Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases

Bharat B. Aggarwal1, Kuzhuvelil B. Harikumar1
1Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abdou, 2008, Evaluation of survivin and NF-kappaB in psoriasis, an immunohistochemical study, J Cutan Pathol, 35, 445, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00841.x Abe, 1999, Curcumin inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production by human peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages, Pharmacol Res, 39, 41, 10.1006/phrs.1998.0404 Aggarwal, 2003, Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword, Nat Rev Immunol, 3, 745, 10.1038/nri1184 Aggarwal, 2004, Nuclear factor-kappaB: the enemy within, Cancer Cell, 6, 203, 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.09.003 Aggarwal, 1985, Characterization of receptors for human tumour necrosis factor and their regulation by gamma-interferon, Nature, 318, 665, 10.1038/318665a0 Aggarwal, 1985, Human tumor necrosis factor. Production, purification, and characterization, J Biol Chem, 260, 2345, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89560-6 Aggarwal, 2007, Targeting cell signaling pathways for drug discovery: an old lock needs a new key, J Cell Biochem, 102, 580, 10.1002/jcb.21500 Aggarwal, 2006, Inflammation and cancer: how hot is the link?, Biochem Pharmacol, 72, 1605, 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.06.029 Aggarwal, 2005, Curcumin suppresses the paclitaxel-induced nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in breast cancer cells and inhibits lung metastasis of human breast cancer in nude mice, Clin Cancer Res, 11, 7490, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1192 Aggarwal, 2006, TNF blockade: an inflammatory issue, Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop, 161 Aggarwal, 2006, Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) down-regulates expression of cell proliferation and antiapoptotic and metastatic gene products through suppression of IkappaBalpha kinase and Akt activation, Mol Pharmacol, 69, 195, 10.1124/mol.105.017400 Aggarwal, 2004, Inhibition of growth and survival of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by curcumin via modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling, Int J Cancer, 111, 679, 10.1002/ijc.20333 Ahn, 2005, Transcription factor NF-kappaB: a sensor for smoke and stress signals, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1056, 218, 10.1196/annals.1352.026 Al-Omar, 2006, Immediate and delayed treatments with curcumin prevents forebrain ischemia-induced neuronal damage and oxidative insult in the rat hippocampus, Neurochem Res, 31, 611, 10.1007/s11064-006-9059-1 Anand, 2007, Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises, Mol Pharm, 4, 807, 10.1021/mp700113r Anand, 2008, Curcumin and cancer: an “old-age” disease with an “age-old” solution, Cancer Lett, 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.025 Annaert, 2002, A cell biological perspective on Alzheimer's disease, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 18, 25, 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.18.020402.142302 Ansell, 2007, Targeting the anti-inflammatory effects of high-density lipoprotein, Am J Cardiol, 100, n3, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.08.006 Aoki, 2007, Evidence that curcumin suppresses the growth of malignant gliomas in vitro and in vivo through induction of autophagy: role of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways, Mol Pharmacol, 72, 29, 10.1124/mol.106.033167 Arun, 2002, Efficacy of turmeric on blood sugar and polyol pathway in diabetic albino rats, Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 57, 41, 10.1023/A:1013106527829 Atamna, 2006, Amyloid-beta peptide binds with heme to form a peroxidase: relationship to the cytopathologies of Alzheimer's disease, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, 3381, 10.1073/pnas.0600134103 Atwood, 2004, Copper mediates dityrosine cross-linking of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta, Biochemistry, 43, 560, 10.1021/bi0358824 Babu, 1995, Influence of dietary curcumin and cholesterol on the progression of experimentally induced diabetes in albino rat, Mol Cell Biochem, 152, 13, 10.1007/BF01076459 Babu, 1997, Hypolipidemic action of curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, Mol Cell Biochem, 166, 169, 10.1023/A:1006819605211 Balasubramanyam, 2004, Curcumin, a novel p300/CREB-binding protein-specific inhibitor of acetyltransferase, represses the acetylation of histone/nonhistone proteins and histone acetyltransferase-dependent chromatin transcription, J Biol Chem, 279, 51163, 10.1074/jbc.M409024200 Banerjee, 2003, Modulation of inflammatory mediators by ibuprofen and curcumin treatment during chronic inflammation in rat, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 25, 213, 10.1081/IPH-120020471 Barthelemy, 1998, Curcumin and curcumin derivatives inhibit Tat-mediated transactivation of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat, Res Virol, 149, 43, 10.1016/S0923-2516(97)86899-9 Baum, 2008, Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease, J Clin Psychopharmacol, 28, 110, 10.1097/jcp.0b013e318160862c Baum, 2004, Curcumin interaction with copper and iron suggests one possible mechanism of action in Alzheimer's disease animal models, J Alzheimers Dis, 6, 367, 