Tardive dystonia
Tóm tắt
In order to replicate the results of our previous study of tardive dystonia (TDt) and to enlarge the studied sample, we examined 154 consecutive psychiatric in-patients who had been exposed to neuroleptic drugs for a cumulative period of at least three months. The present study provides further data supporting a distinction between TDt and tardive dyskinesia (TDk). The patients with TDt tend to be younger, male, less exposed to neuroleptic drugs, and to have a more severe movement disorder. TDt appears to be the most frequent form of secondary dystonia, and there is evidence that its prevalence has so far been underestimated.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adityanjee, Jayaswal S.K., Chan T.M., Subramaniam M.:ECT for tardive dystonia. Br. J. Psychiatry 156: 433–435, 1990.
American Psychiatric Association:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
Andreasen N.C.:Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City, University of Iowa, 1983.
Andreasen N.C.:Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City, University of Iowa, 1981.
Asnis G.M., Leopold M.A., Duvoisin R.C. et al.:A survey of tardive dyskinesia in psychiatric outpatients. Am. J. Psychiatry 134: 1367–1370, 1977.
Baldessarini R.J.:Chemotherapy in Psychiatry: Principles and Practice. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass, 1985.
Barnes T.R.E.:A rating scale for drug-induced akathisia. Br. J. Psychiatry 154: 672–676, 1989.
Bech P., Kastrup M., Rafaelsen O.J.:Minicompendium of rating scales. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 73 (Suppl. 326), 1986.
Blake L.M., Marks R.C., Nierman P., Luchins D.J.:Clozapine and clonazepam in tardive dystonia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 11: 268–269, 1991.
Brandon S., McClelland H.A., Protheroc C.:A study of facial dyskinesia in a mental hospital population. Br. J. Psychiatry 118: 171–184, 1971.
Brown K.W., White, T.:The psychological consequences of tardive dyskinesia. Br. J. Psychiatry 159: 399–403, 1991.
Burke R.E., Fahn S., Jankovic J. et al.:Tardive dystonia: late onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs. Neurology 32: 1335–1346, 1982.
Burke R.E.:Tardive dyskinesia: current clinical issues. Neurology 34: 1348–1353, 1984.
Burke R.E., Kang U.J.:Tardive dystonia: clinical aspects and treatment. Adv. Neurol. 49: 199–210, 1988.
Casey D.E., Toenniessen L.M.:Neuroleptic treatment in tardive dyskinesia: Can it be developed into a clinical strategy for long-term treatment? In: Bannet J., Belmaker R.H. (Eds.): New Directions in Tardive Dyskinesia Research. Basel: Karger, pp. 65–79, 1983.
Casey D.E., Hansen T.E.:Spontaneous dyskinesia. In: Jeste D.V., Wyatt R.J. (Eds.). Neuropsychiatric Movement Disorders. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, pp. 68–95, 1984.
Casey D.E.:Tardive dyskinesia, Pathophysiology. In: Bloom F.E., Kupfer D.J. (Eds.). Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress. New York: Raven Press, pp. 1497–1502, 1995.
Chiu H., Shum P., Lau J., Lam L., Lee S.:Prevalence of tardive dyskinesia, tardive dystonia and respiratory dyskinesia among Chinese psychiatric patients in Hong Kong. Am. J. Psychiatry 149: 1081–1085, 1992.
Collerton D., Fairbairn A., Britton P.:Cognitive performance of medicated schizophrenics with tardive dyskinesia. Psychol. Med. 15: 311–315, 1985.
Edwards H.:The significance of brain damage in persistent oral dyskinesia. Br. J. Psychiatry 116: 271–275, 1970.
Fahn S.:Drug treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Semin. Neurol. 7: 192–208, 1987.
Fahn S., Elton R.L. (Members of the UPDRS Development Committee). In: Fahn S., Marsden C.D., Calne D., Goldstein M. (Eds.). Recent Developments in Parkinson's Disease, MacMillan Florham Park, New Jersey, 1987.
