The future of lithium availability for electric vehicle batteries

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews - Tập 35 - Trang 183-193 - 2014
Jamie Speirs1, Marcello Contestabile1, Yassine Houari1, Robert Gross1
1Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Energy Policy and Technology (ICEPT), 13 Prince׳s Gardens, London SW7 1NA, UK

Tài liệu tham khảo

DOE. Critical Materials Strategy 2011. Washington, DC: US Department of Energy; 2011. DOE. Critical Materials Strategy. Washington, D.C; Oak Ridge, Tenn.: United States Department of Energy 2010. Kara, 2010 CCC. Building a low carbon economy—The UKs contribution to tackling climate change: the first report of the committe on climate change. London: Climate change Committee; 2008. UKERC. UKERC Energy 2050 Making the transition to a secure and low-carbon energy system: synthesis report. London UK Energy Research Centre; 2009. IEA. Energy Technology Perspectives. Paris, France: International Energy Agency; 2010. Tahil, 2007, The trouble with lithium: implications of future PHEV production for lithium demand, Meridian Int Res, 1 Tahil, 2008 Yaksic, 2009, Using the cumulative availability curve to assess the threat of mineral depletion: the case of lithium, Resour Policy, 34, 185, 10.1016/j.resourpol.2009.05.002 Speirs, 2013, Materials availability: potential constraints to the future low-carbon economy. Working paper II: Batteries, magnets and materials, UK Energy Res Centre DCM. Lithium—Hype or substance: a look at lithium demand and supply. Toronto, Canada: Dundee Capital Markets, Dundee Securities Corporation; 2009. Angerer G, Marscheider-Weidemann F, Lüllman A, Erdmann L, Scharp DM, Handke V, et al. Raw materials for emerging technologies: a report commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (English Summary). Fraunhofer ISI2009. Marcus S, Youngman R, Thomson A, Kachan D. The balance of future lithium supply and demandWill rare earth and lithium availability thwart cleantech growth?: Cleantech Insight, Cleantech Group LLC; 2010. McKinsey, 2009 IPCC. Climate change 2007: synthesis report. Intergovernmental panel on climate change; 2007. Contestabile, 2011, Battery electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cells and biofuels. Which will be the winner?, Energy Environ Sci, 4, 3754, 10.1039/c1ee01804c DECC. Plug-in car grant; 2013. Gruber, 2011, Global lithium availability: a constraint for electric vehicles?, J Ind Ecol, 15, 760, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00359.x Kushnir, 2012, The time dimension and lithium resource constraints for electric vehicles, Resources Policy, 37, 93, 10.1016/j.resourpol.2011.11.003 Rade, 2001, Requirement for metals of electric vehicle batteries, J Power Sources, 93, 55, 10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00547-4 Tahil, 2010 Hamann, 2007 Atkins, 2009 Element Energy. Cost and performance of EV batteries—final report for the Committee on Climate Change; 2012. Eberle, 2010, Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview, Energy Environ Sci, 3, 689, 10.1039/c001674h Engel T. Lithium bewegt die Welt. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie eV [International Solar Energy Society, German Section]; 2007. Gaines L, Nelson PA. Lithium-ion batteries: examining material demand and recycling issues. Argonne National Laboratory. Argonne, IL, USA; 2009a. Neubauer J. The impact of lithium availability on vehicle electrification (Presentation). In: Plug-In 2011 conference. Raleigh, NC, USA: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2011. Armand, 2008, Building better batteries, Nature, 451, 652, 10.1038/451652a Ritchie, 2004, Recent developments and likely advances in lithium rechargeable batteries, J Power Sources, 136, 285, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.03.013 Hassoun, 2012, A contribution to the progress of high energy batteries: a metal-free, lithium-ion, silicon–sulfur battery, J Power Sources, 202, 308, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.11.060 Peled, 2011, Parameter analysis of a practical lithium- and sodium-air electric vehicle battery, J Power Sources, 196, 6835, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.104 Clarke GM, Harben PW. Lithium availability wallmap (LAWM); 2009. Speirs, 2011, Materials availability: potential constraints to the future low-carbon economy—working paper I: A thin-film PV case study, UK Energy Res. Centre Hurst, 2010 Candelise, 2011, Materials availability for thin film (TF) PV technologies development: a real concern?, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 15, 4972, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.012 USGS. Mineral commodity summaries 2012. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey; 2012. Engel-Bader M. Chemetall corporate presentation seminar Sociedad Nacional de Minería: “Lithium and the national economy”. Santiago de Chile; 2010. Garrett, 2004 Evans K. An abundance of lithium; 2008a. USGS. Mineral Commodity summaries 2011. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey; 2011. UNEP. Recycling rates of metals: a status report. Report of the working group on the global metal flows to the International Resource Panel: United Nations Environment Programme; 2011a. European Parliament. Directive 2006/66/EC on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators. Brussels, Belgium; 2006. Buchert, 2009 Watts M. Lithium carbonate price stagnant despite demand growth - TRU. Industrial Minerals; 2012. Contestabile, 1999, A laboratory-scale lithium battery recycling process, J Power Sources, 83, 75, 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00261-X Bernardes, 2004, Recycling of batteries: a review of current processes and technologies, J Power Sources, 130, 291, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.026 Kotaich, 2009, RECYCLING | Lithium and nickel–metal hydride batteries, 188 Anderson ER. Sustainable lithium supplies through 2020 in the face of sustainable market growth. In: Third lithium supply & markets conference. Toronto, Canada: TRUGroup; 2011. Angerer, 2009 APS, MRS. Energy critical elements: securing materials for emerging technologies. American Physical Society and Materials Research Society. Washington, DC; Warrendale, Pa.: APS Physics; MRS; 2011. Moss, 2011 Rosenberg, M. and E. Garcia. (2010). "Known lithium deposits can cover electric car boom." Reuters, Feb 11 2010 Retrieved 15/11/2011.