Additives used to limit systemic absorption

Naeem Haider1
1Department of Anesthesia, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Niesel, 1991, [Dose limits for local anesthetics. Recommendations based on toxicologic and pharmacokinetic data], Reg Anaesth, 14, 79 Campbell, 1992, Comparison of the vasoconstrictive and anesthetic effects of intranasally applied cocaine vs. xylometazoline/lidocaine solution, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 107, 697, 10.1177/019459989210700511 Willatts, 1985, Comparison of the vasoactivity of amide and ester local anaesthetics. An intradermal study, Br J Anaesth, 57, 1006, 10.1093/bja/57.10.1006 Naftalin, 2002, Vasoconstrictors, Dent Clin North Am, 46, 733, 10.1016/S0011-8532(02)00021-6 Kaufman, 2002, [Emergencies evolving from local anesthesia], Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim, 19, 13 Haas, 1995, Local anesthetic use by dentists in Ontario, J Can Dent Assoc, 61, 297 Rose, 1993, Heinrich Braun (1862–1934)—a pioneer in anesthesiology in Germany, Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther, 28, 459, 10.1055/s-2007-998965 Yagiela, 1985, Drug interactions and vasoconstrictors used in local anesthetic solutions, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 59, 565, 10.1016/0030-4220(85)90181-1 Henslee, 1987, Vasoconstrictive agents commonly used in combination with local anesthetics, J Foot Surg, 26, 504 O’Malley, 1995, Effect of local epinephrine on cutaneous bloodflow in the human neck, Laryngoscope, 105, 140, 10.1288/00005537-199502000-00005 McClymont, 1988, Local anaesthetic with vasoconstrictor combinations in septal surgery, J Laryngol Otol, 102, 793, 10.1017/S0022215100106474 Murakami, 1994, Buffered local anesthetics and epinephrine degradation, J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 20, 192, 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1994.tb00465.x Barnett, 1992, Reduction of pain and local complications when buffered lidocaine solution is used as a local anesthetic in conjunction with hyperthermia treatments, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 23, 585, 10.1016/0360-3016(92)90015-A Achar, 2002, Principles of office anesthesia. I. Infiltrative anesthesia, Am Fam Physician, 66, 91 Bartfield, 1992, Buffered lidocaine as a local anesthetic, Ann Emerg Med, 21, 16, 10.1016/S0196-0644(05)82230-9 Robinson, 2000, Chemical stability of bupivacaine, lidocaine and epinephrine in pH-adjusted solutions, Anaesthesia, 55, 853, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01471.x Stewart, 1989, Neutralized lidocaine with epinephrine for local anesthesia, J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 15, 1081, 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1989.tb03127.x Hondrum, 1996, The relationship between pH and concentrations of antioxidants and vasoconstrictors in local anesthetic solutions, Anesth Prog, 43, 85 Kjonniksen, 2000, Stability of an epidural analgesic solution containing adrenaline, bupivacaine and fentanyl, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 44, 864, 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2000.440713.x Cheng, 1999, Epidural phenylephrine attenuates hypotension induced by alkalinized lidocaine epidural anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 88, 1322, 10.1213/00000539-199906000-00023 Haas, 2002, An update on local anesthetics in dentistry, J Can Dent Assoc, 68, 546 Verlander, 1981, The clinical use of cocaine, Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 14, 521, 10.1016/S0030-6665(20)32243-X Schenck, 1975, Local anesthesia in otolaryngology. A re-evaluation, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 84, 65, 10.1177/000348947508400110 Lee, 2002, The effect of the addition of epinephrine on early systemic absorption of epidural ropivacaine in humans, Anesth Analg, 95, 1402, 10.1097/00000539-200211000-00055 Bernards, 1999, Effect of epinephrine on lidocaine clearance in vivo, Anesthesiology, 91, 962, 10.1097/00000542-199910000-00015 Niemi, 2002, Epinephrine markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a small-dose infusion of ropivacaine, fentanyl, and epinephrine after major thoracic or abdominal surgery, Anesth Analg, 94, 1598, 10.1213/00000539-200206000-00044 Burm, 1986, Epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and bupivacaine, Anesth Analg, 65, 1281, 10.1213/00000539-198612000-00005 Mackie, 1991, Epinephrine-containing test dose during beta-blockade, J Clin Monit, 7, 213, 10.1007/BF01619262 Tyagi, 2002, Comparison of isoprenaline with adrenaline as components of epidural test dose solutions for halothane anaesthetized children, Anaesth Intensive Care, 30, 29, 10.1177/0310057X0203000105 Colonna-Romano, 1998, Tests to evaluate intravenous placement of epidural catheters in laboring women, Anesth Analg, 86, 985, 10.1213/00000539-199805000-00013 Kahn, 1991, Blood pressure, not heart rate, as a marker of intravascular injection of epinephrine in an epidural test dose, Reg Anesth, 16, 292 Niemi, 2003, The minimally effective concentration of adrenaline in a low-concentration thoracic epidural analgesic infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery. A randomized, double-blind, dose-finding study, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 47, 439, 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2003.00077.x Sinnott, 2003, On the mechanism by which epinephrine potentiates lidocaine’s peripheral nerve block, Anesthesiology, 98, 181, 10.1097/00000542-200301000-00028 Okutomi, 2000, Effect of epidural epinephrine infusion with bupivacaine on labor pain and mother-fetus outcome in humans, Reg Anesth Pain Med, 25, 228 Kochansky, 1993, Use of vasoconstrictors in anesthesia, Semin Perioper Nurs, 2, 20 Jage, 1993, Circulatory effects of vasoconstrictors combined with local anesthetics, Anesth Pain Control Dent, 2, 81 Koscielniak-Nielsen, 1998, An unusual toxic reaction to axillary block by mepivacaine with adrenaline, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 42, 868, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05336.x Bader, 2002, A systematic review of cardiovascular effects of epinephrine on hypertensive dental patients, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 93, 647, 10.1067/moe.2002.123866 Defosse, 1999, [Local anesthesia with and without vasoconstrictors: Indications, contra-indications and complications in relation to the health of the patient], Rev Belge Med Dent, 54, 242 Hashimoto, 2001, Epinephrine increases the neurotoxic potential of intrathecally administered lidocaine in the rat, Anesthesiology, 94, 876, 10.1097/00000542-200105000-00028 Rowlingson, 1993, Toxicity of local anesthetic additives, Reg Anesth, 18, 453 Neal, 2003, Effects of epinephrine in local anesthetics on the central and peripheral nervous systems, Reg Anesth Pain Med, 28, 124 Vaghadia, 2001, Selective spinal anesthesia for outpatient laparoscopy. IV. Population pharmacodynamic modelling, Can J Anaesth, 48, 273, 10.1007/BF03019758 Myers, 1989, Effects of local anesthesia on nerve blood flow, Anesthesiology, 71, 757, 10.1097/00000542-198911000-00021 Kalichman, 1992, Local anesthetic-induced conduction block and nerve fiber injury in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, Anesthesiology, 77, 941, 10.1097/00000542-199211000-00017 Selander, 1979, Paresthesiae or no paresthesiae? Nerve lesions after axillary blocks, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 23, 27, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1979.tb01417.x