Famuyiwa O.O., Eccleston D., Donaldson A.A., Garside R.F.:Tardive dyskinesia and dementia. Br. J. Psychiatry 135: 500–504, 1979.
Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.:Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 12: 189–198, 1975.
Friedman J.H., Kuraski L.T., Wagner R.I.:Tardive dystonia in a psychiatric hospital. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 50: 801–803, 1987.
Gardos G., Casey D.E.:Tardive dyskinesia and affective disorders. Washington, DC. American Psychiatric Press, 1987.
Gardos G., Cole J.O., Salomon M., Schniebolk S.:Clinical forms of severe tardive dyskinesia. Am. J. Psychiatry 144: 895–902, 1987.
Gerlach J., Casey D.E.:Tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 77: 369–378, 1988.
Gimenez-Roldan S., Mateo D., Bartolome P.:Tardive dystonia and severe tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 71: 488–494, 1985.
Glazer W.M., Morgenstern H., Niedzwiecki, Hughes J.:Heterogeneity of tardive dyskinesia. Br. J. Psychiatry 152: 253–259, 1988.
Granacher R.P.:Differential diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia: an overview. Am. J. Psychiatry 138: 1288–1297, 1981.
Gureje O.:Topographic subtypes of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients aged less than 60 years: relationship to demographic, clinical, treatment and neuropsychological variables. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 51: 1525–1530, 1988.
Hyman S.E.:Manual of Psychiatric Emergencies. Little, Brown and Company, Boston/Toronto, pp. 259, 1984.
Jeste D.V., Wyatt R.J.:Understanding and Treating Tardive Dyskinesia. New York, Guilford Press, 1982.
Kane J.M., Woerner M., Borenstein M., Wegner J., Lieberman J.:Integrating incidence and prevalence of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 22 (1): 254–258, 1986.
Kang U.J., Burke R.E., Fahn S.:Natural history and treatment of tardive dystonia. Mov. Disord. 1: 193–208, 1986.
Kang U.J., Fahn S.:Discinesia tardiva. Le basi razionali della terapia, 1: 3–11, 1990.
Kaplan Z., Benjamin J. Zohar J.:Remission of tardive dystonia with ECT. Convuls. Ther. 7: 280–283, 1991.
Keegan D.L., Rajput A.H.:Drug-induced dystonia tarda — treatment with L-Dopa. Dis. Nerv. Syst. 38: 167–169, 1973.
Lamberti J.S., Bellnier T.:Clozapine and tardive dystonia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 181: 137–138, 1993.
Lieberman J.A., Lesser M., Johns C. et al.:Pharmacologic studies of tardive dyskinesia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 8 (4, suppl.): 575–635, 1988.
Lieberman J.A., Alvir J., Mukerjee S., Kane J.M.:Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with bromocriptine: a test of the receptor modification strategy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46: 908–913, 1989.
Lieberman J.A., Saltz B.L., Johns C.A., et al.:The effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia. Br. J. Psychiatry 158: 503–510, 1991.
Luchins D., Goldman M.:High-dose bromocriptine in a case of tardive dystonia. Biol. Psychiatry 20: 179–181, 1985.
Marsalek M., Pavlat D.J., Petrovsky M. et al.:The signs of brain vulnerability in tardive dyskinesia. Schizophr. Res. 1: 231, 1988.
Marsden C.D., Quinn N.P.:The dystonias. Br. Med. J. 300: 139–144, 1990.
McClelland H.A., Metcalfe A.V., Kerr T.A. et al.:Facial dyskinesia: a 16-year follow-up study. Br. J. Psychiatry 158: 691–696, 1991.
McGuire R., Thomas P.:Orofacial dyskinesia, cognitive function and medication. Br. J. Psychiatry 149: 216–220, 1986.
Meise U., Schwitzer J., Gunther V. et al.:Tardive dyskinesia and cognitive dysfunction. Schizophr. Res. 1: 232, 1988.
Mion C.C., Andreasen N.C., Arndt S., Swayze V.W. II, Cohen G.A.:MRI abnormalities in tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatry Res. 40: 157–166, 1991.
