Effect of quantity and intensity of pulsed light on human non-visual physiological responses
Tóm tắt
Exposure to pulsed light results in non-visual physiological responses in humans. The present study aims to investigate whether such non-visual effects are influenced to a greater extent by the intensity of lighting or by the power (quantity) of lighting. >Twelve healthy young male participants (23 ± 0.3 years, 21–24 age range) were recruited for the present study. Participants were exposed to light of varying levels of intensity and quantity whose frequency was held constant across the conditions, which consisted of exposure to blue (different intensity, constant quantity) and white (constant intensity, different quantity) LEDs. Pupillary constriction, electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha band ratio, subjective sleepiness, concentration and perception of blueness were measured. Pupillary constriction and subjective concentration were significantly greater under the high-intensity and short pulse width (HS) condition than under the low-intensity and long pulse width (LL) conditions at three time points during exposure to high-intensity light. However, no significant differences were observed among the results at the three time points during exposure to different quantities of pulsed light. The results of the present study indicate that non-visual influences of pulsed light on physiological function are mainly determined not by the quantity but by the intensity of the emitted light, with relatively higher levels of intensity producing more significant physiological changes, suggesting potent excitation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Iwata T, Noguchi H. Nighttime lighting based on circadian rhythm (<feature > indoor lighting at night taking effect of light on circadian rhythm into consideration). J Illum Engng Inst Jpn. 2015;99(1):35–6.
Higuchi S. Non-visual effects of light and circadian rhythm: approach to physiological polytypism. Jpn J Physiol Anthropol. 2013;18(1):39–43.
Higuchi S. Non-visual effects of light: adaptation to light environment (<special issue > Lighting Research Group). Jpn J Physiol Anthropol. 2011;16(1):21–6.
Huang J, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. Effects of monochromatic light on different time perception. J Human Environ Sys. 2012;15(1):21–9.
Noguchi H, Sakaguchi T. Effect of illuminance and color temperature on lowering of physiological activity. Appl Human Sci. 1999;18:117–23. doi:10.2114/jpa.18.117.
Yasukouchi A, Ishibashi K. Non-visual effects of the color temperature of fluorescent lamps on physiological aspects in humans. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Hum Sci. 2005;24:41–3. doi:10.2114/jpa.24.41.
Katsuura T, Jin X, Baba Y, Shimomura Y, Iwanaga K. Effects of color temperature of illumination on physiological functions. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Hum Sci. 2005;24:321–5. doi:10.2114/jpa.24.321.
Jin X, Katsuura T, Iwanaga K, Shimomura Y, Inoie M. The influence of taste stimuli and illumination on electrogastrogram measurements. J Physiol Anthropol. 2007;26:191–5. doi:10.2114/jpa2.26.191.
Ishibashi K, Kitamura S, Kozaki T, Yasukouchi A. Inhibition of heart rate variability during sleep in humans by 6700 K pre-sleep light exposure. J Physiol Anthropol. 2007;26:39–43. doi:10.2114/jpa2.26.39.
Berson D, Dunn F, Takao M. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science. 2002;295(5557):1070–3. doi:10.1126/science.1067262.
Foster RG. The ‘third’ photoreceptor system of the eye-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Eur Ophthalmic. 2009;2(1):84–6.
Takahashi Y, Katsuura T, Iwanaga K, Shimomura Y. Contribution of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells on action spectrum for pupillary light reflex. J Illum Engng Inst Jpn. 2010;94:743–6. doi:10.2150/jieij.94.743.
Lee H, Katsuura T, Iwanaga K, Shimomura Y, Higashi H, Ichijo T. The effect of monochromatic light exposure on human physiological responses. Jpn J Physiol Anthropol. 2008;13(2):75–83.
Takahashi Y. Photoreceptor caused by non-image-forming effect (<special issue > Lighting Research Group). Jpn J Physiol Anthropol. 2011;16(1):27–30.
Figueiro M, Bierman A, Plitnick B, Rea M. Preliminary evidence that both blue and red light can induce alertness at night. BMC Neurosci. 2009;10:105. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-10-105.
Lockley S, Evans E, Scheer F, Brainard G, Czersler C, Aeschbach D. Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance and the waking electroencephalogram in humans. Sleep. 2006;29(2):161–8.
Vandewalle G, Collignon O, Hull JT, et al. Blue light stimulates cognitive brain activity in visually blind individuals. J Cogn Neurosci. 2013;25:2072–85.
Lockley SW. High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short wavelength light. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2003;88(9):4502–5.
Warman VL. Phase advancing human circadian rhythms with short wavelength light. Neurosci Lett. 2003;342(1–2):37–40.
Lall GS, Revell VL, Momiji H, et al. Distinct contributions of rod, cone, and melanopsin photoreceptors to encoding irradiance. Neuron. 2010;66:417–28.
Gooley JJ, Ho Mien I, St Hilaire MA, et al. Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptors play different roles in mediating pupillary light responses during exposure to continuous light in humans. J Neurosci. 2012;32:14242–53.
Ho Mien I, Chua EC, Lau P, et al. Effects of exposure to intermittent versus continuous red light on human circadian rhythms, melatonin suppression, and pupillary constriction. PLoS One. 2014;9:e96532.
Katsuura T, Ochiai Y, Senoo T, Lee S, Takahashi Y, Shimomura Y. Effects of blue pulsed light on human physiological functions and subjective evaluation. J Physiol Anthropol. 2012;31:23. doi:10.1186/1880-6805-31-23.
Gamlin PD, McDougal DH, Pokorny J, Smith VC, Yau KW, Dacey DM. Human and macaque pupil responses driven by melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells. Vision Res. 2007;47:946–54.
Farnsworth D. The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue and dichotomous tests for color vision. J Opt Soc Am. 1943;33:568–74.
Takahashi Y, Katsuura T, Shimomural Y, Iwanaga K. Prediction model of light-induced melatonin suppression. J Illum Engng Inst Jpn. 2010;94:2.
Stockman A, Sharpe LT, Fach C. The spectral sensitivity of the human short-wavelength sensitive cones derived from thresholds and color matches. Vision Res. 1999;39:2901–27.
Lamb T. Photoreceptor spectral sensitivities: common shape in the long-wavelength region. Vision Res. 1995;35:3083–91.
Yuka S, Hideo A, Makoto N, Kaori N, Yoshie Y, Michiko H, Yoshiyasu T, Junko M, Mihoko M, Kunio H, Tatsuya I. Effects of short-term exposure to whole-body vibration on wakefulness level. Ind Health. 2007;45:217–23.
Xinxin L, Koichi I, Shigeki K. Circulatory and central nervous system responses to different types of mental stress. Ind Health. 2011;49:265–73.
Panda S, Provencio I, Tu DC, Pires SS, Rollag MD, Castrucci AM, Pletcher MT, Sato TK, Wiltshire T, Andahazy M, Kay SA, Van Gelder RN, Hogenesch JB. Melanopsin is required for non-image-forming photic responses in blind mice. Science. 2003;301(5632):525–7. doi:10.1126/science.1086179.
Do MTH, Kang SH, Xue T, Haining Z, Hsi-Wen L, Bergles DE, Yau K-W. Photon capture and signalling by melanopsin retinal ganglion cells. Nature. 2009;457:281–7.
Hunter JJ, Morgan JI, Merigan WH, Sliney DH, Sparrow JR, Williams DR. The susceptibility of the retina to photochemical damage from visible light. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2012;31:28–42.