Myeloperoxidase and its contributory role in inflammatory vascular disease

Abu-Soud, 2000, Nitric oxide is a physiological substrate for mammalian peroxidases, J Biol Chem, 275, 37524, 10.1074/jbc.275.48.37524 Abu-Soud, 2000, Nitric oxide modulates the catalytic activity of myeloperoxidase, J Biol Chem, 275, 5425, 10.1074/jbc.275.8.5425 Akin, 1986, Processing of a newly identified intermediate of human myeloperoxidase in isolated granules occurs at neutral pH, J Biol Chem, 261, 8370, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)83922-4 Albertini, 2000, Role of poly-(ADP-ribose) synthetase in lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular failure and acute lung injury in pigs, J Crit Care, 15, 73, 10.1053/jcrc.2000.7903 Aratani, 2000, Differential host susceptibility to pulmonary infections with bacteria and fungi in mice deficient in myeloperoxidase, J Infect Dis, 182, 1276, 10.1086/315843 Arbustini, 1999, Plaque erosion is a major substrate for coronary thrombosis in acute myocardial infarction, Heart, 82, 269, 10.1136/hrt.82.3.269 Arnljots, 1987, Myeloperoxidase precursors incorporate heme, J Biol Chem, 262, 10430, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60977-9 Askari, 2003, Myeloperoxidase and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 play a central role in ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction, J Exp Med, 197, 615, 10.1084/jem.20021426 Asselbergs, 2004, Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in patients with chest pain, N Engl J Med, 350, 516, 10.1056/NEJM200401293500519 Babior, 2000, Phagocytes and oxidative stress, Am J Med, 109, 33, 10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00481-2 Baldus, 2001, Endothelial transcytosis of myeloperoxidase confers specificity to vascular ECM proteins as targets of tyrosine nitration, J Clin Invest, 108, 1759, 10.1172/JCI200112617 Baldus, 2002, Spatial mapping of pulmonary and vascular nitrotyrosine reveals the pivotal role of myeloperoxidase as a catalyst for tyrosine nitration in inflammatory diseases, Free Radic Biol Med, 33, 1010, 10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00993-0 Baldus, 2003, Myeloperoxidase serum levels predict risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 108, 1440, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000090690.67322.51 Baldus, 2004, Myeloperoxidase enhances nitric oxide catabolism during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, Free Radic Biol Med, 37, 902, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.003 Beckman, 1996, Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly, Am J Physiol, 271, C1424, 10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.5.C1424 Beckmann, 1994, Extensive nitration of protein tyrosines in human atherosclerosis detected by immunohistochemistry, Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler, 375, 81, 10.1515/bchm3.1994.375.2.81 Bergt, 2004, The myeloperoxidase product hypochlorous acid oxidizes HDL in the human artery wall and impairs ABCA1-dependent cholesterol transport, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 13032, 10.1073/pnas.0405292101 Bos, 1978, Characterization and quantification of the peroxidase in human monocytes, Biochim Biophys Acta, 525, 37, 10.1016/0005-2744(78)90197-3 Brennan, 2003, Emerging role of myeloperoxidase and oxidant stress markers in cardiovascular risk assessment, Curr Opin Lipidol, 14, 353, 10.1097/00041433-200308000-00003 Brennan, 2001, Increased atherosclerosis in myeloperoxidase-deficient mice, J Clin Invest, 107, 419, 10.1172/JCI8797 Brennan, 2002, A tale of two controversies: defining both the role of peroxidases in nitrotyrosine formation in vivo using eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase-deficient mice, and the nature of peroxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species, J Biol Chem, 277, 17415, 10.1074/jbc.M112400200 Brennan, 2003, Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in patients with chest pain, N Engl J Med, 349, 1595, 10.1056/NEJMoa035003 Brown, 2001, Immunohistochemical detection of myeloperoxidase and its oxidation products in Kupffer cells of human liver, Am J Pathol, 159, 2081, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63059-3 