10.3233/JAD-2004-6403 Bayrak, 2008, Curcumin protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidneys, World J Urol, 26, 285, 10.1007/s00345-008-0253-4 Best, 2007, Curcumin induces electrical activity in rat pancreatic beta-cells by activating the volume-regulated anion channel, Biochem Pharmacol, 73, 1768, 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.02.006 Bharti, 2003, Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits constitutive and IL-6-inducible STAT3 phosphorylation in human multiple myeloma cells, J Immunol, 171, 3863, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3863 Bharti, 2003, Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) down-regulates the constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and IkappaBalpha kinase in human multiple myeloma cells, leading to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis, Blood, 101, 1053, 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1320 Billerey-Larmonier, 2008, Protective effects of dietary curcumin in mouse model of chemically induced colitis are strain dependent, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 14, 780, 10.1002/ibd.20348 Bishnoi, 2008, Protective effect of curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia and associated behavioural, biochemical and neurochemical changes in rat brain, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 88, 511, 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.10.009 Bisht, 2007, Polymeric nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin (“nanocurcumin”): a novel strategy for human cancer therapy, J Nanobiotechnol, 5, 3, 10.1186/1477-3155-5-3 Biswas, 2008, Modulation of steroid activity in chronic inflammation: a novel anti-inflammatory role for curcumin, Mol Nutr Food Res, 10.1002/mnfr.200700259 Calabrese, 2003, Redox regulation of heat shock protein expression in aging and neurodegenerative disorders associated with oxidative stress: a nutritional approach, Amino Acids, 25, 437, 10.1007/s00726-003-0048-2 Chen, 2008, Cyclooxygenase-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (etodolac, meloxicam, celecoxib, rofecoxib, etoricoxib, valdecoxib and lumiracoxib) for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and economic evaluation, Health Technol Assess, 12, 1, 10.3310/hta12110 Chen, 2008, C-reactive protein increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in human endothelial cells, Thromb Res, 122, 125, 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.09.006 Cheng, 2001, Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions, Anticancer Res, 21, 2895 Cruz-Correa, 2006, Combination treatment with curcumin and quercetin of adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 4, 1035, 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.03.020 Danese, 2008, Inflammatory bowel disease and inflammation-associated colon cancer: partners in crime, Curr Drug Targets, 9, 360, 10.2174/138945008784221134 Dantzer, 2008, From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain, Nat Rev Neurosci, 9, 46, 10.1038/nrn2297 Davis, 2007, Curcumin effects on inflammation and performance recovery following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 292, R2168, 10.1152/ajpregu.00858.2006 Deeb, 2007, Curcumin [1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-6-heptadine-3,5-dione; C21H20O6] sensitizes human prostate cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Apo2L-induced apoptosis by suppressing nuclear factor-kappaB via inhibition of the prosurvival Akt signaling pathway, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 321, 616, 10.1124/jpet.106.117721 Deguchi, 2007, Curcumin prevents the development of dextran sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis, Dig Dis Sci, 52, 2993, 10.1007/s10620-006-9138-9 Deodhar, 1980, Preliminary study on antirheumatic activity of curcumin (diferuloyl methane), Indian J Med Res, 71, 632 Dhillon, 2008, Phase II trial of curcumin, an NF-κB inhibitor, in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, Clin Cancer Res, 14, 4491, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0024 Fahey, 2007, Curcumin modulation of IFN-beta and IL-12 signalling and cytokine induction in human T cells, J Cell Mol Med, 11, 1129, 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00089.x Farhangkhoee, 2006, Differential effects of curcumin on vasoactive factors in the diabetic rat heart, Nutr Metab (Lond), 3, 27, 10.1186/1743-7075-3-27 Feng, 2008, Regulation of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in diabetes at the transcriptional level, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 10.1152/ajpendo.00029.2008 Fiala, 2007, Innate immunity and transcription of MGAT-III and Toll-like receptors in Alzheimer's disease patients are improved by bisdemethoxycurcumin, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 12849, 10.1073/pnas.0701267104 Funk, 2006, Turmeric extracts containing curcuminoids prevent experimental rheumatoid arthritis, J Nat Prod, 69, 351, 10.1021/np050327j Garcia-Alloza, 2007, Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo, disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model, J Neurochem, 102, 1095, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04613.x Garodia, 2007, From ancient medicine to modern medicine: ayurvedic concepts of health and their role in inflammation and cancer, J Soc Integr