison between MCNP4C, GEANT3 and measurements,” Appl. Rad. Isotopes, 469–477 (2005).
L. Apipunyasopon, S. Srisatit, and N. Phaisangittisakul, “An investigation of the depth dose in the buildup region, and surface dose for a 6-MV therapeutic photon beam: Monte Carlo simulation and measurements,” J. Rad. Res., 374–382 (2013).
D. A. Low, W. B. Harms, S. Mutic, and J. A. Purdy, “A technique for the quantitative evaluation of dose distributions,” Med. Phys. 25, 656–661 (1998).
K. F. Michael, J. K. Paul, and V. S. Jeffrey, “Photonbeam subsource sensitivity to the initial electron-beam parameters,” Med. Phys. 32, 1164–1175 (2005).
K. Aljarrah, G. C. Sharp, T. Neicu, and S. B. Jiang, “Determination of the initial beam parameters in Monte Carlo linac simulation,” Med. Phys. 33, 850–858 (2006).
A. Mesbahi, “Development a simple point source model for elekta SL-25 linear accelerator using MCNP4C Monte Carlo code,” Iran. J. Radiat. Res. 4, 7–14 (2006).
O. N. Vassiliev, U. Titt, S. F. Kry, F. Ponisch, M. Gillin, and R. Mohan, “Monte Carlo study of photon fields from a flattening filter-free clinical accelerator,” Med. Phys. 33, 820–827 (2006).
O. N. Vassiliev, U. Titt, S. F. Kry, F. Poenisch, M. Gillin, and R. Mohan, “Dosimetric properties of photon beams from a flattening filter free clinical accelerator,” Phys. Med. Biol. 51, 1907–1917 (2006).
D. Pearson, E. Parsai, and J. Fledmeier, “Evaluation of dosimetric properties of 6 and 10 MV photon beams from a linear accelerator with no flattening filter,” Med. Phys. 33, 2099 (2006).
D. Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. Rogers, “Sensitivity of megavoltage photon beam Monte Carlo simulations to electron beam and other parameters,” Med. Phys. 29, 379–390 (2002).
M. Oprea, C. Constantin, D. Mihailescu, and C. Borcia, “A Monte Carlo investigation of the influence of initial electron beam characteristics on the absorbed dose distributions obtained with a 9 MeV IORT accelerator,” UPB. Sci. Bull., Ser. A 74, 153–166 (2012).
F. Verhaegen and J. Seuntjens, “Monte Carlo modelling of external radiotherapy photon beams,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 3401–3458 (2003).
O. Chibani, B. Moftah, and C. M. Ma, “On Monte Carlo modeling of megavoltage photon beams: a revisited study on the sensitivity of beam parameters,” Med. Phys. 38, 188–201 (2011).
J. V. Siebers, P. J. Keall, B. Libby, and R. Mohan, “Comparison of EGS4 and MCNP4b Monte Carlo codes for generation of photon phase space distributions for a varian 2100C,” Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 3009–3026 (1999).
S. B. Jiang, A. Kapur, J. Li, T. Pawlicki, and C. M. Ma, “Photon beam characterization and modelling for Monte Carlo treatment planning,” Phys. Med. Biol. 45, 411–427 (2000).
M. K. Fix, P. J. Keall, K. Dawson, and J. V. Siebers, “Monte Carlo source model for photon beam radiotherapy: photon source characteristics,” Med. Phys. 31, 3106–3121 (2004).
C. L. Hartmann Siantar, R. S. Walling, T. P. Daly, B. Faddegon, N. Albright, P. Bergstrom, A. F. Bielajew, C. Chuang, D. Garrett, R. K. House, D. Knapp, D. J. Wieczorek, and L. J. Verhey, “Description and dosimetric verification of the PEREGRINE Monte Carlo dose calculation system for photon beams incident on a water phantom,” Med. Phys. 28, 1322–1337 (2001).
P. Francescon, C. Cavedon, S. Reccanello, and S. Cora, “Photon dose calculation of a three-dimensional treatment planning system compared to the Monte Carlo code BEAM,” Med. Phys. 27, 1579–1587 (2000).
D. Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. Rogers, “Monte Carlo calculation of ninemegavoltage photon beam spectra using the BEAM code,” Med. Phys. 29, 391–402 (2002).
P. J. Keall, J. V. Siebers, B. Libby, and R. Mohan, “Determining the incident electron fluence for Monte Carlo-based photon treatment planning using a standard measured sata set,” Med. Phys. 30, 574–582 (2003).
B. T. Sichani and M. Sohrabpour, “Monte Carlo dose calculations for radiotherapy machines: theratron 780-c teletherapy case study,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 807–818 (2004).
D. A. Low and J. F. Dempsey, “Evaluation of the gamma dose distribution comparison method,” Med. Phys. 30, 2455–2464 (2003).
X. D. George, “Energy spectra, angular spread, fluence profiles and dose distributions of 6 and 18 MV photon beams: results of Monte Carlo simulations for a varian 2100EX accelerator,” Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 1025–1046 (2002).
M. Aljamal and A. Zakaria, “Monte Carlo modeling of a Siemens primus 6 MV photon beam linear accelerator,” Austral. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 7, 340–346 (2013).
J. Palta, S. Kim, J. Li, and C. Liu, “Tolerance limits and action levels for planning and delivery of IMRT,” in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy: The State of the Art, Ed. by J. R. Palta and T. R. Mackie, AAPM Medical Physics Monograph No. 29 (Medical Physics Publ., Madison, WI, 2003).
B. Kadman, N. Chawapun, S. Ua-apisitwong, T. Asakit, N. Chumpu, and J. Rueansri, “Consistency check of photon beam physical data after recommissioning process,” J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 694, 012023 (2016).
“Commissioning and quality assurance of computerized planning systems for radiation treatment of cancer,” Technical Reports Ser. No. 430 (Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2004).
“Specification and acceptance testing of radiotherapy treatment planning systems,” IAEA-TECDOC-1540 (Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2007).
W. Fu, J. Dai, Y. Hu, D. Han, and Y. Song, “Delivery time comparison for intensity-modulated radiation therapy with/without flattening filter: a planning study,” Phys. Med. Biol. 9, 1535–1547 (2004).
M. Asghar and S. N. Farshad, “Monte Carlo study on a flattening filter-free 18-MV photon beam of a medical linear accelerator,” Radiat. Med. 26, 331–336 (2008).
“Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy,” Technical Reports Ser. No. 398 (Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2000).