Buffon, 2002, Widespread coronary inflammation in unstable angina, N Engl J Med, 347, 5, 10.1056/NEJMoa012295 Campbell, 2000, Bioactive proteinase 3 on the cell surface of human neutrophils: quantification, catalytic activity, and susceptibility to inhibition, J Immunol, 165, 3366, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3366 Cassina, 2000, Cytochrome c nitration by peroxynitrite, J Biol Chem, 275, 21409, 10.1074/jbc.M909978199 Daphna, 1998, Association of myeloperoxidase with heparin: oxidative inactivation of proteins on the surface of endothelial cells by the bound enzyme, Mol Cell Biochem, 183, 55, 10.1023/A:1006848730927 Daugherty, 1994, Myeloperoxidase, a catalyst for lipoprotein oxidation, is expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions, J Clin Invest, 94, 437, 10.1172/JCI117342 De Caterina, 1995, Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines, J Clin Invest, 96, 60, 10.1172/JCI118074 Deby-Dupont, 1999, Neutrophil myeloperoxidase revisited: it's role in health and disease, Intensivmedizin, 36, 500, 10.1007/s003900050270 Desrochers, 1988, Proteolytic inactivation of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor by a neutrophil metalloproteinase, J Clin Invest, 81, 1646, 10.1172/JCI113500 Doehner, 2002, Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol on endothelial function and peripheral blood flow in hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure: results from 2 placebo-controlled studies, Circulation, 105, 2619, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000017502.58595.ED Eiserich, 1998, Formation of nitric oxide-derived inflammatory oxidants by myeloperoxidase in neutrophils, Nature, 391, 393, 10.1038/34923 Eiserich, 1999, Microtubule dysfunction by posttranslational nitrotyrosination of alpha-tubulin: a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism of cellular injury, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 6365, 10.1073/pnas.96.11.6365 Eiserich, 2002, Myeloperoxidase, a leukocyte-derived vascular NO oxidase, Science, 296, 2391, 10.1126/science.1106830 Everse, 1998, The structure of heme proteins compounds I and II: some misconceptions, Free Radic Biol Med, 24, 1338, 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00451-6 Falk, 1988, Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies with specificity for myeloperoxidase in patients with systemic vasculitis and idiopathic necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis, N Engl J Med, 318, 1651, 10.1056/NEJM198806233182504 Falk, 1990, Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87, 4115, 10.1073/pnas.87.11.4115 Farb, 1996, Coronary plaque erosion without rupture into a lipid core. A frequent cause of coronary thrombosis in sudden coronary death, Circulation, 93, 1354, 10.1161/01.CIR.93.7.1354 Farrell, 1992, Increased concentrations of nitrite in synovial fluid and serum samples suggest increased nitric oxide synthesis in rheumatic diseases, Ann Rheum Dis, 51, 1219, 10.1136/ard.51.11.1219 Fenna, 1995, Structure of the green heme in myeloperoxidase, Arch Biochem Biophys, 316, 653, 10.1006/abbi.1995.1086 Fliss, 1988, Oxidation of proteins in rat heart and lungs by polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxidants, Mol Cell Biochem, 84, 177, 10.1007/BF00421053 Folkes, 1995, Kinetics and mechanisms of hypochlorous acid reactions, Arch Biochem Biophys, 323, 120, 10.1006/abbi.1995.0017 Fu, 2001, Hypochlorous acid oxygenates the cysteine switch domain of pro-matrilysin (MMP-7). A mechanism for matrix metalloproteinase activation and atherosclerotic plaque rupture by myeloperoxidase, J Biol Chem, 276, 41279, 10.1074/jbc.M106958200 Gaston, 1993, Endogenous nitrogen oxides and bronchodilator S-nitrosothiols in human airways, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 10957, 10.1073/pnas.90.23.10957 George, 1998, Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases and metalloproteinases in atherosclerosis, Curr Opin Lipidol, 9, 413, 10.1097/00041433-199810000-00005 Green, 2004, Neuronal expression of myeloperoxidase is increased in Alzheimer's disease, J Neurochem, 90, 724, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02527.x Hagen, 