Oncol, 5, 25, 10.2310/7200.2006.029 Ghoneim, 2002, Protective effects of curcumin against ischaemia/reperfusion insult in rat forebrain, Pharmacol Res, 46, 273, 10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00123-8 Goel, 2008, Curcumin as “Curecumin”: from kitchen to clinic, Biochem Pharmacol, 75, 787, 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.016 Hafner-Bratkovic, 2008, Curcumin binds to the alpha-helical intermediate and to the amyloid form of prion protein—a new mechanism for the inhibition of PrP(Sc) accumulation, J Neurochem, 104, 1553, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05105.x Haidara, 2006, Role of oxidative stress in development of cardiovascular complications in diabetes mellitus, Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 4, 215, 10.2174/157016106777698469 Hak, 2008, Lifestyle and gout, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 20, 179, 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3282f524a2 Hansson, 2006, Inflammation and atherosclerosis, Annu Rev Pathol, 1, 297, 10.1146/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100100 Heng, 2000, Drug-induced suppression of phosphorylase kinase activity correlates with resolution of psoriasis as assessed by clinical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters, Br J Dermatol, 143, 937, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03767.x Hold, 2008, Genetic aspects of inflammation and cancer, Biochem J, 410, 225, 10.1042/BJ20071341 Holt, 2005, Curcumin therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study, Dig Dis Sci, 50, 2191, 10.1007/s10620-005-3032-8 Hong, 2004, Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by curcumin and related beta-diketone derivatives: effects on cytosolic phospholipase A(2), cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase, Carcinogenesis, 25, 1671, 10.1093/carcin/bgh165 Huang, 2004, Redox-active metals, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer's disease pathology, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1012, 153, 10.1196/annals.1306.012 Jackson, 2006, The antioxidants curcumin and quercetin inhibit inflammatory processes associated with arthritis, Inflamm Res, 55, 168, 10.1007/s00011-006-0067-z Jagetia, 2007, “Spicing up” of the immune system by curcumin, J Clin Immunol, 27, 19, 10.1007/s10875-006-9066-7 Jain, 2006, Effect of curcumin on protein glycosylation, lipid peroxidation, and oxygen radical generation in human red blood cells exposed to high glucose levels, Free Radic Biol Med, 41, 92, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.03.008 Jess, 2005, Increased risk of intestinal cancer in Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies, Am J Gastroenterol, 100, 2724, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00287.x Jian, 2005, Preventive and therapeutic effects of NF-kappaB inhibitor curcumin in rats colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, World J Gastroenterol, 11, 1747, 10.3748/wjg.v11.i12.1747 Jiang, 2007, Neuroprotective effect of curcumin on focal cerebral ischemic rats by preventing blood-brain barrier damage, Eur J Pharmacol, 561, 54, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.12.028 Joe, 1997, Presence of an acidic glycoprotein in the serum of arthritic rats: modulation by capsaicin and curcumin, Mol Cell Biochem, 169, 125, 10.1023/A:1006877928703 Jones, 2000, The effect of mycophenolate mofetil and polyphenolic bioflavonoids on renal ischemia reperfusion injury and repair, J Urol, 163, 999, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67871-8 Ju, 1996, Effects of dietary fats and curcumin on IgE-mediated degranulation of intestinal mast cells in brown Norway rats, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 60, 1856, 10.1271/bbb.60.1856 Kamat, 2007, Curcumin potentiates the apoptotic effects of chemotherapeutic agents and cytokines through down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB and nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene products in IFN-alpha-sensitive and IFN-alpha-resistant human bladder cancer cells, Mol Cancer Ther, 6, 1022, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0545 Kanitkar, 2008, Curcumin treatment enhances islet recovery by induction of heat shock response proteins, Hsp70 and heme oxygenase-1, during cryopreservation, Life Sci, 82, 182, 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.10.026 Karin, 2005, NF-kappaB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression, Nat Rev Immunol, 5, 749, 10.1038/nri1703 Kawanami, 2006, C-reactive protein induces VCAM-1 gene expression through NF-kappaB activation in vascular endothelial cells, Atherosclerosis, 185, 39, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.057 Kean, 2005, The use of NSAIDs in rheumatic disorders 2005: a global perspective, Inflammopharmacology, 13, 343, 10.1163/156856005774415565 Khanna, 2007, Natural products as a gold mine for arthritis treatment, Curr Opin Pharmacol, 7, 344, 10.1016/j.coph.2007.03.002 Kim, 2001, Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) that protect PC12 rat pheochromocytoma and normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells from betaA(1-42) insult, Neurosci Lett, 303, 57, 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)01677-9 Kobayashi, 1997, Curcumin inhibition of Dermatophagoides farinea-induced interleukin-5 (IL-5) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production by lymphocytes from bronchial asthmatics, Biochem Pharmacol, 54, 819, 10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00220-7 Kowluru, 2007, Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy, Exp Diabetes Res, 2007, 43603, 10.1155/2007/43603 Kowluru, 2007, Effects of curcumin on retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes, Nutr Metab (Lond), 4, 8, 10.1186/1743-7075-4-8 Kuhad, 2007, Curcumin attenuates diabetic encephalopathy in rats: behavioral and biochemical evidences, Eur J Pharmacol, 576, 34, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.08.001 Kumar, 2004, Nuclear factor-kappaB: its role in health and disease, J Mol Med, 82, 434, 10.1007/s00109-004-0555-y Kumar, 2005, Elevated expression of alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat, Arch Biochem Biophys, 444, 77, 10.1016/j.abb.2005.09.021 Kunnumakkara, 2008, Curcumin inhibits proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of different cancers through interaction with multiple cell signaling proteins, Cancer Lett, 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.009 Kunnumakkara, 2007, Curcumin potentiates antitumor activity of gemcitabine in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer through suppression of proliferation, angiogenesis, and inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene products, Cancer Res, 67, 3853, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4257 Kurd, 2008, Oral curcumin in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris: a prospective clinical trial, J Am Acad Dermatol, 58, 625, 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.12.035 Kuroda, 2005, Hypoglycemic effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa L. rhizomes) on genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice, Biol Pharm Bull, 28, 937, 10.1248/bpb.28.937 Kurup, 2008, Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin in allergy, Mol Nutr Food Res, 10.1002/mnfr.200700293 Kurup, 2007, Immune response modulation by curcumin in a latex allergy model, Clin Mol Allergy, 5, 1, 10.1186/1476-7961-5-1 Lao, 2006, Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation, BMC Complement Altern Med, 6, 10, 10.1186/1472-6882-6-10 Lev-Ari, 2006, Curcumin synergistically potentiates the growth-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects of celecoxib in osteoarthritis synovial adherent cells, Rheumatology (Oxford), 45, 171, 10.1093/rheumatology/kei132 Li, 2004, Gout: a review of its aetiology and treatment, Hong Kong Med J, 10, 261 Li, 2008, Curcumin prevents and reverses murine cardiac hypertrophy, J Clin Invest, 118, 879 Li, 2004, Nuclear factor-kappaB and IkappaB kinase are constitutively active in human pancreatic cells, and their down-regulation by curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is associated with the suppression of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis, Cancer, 101, 2351, 10.1002/cncr.20605 Li, 2005, Liposome-encapsulated curcumin: in vitro and in vivo effects on proliferation, apoptosis, signaling, and angiogenesis, Cancer, 104, 1322, 10.1002/cncr.21300 Liacini, 2003, Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene expression by TNF-alpha is mediated by MAP kinases, AP-1, and NF-kappaB transcription factors in articular chondrocytes, Exp Cell Res, 288, 208, 10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00180-0 Libby, 2007, Inflammatory mechanisms: the molecular basis of inflammation and disease, Nutr Rev, 65, S140, 10.1301/nr.2007.dec.S140-S146 Lim, 2001, The curry spice curcumin reduces oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse, J Neurosci, 21, 8370, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-21-08370.2001 Lin, 2007, Curcumin inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in ovarian carcinoma by targeting the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway, Clin Cancer Res, 13, 3423, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-3072 Liote, 2007, Recent developments in crystal-induced inflammation pathogenesis and management, Curr Rheumatol Rep, 9, 243, 10.1007/s11926-007-0039-5 Liu, 2006, Immunohistochemical localization of activated Stat3 and hTERT protein in psoriasis vulgaris, Eur J Dermatol, 16, 205 Lopez-Lazaro, 2008, Anticancer and carcinogenic properties of curcumin: considerations for its clinical development as a cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent, Mol Nutr Food Res, 10.1002/mnfr.200700238 Mach, 2005, Inflammation is a crucial feature of atherosclerosis and a potential target to reduce cardiovascular events, Handb Exp Pharmacol, 697, 10.1007/3-540-27661-0_26 Mahesh, 2004, Photo-irradiated curcumin supplementation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: effect on lipid peroxidation, Therapie, 59, 639, 10.2515/therapie:2004110 Maiti, 2007, Curcumin-phospholipid complex: preparation, therapeutic evaluation and pharmacokinetic study in rats, Int J Pharm, 330, 155, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.09.025 Manikandan, 2004, Curcumin modulates free radical quenching in myocardial ischaemia in rats, Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 36, 1967, 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.01.030 Marczylo, 2007, Comparison of systemic availability of curcumin with that of curcumin formulated with