Morgenstern H., Glazer W.M., Gibowski L.D. et al.:Predictors of tardive dyskinesia: results of a cross-sectional study in an out-patient population. J. Chron. Dis. 40: 319–327, 1987.
Myslobodsky M.S., Tomer R., Holden T. et al.:Cognitive impairment in patients with tardive dyskinesia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 173: 156–160, 1985.
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH):Psychopharmacology Research Branch: Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 24: 781–782, 1986.
Overall J.E., Gorhan D.R.:The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychol. Rep., 10: 799–812, 1962.
Owens D.G.C.:Dystonia: A potential psychiatric pitfall. Br. J. Psychiatry 156: 620–634, 1990.
Raja M.:Tardive dystonia, Prevalence, risk factors, and comparison with tardive dyskinesia in a population of 200 acute psychiatric impatients. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 245: 145–151, 1995.
Raja M., Altavista M.C., Maisto G., Albanese A.:Tardive lingual dystonia treated with clozapine. Mov. Disord. 11: 585–586, 1996.
Roller W.C.:Tardive dystonia: diagnosis and treatment. In: Wolf M.E., Mosnaim A.D. (Eds.). Tardive Dyskinesia: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects. Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Press, 1988.
Rush M., Diamond F., Alpert M.:Depression as a risk factor in tardive dyskinesia. Biol. Psychiatry 17: 387–392, 1982.
Sachdev P.:The prevalence of tardive dystonia in patients with chronic schizophrenia (letter). Aust NZ J. Psychiatry 25: 446–448, 1991.
Saltz B.L., Kane J.M., Woerner M.G., et al.:Prospective study of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 25: 52–56, 1989.
Schooler N.R., Kane J.M.:Research diagnoses for tardive dyskinesia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39: 486–487, 1982.
Serby M., Goodgold A.:Tardive dyskinesia-like disorder due to basal ganglia infarction (letter). J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 6: 122, 1986.
Simpson G.M., Lee J.M., Zoubok B., Gardos G.:A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 64: 171–179, 1979.
Sorokin J.E., Giordani B., Mohs R.C. et al.:Memory impairment in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia. Biol. Psychiatry 23: 129–135, 1988.
Struve F.A., Willner A.E.:Cognitive dysfunction and tardive dyskinesia. Br. J. Psychiatry 143: 597–600, 1983.
Van Putten T., Wirshing W., Marder S.:Tardive Meige syndrome responsive to clozapine. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 10: 381–382, 1990.
Vojcik J.D., Falk W.E., Fink J.S., Cole J.O., Gelenberg A.J.:A review of 32 cases of tardive dystonia. Am. J. Psychiatry 148: 1055–1059, 1991.
Waddington J.L., Youssef H.A.:An unusual cluster of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: Association with cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms. Am. J. Psychiatry 143: 1162–1165, 1986.
Waddington J.L., Youssef H.A., Dolphim C., Kinsella A.:Cognitive dysfunction, negative symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 44: 907–912, 1987.
Wade J.B., Taylor M.A., Kasprisin A. et al.:Tardive dyskinesia and cognitive impairment. Biol. Psychiatry 22: 393–395, 1987.
Wegner J.T., Catalano F., Gibralter J. et al.:Schizophrenics with tardive dyskinesia: neuropsychological deficit and family psychopathology. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42: 860–865, 1985.
Yassa R., Nair N.P.V., Dimitry R.:Prevalence of tardive dystonia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 73: 629–633, 1986.
Yassa R., Nair V., Iskandar H.:A comparison of severe tardive dystonia and severe tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 80: 155–159, 1989.
Yassa R., Nair N.P.V., Iskandar H., Schwartz G.:Factors in the development of severe forms of tardive dyskinesia. Am. J. Psychiatry 147: 1156–1163, 1990.
Yassa R., Jeste D.V.:Gender differences in tardive dyskinesia: A critical review of the literature. Schizophr. Bull. 18: 701–715, 1992.