1998, Diagnostic value of standardized assays for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in idiopathic systemic vasculitis. EC/BCR Project for ANCA Assay Standardization, Kidney Int, 53, 743, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00807.x Harper, 2000, Pathogenesis of ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis, J Pathol, 190, 349, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(200002)190:3<349::AID-PATH524>3.0.CO;2-A Hazen, 2004, Myeloperoxidase and plaque vulnerability, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, 1143, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000135267.82813.52 Hazen, 1999, Formation of nitric oxide-derived oxidants by myeloperoxidase in monocytes: pathways for monocyte-mediated protein nitration and lipid peroxidation In vivo, Circ Res, 85, 950, 10.1161/01.RES.85.10.950 Hickman-Davis, 2001, Cyclophosphamide decreases nitrotyrosine formation and inhibits nitric oxide production by alveolar macrophages in mycoplasmosis, Infect Immun, 69, 6401, 10.1128/IAI.69.10.6401-6410.2001 Hirabayashi, 2000, Nitrotyrosine generation via inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular wall in focal ischemia-reperfusion, Brain Res, 852, 319, 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02117-4 Hori, 1999, Human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected macrophages induce inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide (NO) production in astrocytes: astrocytic NO as a possible mediator of neural damage in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Blood, 93, 1843, 10.1182/blood.V93.6.1843.406k40_1843_1850 Hoy, 2001, Serum myeloperoxidase concentration in a healthy population: biological variations, familial resemblance and new genetic polymorphisms, Eur J Hum Genet, 9, 780, 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200702 Hurst, 1989, Leukocytic oxygen activation and microbicidal oxidative toxins, Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 24, 271, 10.3109/10409238909082555 Ischiropoulos, 1998, Biological tyrosine nitration: a pathophysiological function of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, Arch Biochem Biophys, 356, 1, 10.1006/abbi.1998.0755 Ishibashi, 1993, Hypercholesterolemia in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice and its reversal by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery, J Clin Invest, 92, 883, 10.1172/JCI116663 Jandl, 1978, Termination of the respiratory burst in human neutrophils, J Clin Invest, 61, 1176, 10.1172/JCI109033 Jiang, 1997, Relative chlorinating, nitrating, and oxidizing capabilities of neutrophils determined with phagocytosable probes, J Biol Chem, 272, 32767, 10.1074/jbc.272.52.32767 Kawano, 1993, Suppression of gene expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) in HL60 cells, Lymphokine Cytokine Res, 12, 81 Kettle, 1997, Peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase leave the same footprint in protein nitration, Redox Rep, 3, 257, 10.1080/13510002.1997.11747120 Klebanoff, 1999, Myeloperoxidase, Proc Assoc Am Physicians, 111, 383, 10.1111/paa.1999.111.5.383 Klebanoff, 1984, Antimicrobial activity of myeloperoxidase, Methods Enzymol, 105, 399, 10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05055-2 Kobayashi, 2002, Global changes in gene expression by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes during receptor-mediated phagocytosis: cell fate is regulated at the level of gene expression, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99, 6901, 10.1073/pnas.092148299 Koeffler, 1985, Myeloperoxidase: its structure and expression during myeloid differentiation, Blood, 65, 484, 10.1182/blood.V65.2.484.484 Kooy, 1997, Extensive tyrosine nitration in human myocardial inflammation: evidence for the presence of peroxynitrite, Crit Care Med, 25, 812, 10.1097/00003246-199705000-00017 Kutter, 2000, Consequences of total and subtotal myeloperoxidase deficiency: risk or benefit?, Acta Haematol, 104, 10, 10.1159/000041062 Lamb, 1999, Oxidative damage to proteins of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: evidence for neutrophil-mediated hydroxylation, nitration, and chlorination, Crit Care Med, 27, 1738, 