phosphatidylcholine, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 60, 171, 10.1007/s00280-006-0355-x Marwick, 2007, Oxidative stress and steroid resistance in asthma and COPD: pharmacological manipulation of HDAC-2 as a therapeutic strategy, Expert Opin Ther Targets, 11, 745, 10.1517/14728222.11.6.745 Mazumder, 1995, Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase by curcumin, Biochem Pharmacol, 49, 1165, 10.1016/0006-2952(95)98514-A McCormick, 2007, Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 27, 461, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000257552.94483.14 Meghana, 2007, Curcumin prevents streptozotocin-induced islet damage by scavenging free radicals: a prophylactic and protective role, Eur J Pharmacol, 577, 183, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.002 Moller, 2003, Role of PPARs in the regulation of obesity-related insulin sensitivity and inflammation, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 27, S17, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802494 Morimoto, 2008, The dietary compound curcumin inhibits p300 histone acetyltransferase activity and prevents heart failure in rats, J Clin Invest, 118, 868 Mrudula, 2007, Effect of curcumin on hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retina, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 361, 528, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.059 Murugan, 2005, Effect of tetrahydrocurcumin on erythromycin estolate-induced lipid peroxidation in rats, J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol, 16, 1, 10.1515/JBCPP.2005.16.1.1 Murugan, 2006, Effect of tetrahydrocurcumin on lipid peroxidation and lipids in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats, Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 99, 122, 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_447.x Murugan, 2007, Influence of tetrahydrocurcumin on erythrocyte membrane bound enzymes and antioxidant status in experimental type 2 diabetic rats, J Ethnopharmacol, 113, 479, 10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.004 Murugan, 2007, Influence of tetrahydrocurcumin on hepatic and renal functional markers and protein levels in experimental type 2 diabetic rats, Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 101, 241, 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00109.x Mythri, 2007, Mitochondrial complex I inhibition in Parkinson's disease: how can curcumin protect mitochondria?, Antioxid Redox Signal, 9, 399, 10.1089/ars.2006.1479 Natarajan, 2002, Curcumin inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by blocking IL-12 signaling through Janus kinase-STAT pathway in T lymphocytes, J Immunol, 168, 6506, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6506 Nirmala, 1996, Effect of curcumin on certain lysosomal hydrolases in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats, Biochem Pharmacol, 51, 47, 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02118-3 Nirmala, 1996, Protective role of curcumin against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats, Mol Cell Biochem, 159, 85, 10.1007/BF00420910 Nishiyama, 2005, Curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) suppress an increase in blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice, J Agric Food Chem, 53, 959, 10.1021/jf0483873 NTP (1993). NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Turmeric Oleoresin (CAS No. 8024-37-1) (Major Component 79–85% Curcumin, CAS No. 458-37-7) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser, 427, 1–275. Odrowaz-Sypniewska, 2007, Markers of pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, Adv Med Sci, 52, 246 Olszanecki, 2005, Effect of curcumin on atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-double knockout mice, J Physiol Pharmacol, 56, 627 Ono, 2004, Curcumin has potent anti-amyloidogenic effects for Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils in vitro, J Neurosci Res, 75, 742, 10.1002/jnr.20025 Onodera, 2000, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor up-regulates expression of matrix metalloproteinases in synovial fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis, J Biol Chem, 275, 444, 10.1074/jbc.275.1.444 Packard, 2008, Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from vascular biology to biomarker discovery and risk prediction, Clin Chem, 54, 24, 10.1373/clinchem.2007.097360 Pan, 2007, In vitro studies of platelet adhesion, activation, and protein adsorption on curcumin-eluting biodegradable stent materials, J Biomed Mater Res A, 82, 740, 10.1002/jbm.a.31108 Pan, 2007, Improved blood compatibility of rapamycin-eluting stent by incorporating curcumin, Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 59, 105, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.04.015 Pari, 2007, Antihyperlipidemic effect of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin in experimental type 2 diabetic rats, Ren Fail, 29, 881, 10.1080/08860220701540326 Pari, 2007, Tetrahydrocurcumin prevents brain lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, J Med Food, 10, 323, 10.1089/jmf.2006.058 Park, 2007, Curcumin induces apoptosis and inhibits prostaglandin E(2) production in synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Int J Mol Med, 20, 365 Parodi, 2006, Oral administration of diferuloylmethane (curcumin) suppresses proinflammatory cytokines and