Comparing Self-differentiation and Psychological Well-being between Korean and European American Students
Tóm tắt
This study examined cross-cultural differences in the relationship of self-differentiation with self-esteem and depressed mood, two indices of psychological well-being. Participants were 427 Korean and 375 European American college students. The main findings were that the levels of all components of self-differentiation were greater for European Americans than for Koreans; self-differentiation was associated with psychological well-being more strongly in American samples than in Korean counterparts; and “I position” was the most powerful predictor on self-esteem in both groups. Results suggest that differentiation is a meaningful construct for understanding psychological adjustment of college students in collectivistic Korean society.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aldwin, C., & Greenberger, E. (1987). Cultural differences in the predictors of depression. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 789–813.
Bowen, M. (1976). Theory in the practice of psychotherapy. In P. J. Guerin, Jr. (Ed.), Family therapy: Theory and practice (pp. 42–90). New York: Gardner Press.
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development (Vol. 6, pp. 187–249). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Che, S.-B. (1989). Relationship of self-differentiation with dysfunctional behavior based on Bowen family systems theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Busan National University, Busan, South Korea.
Cho, E.-K., & Chung, H. (2002). The relationship of self-differentiation with conflict tactics behaviors and marital adjustment among married men and women. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 20(1), 1–16.
Cho, M.-H., & Park, S.-S. (1999). Relationship of self-differentiation with college adjustment. College Student Life Research (Seowon University, Korea), 17, 81–95.
Choi, K. (2002). Psychological separation-individuation and adjustment to college among Korean American students: The roles of collectivism and individualism. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(4), 468–475.
Dien, D. (1992). Gender and individuation: China and the West. Psychoanalytic Review, 79, 105–119.
Farruggia, S. P., Chen, C., Greenberger, E., Dmitrieva, J., & Macek, P. (2004). Adolescent self-esteem in cross-cultural perspective: Testing measurement equivalence and a mediation model. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(6), 719–733.
Gushue, G. V., & Constantine, M. G. (2003). Examining individualism, collectivism, and self-differentiation in African American College Women. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 25(1), 1–15.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Jenkins, S. M., Buboltz, W. C. Jr., Schwartz, J. P., & Johnson, P. (2005). Differentiation of self and psychosocial development. Contemporary Family Therapy, 27(2), 251–261.
Johnson, P., Thorngren, W. C., & Smith, A. J. (2001). Parental divorce and family functioning: Effects on differential levels of young adults. The Family Journal, 9, 265–272.
Kagitcibasi, C. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403–422.
Kang, S.-R., & Park, H.-I. (2001). Factors related to self-differentiation and family strength among college students. Research on Human Sciences (Kyeimyung University, Korea), 27, 19–39.
Kerr, M., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. New York: Norton.
Killen, M., & Wainryb, C. (2000). Independence and interdependence in diverse cultural contexts. In S. Harkness, C. Raeff, & C. M. Super (Eds.), Variability in the social construction of the child: New directions in child and adolescent development (pp. 5–22). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lee, J. C., & Cynn, V. E. H. (1991). Issues and strategies in counseling Korean Americans. In C. Lee (Ed.), Multicultural issues in counseling: New approaches to diversity (2nd ed. pp. 127–140). Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling and Development.
Lee, S. H. (1998). Bowen’s differentiation of self: Its application to Korean families. Korean Journal of Family Therapy, 6(2), 151–176.
Lee, S.-S. (2000). The relationship of self-differentiation and life satisfaction among married men and women. Journal of Korean Family Relations Association, 5(1), 23–43.
Miller, R. B., Anderson, S., & Keala, D. K. (2004). Is Bowen theory valid? A review of basic research. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 30, 281–300.
Ok, K.-H. (1999). Individuation, self-differentiation and the development of identity formation in the young adult. College Students Life Research (Gwangju University, Korea), 6, 17–34.
Peleg, O. (2005). The relation between differentiation and social anxiety: What can be learned from students and their parents? American Journal of Family Therapy, 33, 167–183.
Peleg-Popko, O. (2002). Bowen theory: A study of differentiation of self, social anxiety, and physiological symptoms. ContemporaryFamily Therapy, 24(2), 355–369.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Skowron, E. (2004). Differentiation of self, personal adjustment, problem solving, and ethnic group belonging among persons of color. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82, 447–456.
Skowron, E (2000). The role of differentiation of self in marital adjustment. Journal of Counseling psychology, 47, 229–237.
Skowron, E., & Friedlander, M. (1998). The differentiation of self inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 235–246.
Skowron, E., Holmes, S. E., & Sabatelli, R. M. (2003). Deconstructing differentiation: Self regulation, interdependent relating, and well-being in adulthood. Contemporary Family Therapy, 26, 29–38.
Skowron, E., & Schmitt, T. A. (2003). Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with others subscale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29, 209–222.
Slote, W. H. (1992). Oedipal ties and the issues of separation-individuation in traditional Confucian societies. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 20, 435–453.
Stigler, J. W., & Miller, K. F. (1991). A good match is hard to find: Comment on Mayer, Tajika, and Stanley (1991). Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 554–559.
Tamura, T., & Lau, A. (1992). Connectedness versus separateness: Applicability of family therapy to Japanese families. Family Process, 31(4), 319–340.
Tang, N. M. (1992). Some psychoanalytic implications of Chinese philosophy and child-rearing practices. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 47, 371–389.
Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323–338.
Tuason, M. T., & Friedlander, M. L. (2000). Do parents’ differentiation levels predict those of their adult children? and other tests of Bowen theory in a Philippine sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 27–35.