10.1097/00003246-199909000-00007 Landmesser, 2002, Vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure: role of xanthine-oxidase and extracellular superoxide dismutase, Circulation, 106, 3073, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000041431.57222.AF Lau, 2005, Myeloperoxidase mediates neutrophil activation by association with CD11b/CD18 integrins, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, 431, 10.1073/pnas.0405193102 Leeuwenburgh, 1997, Reactive nitrogen intermediates promote low density lipoprotein oxidation in human atherosclerotic intima, J Biol Chem, 272, 1433, 10.1074/jbc.272.3.1433 Leeuwenburgh, 1997, Mass spectrometric quantification of markers for protein oxidation by tyrosyl radical, copper, and hydroxyl radical in low density lipoprotein isolated from human atherosclerotic plaques, J Biol Chem, 272, 3520, 10.1074/jbc.272.6.3520 Libby, 1995, Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 91, 2844, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.11.2844 Libby, 2000, Coronary artery injury and the biology of atherosclerosis: inflammation, thrombosis, and stabilization, Am J Cardiol, 86, 3J, 10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01339-4 Locksley, 1987, Loss of granule myeloperoxidase during in vitro culture of human monocytes correlates with decay in antiprotozoa activity, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 36, 541, 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.36.541 MacMillan-Crow, 1996, Nitration and inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase in chronic rejection of human renal allografts, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 11853, 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11853 Magnusson, 1998, Fibronectin: structure, assembly, and cardiovascular implications, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 18, 1363, 10.1161/01.ATV.18.9.1363 Malle, 2000, Immunohistochemical evidence for the myeloperoxidase/H2O2/halide system in human atherosclerotic lesions: colocalization of myeloperoxidase and hypochlorite-modified proteins, Eur J Biochem, 267, 4495, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01498.x Marquez, 1990, Reaction of compound III of myeloperoxidase with ascorbic acid, J Biol Chem, 265, 6074, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39293-2 Marquez, 1990, Kinetic studies on the reaction of compound II of myeloperoxidase with ascorbic acid. Role of ascorbic acid in myeloperoxidase function, J Biol Chem, 265, 5666, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39414-1 Marquez, 1994, Spectral and kinetic studies on the formation of myeloperoxidase compounds I and II: roles of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, Biochemistry, 33, 1447, 10.1021/bi00172a022 Marsche, 2004, 2-chlorohexadecanal derived from hypochlorite-modified high-density lipoprotein-associated plasmalogen is a natural inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide biosynthesis, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, 2302, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000148703.43429.25 Middleton, 1997, Transcytosis and surface presentation of IL-8 by venular endothelial cells, Cell, 91, 385, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80422-5 Midwinter, 2001, Hypochlorous acid stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway enhances cell survival, Arch Biochem Biophys, 394, 13, 10.1006/abbi.2001.2530 Mohacsi, 1996, Neutrophils obtained from obliterative atherosclerotic patients exhibit enhanced resting respiratory burst and increased degranulation in response to various stimuli, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1316, 210, 10.1016/0925-4439(96)00027-0 Nagra, 1997, Immunohistochemical and genetic evidence of myeloperoxidase involvement in multiple sclerosis, J Neuroimmunol, 78, 97, 10.1016/S0165-5728(97)00089-1 Nakagawara, 1981, Hydrogen peroxide metabolism in human monocytes during differentiation in vitro, J Clin Invest, 68, 1243, 10.1172/JCI110370 Nauseef, 1988, Myeloperoxidase deficiency, Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 2, 135, 10.1016/S0889-8588(18)30634-8 Nauseef, 1998, Insights into myeloperoxidase biosynthesis from its inherited