destructive connective tissue remodeling in experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms, Ann Vasc Surg, 20, 360, 10.1007/s10016-006-9054-7 Patumraj, 2006, Combined effects of curcumin and vitamin C to protect endothelial dysfunction in the iris tissue of STZ-induced diabetic rats, Clin Hemorheol Microcirc, 35, 481 Pillarisetti, 2004, Role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the origin of Type 2 diabetes—a paradigm shift, Expert Opin Ther Targets, 8, 401, 10.1517/14728222.8.5.401 Pol, 2003, Comparison of antiproliferative effects of experimental and established antipsoriatic drugs on human keratinocytes, using a simple 96-well-plate assay, In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim, 39, 36, 10.1290/1543-706X(2003)039<0036:COAEOE>2.0.CO;2 Pugazhenthi, 2007, Regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression by demethoxy curcuminoids through Nrf2 by a PI3-kinase/Akt-mediated pathway in mouse beta-cells, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 293, E645, 10.1152/ajpendo.00111.2007 Punithavathi, 2000, Curcumin inhibition of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats, Br J Pharmacol, 131, 169, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703578 Quiles, 1998, An ethanolic-aqueous extract of Curcuma longa decreases the susceptibility of liver microsomes and mitochondria to lipid peroxidation in atherosclerotic rabbits, Biofactors, 8, 51, 10.1002/biof.5520080110 Quiles, 2002, Curcuma longa extract supplementation reduces oxidative stress and attenuates aortic fatty streak development in rabbits, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 22, 1225, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000020676.11586.F2 Ram, 2003, Curcumin attenuates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in sensitized guinea pigs, Biol Pharm Bull, 26, 1021, 10.1248/bpb.26.1021 Ramaswami, 2004, Curcumin blocks homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries, J Vasc Surg, 40, 1216, 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.021 Ramirez Boscá, 2000, An hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa lowers the abnormally high values of human-plasma fibrinogen, Mech Ageing Dev, 114, 207, 10.1016/S0047-6374(00)00089-0 Ramirez-Tortosa, 1999, Oral administration of a turmeric extract inhibits LDL oxidation and has hypocholesterolemic effects in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, 147, 371, 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00207-5 Rao, 1970, Effect of curcumin on serum and liver cholesterol levels in the rat, J Nutr, 100, 1307, 10.1093/jn/100.11.1307 Rathore, 2007, Curcuma Oil: Reduces Early Accumulation of Oxidative Product and is Anti-apoptogenic in Transient Focal Ischemia in Rat Brain, Neurochem Res Riva, 2008, Two immunomodulators, curcumin and sulfasalazine, enhance IDV antiretroviral activity in HIV-1 persistently infected cells, Arch Virol, 153, 561, 10.1007/s00705-007-0023-4 Robinson, 2007, Inflammation, obesity, and fatty acid metabolism: influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on factors contributing to metabolic syndrome, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 32, 1008, 10.1139/H07-087 Rodriguez-Bores, 2007, Basic and clinical aspects of osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease, World J Gastroenterol, 13, 6156, 10.3748/wjg.13.6156 Sajithlal, 1998, Effect of curcumin on the advanced glycation and cross-linking of collagen in diabetic rats, Biochem Pharmacol, 56, 1607, 10.1016/S0006-2952(98)00237-8 Sale, 2008, The relationship between disease symptoms, life events, coping and treatment, and depression among older adults with osteoarthritis, J Rheumatol, 35, 335 Salh, 2003, Curcumin attenuates DNB-induced murine colitis, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 285, G235, 10.1152/ajpgi.00449.2002 Sandur, 2007, Role of pro-oxidants and antioxidants in the anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects of curcumin (diferuloylmethane), Free Radic Biol Med, 43, 568, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.009 Sandur, 2007, Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, tetrahydrocurcumin and turmerones differentially regulate anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative responses through a ROS-independent mechanism, Carcinogenesis, 28, 1765, 10.1093/carcin/bgm123 Sano, 2005, Stat3 links activated keratinocytes and immunocytes required for development of psoriasis in a novel transgenic mouse model, Nat Med, 11, 43, 10.1038/nm1162 Schlesinger, 2006, Colchicine for acute gout, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD006190 Selmi, 2007, Inflammation and oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 232, 1409, 10.3181/0704-MR-103 Sethi, 2008, Nuclear factor-kappaB activation: from bench to bedside, Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 233, 21, 10.3181/0707-MR-196 Shahed, 2001, Quercetin and curcumin up-regulate antioxidant gene expression in rat kidney after ureteral obstruction or ischemia/reperfusion injury, Transplant Proc, 33, 2988, 10.1016/S0041-1345(01)02283-7 Shakibaei, 2005, Curcumin protects human chondrocytes from IL-l1beta-induced inhibition of collagen type II and beta1-integrin expression and activation of caspase-3: an immunomorphological study, Ann Anat, 187, 487, 10.1016/j.aanat.2005.06.007 Sharma, 