deficiency, J Mol Med, 76, 661, 10.1007/s001090050265 Nauseef, 1983, Role of myeloperoxidase in the respiratory burst of human neutrophils, Blood, 61, 483, 10.1182/blood.V61.3.483.483 Nikpoor, 2001, A functional myeloperoxidase polymorphic variant is associated with coronary artery disease in French-Canadians, Am Heart J, 142, 336, 10.1067/mhj.2001.116769 Noguchi, 2000, Role of myeloperoxidase in the neutrophil-induced oxidation of low density lipoprotein as studied by myeloperoxidase-knockout mouse, J Biochem (Tokyo), 127, 971, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022713 Obunike, 2001, Transcytosis of lipoprotein lipase across cultured endothelial cells requires both heparan sulfate proteoglycans and the very low density lipoprotein receptor, J Biol Chem, 276, 8934, 10.1074/jbc.M008813200 Pecoits-Filho, 2003, A functional variant of the myeloperoxidase gene is associated with cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease patients, Kidney Int Suppl, S172, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.63.s84.32.x Pennathur, 2004, Human atherosclerotic intima and blood of patients with established coronary artery disease contain high density lipoprotein damaged by reactive nitrogen species, J Biol Chem, 10.1074/jbc.M406762200 Radford, 2001, Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies stabilize adhesion and promote migration of flowing neutrophils on endothelial cells, Arthritis Rheum, 44, 2851, 10.1002/1529-0131(200112)44:12<2851::AID-ART473>3.0.CO;2-2 Rarok, 2003, Neutrophil-activating potential of antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies, J Leukoc Biol, 74, 3, 10.1189/jlb.1202611 Rausch, 1975, Granule enzymes of polymorphonuclear neutrophils: a phylogenetic comparison, Blood, 46, 913, 10.1182/blood.V46.6.913.913 Retnoningrum, 1994, M12 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes is a receptor for immunoglobulin G3 and human albumin, Infect Immun, 62, 2387, 10.1128/IAI.62.6.2387-2394.1994 Reumaux, 1995, Effect of tumor necrosis factor-induced integrin activation on Fc gamma receptor II-mediated signal transduction: relevance for activation of neutrophils by anti-proteinase 3 or anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies, Blood, 86, 3189, 10.1182/blood.V86.8.3189.3189 Salvemini, 1996, Nitric oxide-mediated cyclooxygenase activation. A key event in the antiplatelet effects of nitrovasodilators, J Clin Invest, 97, 2562, 10.1172/JCI118704 Sato, 2001, Reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolites modulate fibronectin-induced fibroblast migration in vitro, Free Radic Biol Med, 30, 22, 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00436-6 Schmitt, 1999, Leukocytes utilize myeloperoxidase-generated nitrating intermediates as physiological catalysts for the generation of biologically active oxidized lipids and sterols in serum, Biochemistry, 38, 16904, 10.1021/bi991623w Schopfer, 2003, NO-dependent protein nitration: a cell signaling event or an oxidative inflammatory response?, Trends Biochem Sci, 28, 646, 10.1016/j.tibs.2003.10.006 Shabani, 1998, The oxidative inactivation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) by hypochlorous acid (HOCI) is suppressed by anti-rheumatic drugs, Free Radic Res, 28, 115, 10.3109/10715769809065797 Shishehbor, 2003, Association of nitrotyrosine levels with cardiovascular disease and modulation by statin therapy, Jama, 289, 1675, 10.1001/jama.289.13.1675 Spiekermann, 2003, Electron spin resonance characterization of vascular xanthine and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in patients with coronary artery disease: relation to endothelium-dependent vasodilation, Circulation, 107, 1383, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000056762.69302.46 Taylor, 1990, Assembly of dimeric myeloperoxidase during posttranslational maturation in human leukemic HL-60 cells, Biochemistry, 29, 1533, 10.1021/bi00458a026 Taylor, 1995, Isolation and identification of a protoheme IX derivative released during autolytic cleavage of human myeloperoxidase, Arch Biochem Biophys, 316, 635, 10.1006/abbi.1995.1083 Than, 2003, Physiological oxidants induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in a multidrug-resistant