2004, Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance, Clin Cancer Res, 10, 6847, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0744 Sharma, 2007, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin, Adv Exp Med Biol, 595, 453, 10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_20 Sharma, 2007, Effect of insulin and its combination with resveratrol or curcumin in attenuation of diabetic neuropathic pain: participation of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha, Phytother Res, 21, 278, 10.1002/ptr.2070 Sharma, 2006, Curcumin attenuates thermal hyperalgesia in a diabetic mouse model of neuropathic pain, Eur J Pharmacol, 536, 256, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.006 Sharma, 2006, Curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa), ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in rats, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 33, 940, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04468.x Shishodia, 2005, Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits constitutive NF-kappaB activation, induces G1/S arrest, suppresses proliferation, and induces apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma, Biochem Pharmacol, 70, 700, 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.04.043 Shoba, 1998, Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers, Planta Med, 64, 353, 10.1055/s-2006-957450 Shoskes, 1998, Effect of bioflavonoids quercetin and curcumin on ischemic renal injury: a new class of renoprotective agents, Transplantation, 66, 147, 10.1097/00007890-199807270-00001 Shoskes, 2000, Synergy of mycophenolate mofetil and bioflavonoids in prevention of immune and ischemic injury, Transplant Proc, 32, 798, 10.1016/S0041-1345(00)00987-8 Sidhu, 1999, Curcumin enhances wound healing in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and genetically diabetic mice, Wound Repair Regen, 7, 362, 10.1046/j.1524-475X.1999.00362.x Sidhu, 1998, Enhancement of wound healing by curcumin in animals, Wound Repair Regen, 6, 167, 10.1046/j.1524-475X.1998.60211.x Singh, 1995, Activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B is suppressed by curcumin (diferuloylmethane) [corrected], J Biol Chem, 270, 24995, 10.1074/jbc.270.42.24995 Siwak, 2005, Curcumin-induced antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in melanoma cells are associated with suppression of IkappaB kinase and nuclear factor kappaB activity and are independent of the B-Raf/mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathway and the Akt pathway, Cancer, 104, 879, 10.1002/cncr.21216 Skommer, 2007, Gene-expression profiling during curcumin-induced apoptosis reveals downregulation of CXCR4, Exp Hematol, 35, 84, 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.09.006 Smith, 2007, The redox chemistry of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta peptide, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1768, 1976, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.002 Smolen, 2008, The burden of rheumatoid arthritis and access to treatment: a medical overview, Eur J Health Econ, 8, S39, 10.1007/s10198-007-0087-9 Smolen, 2008, Strengths and limitations of a systematic review on DMARDs for rheumatoid arthritis, Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol, 10.1038/ncprheum0813 Sng, 2006, Histone modifications in kainate-induced status epilepticus, Eur J Neurosci, 23, 1269, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04641.x Somasundaram, 2002, Dietary curcumin inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in models of human breast cancer, Cancer Res, 62, 3868 South, 1997, Dietary curcumin enhances antibody response in rats, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 19, 105, 10.3109/08923979709038536 Srinivasan, 1972, Effect of curcumin on blood sugar as seen in a diabetic subject, Indian J Med Sci, 26, 269 Srivastava, 1985, Anti-thrombotic effect of curcumin, Thromb Res, 40, 413, 10.1016/0049-3848(85)90276-2 Sumanont, 2006, Prevention of kainic acid-induced changes in nitric oxide level and neuronal cell damage in the rat hippocampus by manganese complexes of curcumin and diacetylcurcumin, Life Sci, 78, 1884, 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.08.028 Suryanarayana, 2005, Curcumin and turmeric delay streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 46, 2092, 10.1167/iovs.04-1304 Suryanarayana, 2007, Effect of turmeric and curcumin on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat, Med Sci Monit, 13, BR286 Suzuki, 2005, Elucidation of anti-allergic activities of curcumin-related compounds with a special reference to their anti-oxidative activities, Biol Pharm Bull, 28, 1438, 10.1248/bpb.28.1438 Tergaonkar, 2006, NFkappaB pathway: a good signaling paradigm and therapeutic target, Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 38, 1647, 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.03.023 Thaloor, 1999, Systemic administration of the NF-kappaB inhibitor curcumin stimulates muscle regeneration after traumatic injury, Am J Physiol, 277, C320, 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.2.C320 Thiyagarajan, 2004, Neuroprotective effect of curcumin in middle cerebral artery occlusion induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats, Life Sci, 74, 969, 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.042 Thresiamma, 1996, Protective