natural killer cell line, NK-YS, Leuk Lymphoma, 44, 2109, 10.1080/1042819031000119271 Tiruppathi, 2004, Albumin mediates the transcytosis of myeloperoxidase by means of caveolae in endothelial cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 7699, 10.1073/pnas.0401712101 Tobler, 1988, Regulation of gene expression of myeloperoxidase during myeloid differentiation, J Cell Physiol, 136, 215, 10.1002/jcp.1041360203 Torre, 1996, Serum concentrations of nitrite in patients with HIV-1 infection, J Clin Pathol, 49, 574, 10.1136/jcp.49.7.574 Vadseth, 2004, Pro-thrombotic State Induced by Post-translational Modification of Fibrinogen by Reactive Nitrogen Species, J Biol Chem, 279, 8820, 10.1074/jbc.M306101200 van Dalen, 1997, Thiocyanate and chloride as competing substrates for myeloperoxidase, Biochem J, 327, 487, 10.1042/bj3270487 van der Vliet, 1997, Formation of reactive nitrogen species during peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of nitrite. A potential additional mechanism of nitric oxide-dependent toxicity, J Biol Chem, 272, 7617, 10.1074/jbc.272.12.7617 Van Der Vliet, 2000, Myeloperoxidase and protein oxidation in cystic fibrosis, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 279, L537, 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.3.L537 Vercellotti, 1983, Inflamed fibronectin: an altered fibronectin enhances neutrophil adhesion, Blood, 62, 1063, 10.1182/blood.V62.5.1063.1063 Vile, 1998, Hypochlorous acid activates the tumor suppressor protein p53 in cultured human skin fibroblasts, Arch Biochem Biophys, 359, 51, 10.1006/abbi.1998.0881 Viner, 1999, Protein modification during biological aging: selective tyrosine nitration of the SERCA2a isoform of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase in skeletal muscle, Biochem J, 340, 657, 10.1042/0264-6021:3400657 Vissers, 1997, Hypochlorous acid disrupts the adhesive properties of subendothelial matrix, Free Radic Biol Med, 23, 401, 10.1016/S0891-5849(96)00619-3 Wever, 1981, Spectral properties of myeloperoxidase and its ligand complexes, Biochim Biophys Acta, 661, 235, 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90009-7 Whitman, 1999, Modification of type III VLDL, their remnants, and VLDL from ApoE-knockout mice by p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, a product of myeloperoxidase activity, causes marked cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 19, 1238, 10.1161/01.ATV.19.5.1238 Winterbourn, 1985, Comparative reactivities of various biological compounds with myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride, and similarity of the oxidant to hypochlorite, Biochim Biophys Acta, 840, 204, 10.1016/0304-4165(85)90120-5 Winterbourn, 2000, Myeloperoxidase, Curr Opin Hematol, 7, 53, 10.1097/00062752-200001000-00010 Wu, 1999, Eosinophil peroxidase nitrates protein tyrosyl residues. Implications for oxidative damage by nitrating intermediates in eosinophilic inflammatory disorders, J Biol Chem, 274, 25933, 10.1074/jbc.274.36.25933 Zeng, 1992, X-ray crystal structure of canine myeloperoxidase at 3 A resolution, J Mol Biol, 226, 185, 10.1016/0022-2836(92)90133-5 Zhang, 2001, l-Arginine chlorination products inhibit endothelial nitric oxide production, J Biol Chem, 276, 27159, 10.1074/jbc.M100191200 Zhang, 2001, Association between myeloperoxidase levels and risk of coronary artery disease, Jama, 286, 2136, 10.1001/jama.286.17.2136 Zhang, 2002, Myeloperoxidase functions as a major enzymatic catalyst for initiation of lipid peroxidation at sites of inflammation, J Biol Chem, 277, 46116, 10.1074/jbc.M209124200 Zhang, 2003, Interaction of myeloperoxidase with vascular NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species in vasculature: implications for vascular diseases, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 285, H2563, 10.1152/ajpheart.00435.2003 Zhao, 1996, Cis-elements in the promoter region of the human myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene, Leukemia, 10, 1089 Zheng, 2004, Apolipoprotein A-I is a selective target for myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation and functional impairment in subjects with cardiovascular disease, J Clin Invest, 114, 529, 10.1172/JCI200421109