effect of curcumin, ellagic acid and bixin on radiation induced toxicity, Indian J Exp Biol, 34, 845 Tikoo, 2008, Change in post-translational modifications of histone H3, heat-shock protein-27 and MAP kinase p38 expression by curcumin in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic nephropathy, Br J Pharmacol, 153, 1225, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707666 Tonnesen, 1987, Studies on curcumin and curcuminoids. IX. Investigation of the photobiological activity of curcumin using bacterial indicator systems, J Pharm Sci, 76, 371, 10.1002/jps.2600760506 Tourkina, 2004, Curcumin-induced apoptosis in scleroderma lung fibroblasts: role of protein kinase cepsilon, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 31, 28, 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0354OC Tschape, 2006, Therapeutic perspectives in Alzheimer's disease, Recent Patents CNS Drug Discov, 1, 119, 10.2174/157488906775245354 Ukil, 2003, Curcumin, the major component of food flavour turmeric, reduces mucosal injury in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis, Br J Pharmacol, 139, 209, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705241 Uno, 2006, The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in down-regulation of osteoblast Phex gene expression in experimental murine colitis, Gastroenterology, 131, 497, 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.05.020 Vadhan Raj, 2007, Curcumin downregulates NF-κB and related genes in patients with multiple myeloma: results of a phase1/2 study, American Society of Hematology Vajragupta, 2005, Active site binding modes of curcumin in HIV-1 protease and integrase, Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 15, 3364, 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.032 Vamvouris, 2006, A review of the treatment of psoriasis with infliximab, Rev Recent Clin Trials, 1, 201, 10.2174/157488706778250122 Vazquez, 2007, Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio in predicting incident diabetes: a meta-analysis, Epidemiol Rev, 29, 115, 10.1093/epirev/mxm008 Venkatesan, 1998, Curcumin attenuation of acute adriamycin myocardial toxicity in rats, Br J Pharmacol, 124, 425, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701877 Venkataranganna, 2007, NCB-02 (standardized Curcumin preparation) protects dinitrochlorobenzene- induced colitis through down-regulation of NF-κB and iNOS, World J Gastroenterol, 13, 1103, 10.3748/wjg.v13.i7.1103 Verbeek, 2005, Oral flavonoids delay recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL mice, Biochem Pharmacol, 70, 220, 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.04.041 Vlietinck, 1998, Plant-derived leading compounds for chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Planta Med, 64, 97, 10.1055/s-2006-957384 Wahlstrom, 1978, A study on the fate of curcumin in the rat, Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh), 43, 86, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1978.tb02240.x Wang, 2005, Neuroprotective mechanisms of curcumin against cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis and behavioral deficits, J Neurosci Res, 82, 138, 10.1002/jnr.20610 Wang, 2008, The antidepressant effects of curcumin in the forced swimming test involve 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors, Eur J Pharmacol, 578, 43, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.08.045 Weisberg, 2008, Dietary curcumin significantly improves obesity-associated inflammation and diabetes in mouse models of diabesity, Endocrinology, 10.1210/en.2008-0262 Wuyts, 2003, Involvement of p38 MAPK, JNK, p42/p44 ERK and NF-κB in IL-1β-induced chemokine release in human airway smooth muscle cells, Respir Med, 97, 811, 10.1016/S0954-6111(03)00036-2 Xu, 2007, Effects of curcumin in treatment of experimental pulmonary fibrosis: a comparison with hydrocortisone, J Ethnopharmacol, 112, 292, 10.1016/j.jep.2007.03.011 Xu, 2005, The effects of curcumin on depressive-like behaviors in mice, Eur J Pharmacol, 518, 40, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.06.002 Yang, 2005, Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo, J Biol Chem, 280, 5892, 10.1074/jbc.M404751200 Yang, 2006, Curcumin inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell function and injury-induced neointima formation, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 26, 85, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000191635.00744.b6 Yeh, 2005, Inhibition of NFkappaB activation with curcumin attenuates plasma inflammatory cytokines surge and cardiomyocytic apoptosis following cardiac ischemia/reperfusion, J Surg Res, 125, 109, 10.1016/j.jss.2004.11.009 Yeh, 2005, Inhibition of NF-κB activation can attenuate ischemia/reperfusion-induced contractility impairment via decreasing cardiomyocytic proinflammatory gene up-regulation and matrix metalloproteinase expression, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 45, 301, 10.1097/01.fjc.0000155385.41479.b3 Zbarsky, 2005, Neuroprotective properties of the natural phenolic antioxidants curcumin and naringenin but not quercetin and fisetin in a 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease, Free Radic Res, 39, 1119, 10.1080/10715760500233113 Zhang, 2006, Curcuminoids enhance amyloid-beta uptake by macrophages of Alzheimer's disease patients, J Alzheimers Dis, 10, 1, 10.3233/JAD-2006-10101