Ali MF, Morgan ED (1990) Chemical communication in insect communities: a guide to insect pheromones with special emphasis on social insects. Biol Rev Camb Phil Soc 65:227–247
Ali MF, Attygalle AB, Billen JPJ, Jackson BD, Morgan ED (1988a) Change of Dufour gland contents with age of workers ofFormica sanguinea (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Physiol Entomol 13:249–255
Ali MF, Morgan ED, Detrain C, Attygalle AB (1988b) Identification of a component of the trail pheromone of the antPheidole pallidula (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Physiol Entomol 13:257–265
Allies AB, Bourke AFG, Franks NR (1986) Propaganda substances in the cuckoo antLeptothorax kutteri and the slave-makerHarpagoxenus sublaevis. J Chem Ecol 12:1285–1293
Alvarez FM, Vander Meer RK, Lofgren CS (1987) Synthesis of homofarnesenes: trail pheromone components of the fire ant,Solenopsis invicta. Tetrahedron 43:2897–2900
Attygalle AB, Morgan ED (1983) Trail pheromone of the antTetramorium caespitum L. Naturwissenschaften 70:364–365
Attygalle AB, Morgan ED (1984a) Chemicals from the glands of ants. Chem Soc Rev 13:245–278
Attygalle AB, Morgan ED (1984b) Identification of trail pheromone of the antTetramorium caespitum L. (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae). J Chem Ecol 10:1453–1468
Attygalle AB, Morgan ED (1985) Ant trail pheromones. Adv Insect Physiol 18:1–30
Attygalle AB, Morgan ED (1988) Pheromones in nanogram quantities: structure determination by combined microchemical and gas chromatographic methods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 27:460–478
Attygalle AB, Billen JPJ, Morgan ED (1985) The postpharyngeal gland of workers ofSolenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Actes Coll Insectes Soc 2:79–86
Attygalle AB, Cammaerts M-C, Cammaerts R, Morgan ED, Ollett DG (1986) Chemical and ethological studies of the trail pheromone of the antManica rubida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Physiol Entomol 11:125–132
Attygalle AB, Herrig M, Vostrowsky O, Bestmann HJ (1987) Technique for injecting intact glands for analysis of sex pheromones of Lepidoptera by capillary gas chromatography: reinvestigation of pheromone complex ofMamestra brassicae. J Chem Ecol 13:1299–1311
Attygalle AB, Vostrowsky O, Bestmann HJ, Steghaus-Kovac S, Maschwitz U (1988) (3R, 4S)-4-Methyl-3-heptanol, the trail pheromone of the antLeptogenys diminuta: Pheromones, 66. Naturwissenschaften 75:315–317
Attygalle AB, Siegel B, Vostrowsky O, Bestmann HJ, Maschwitz U (1989) Chemical composition and function of metapleural gland secretion of the ant,Crematogaster deformis Smith (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae). J Chem Ecol 15:317–328
Attygalle AB, Billen JPJ, Jackson BD, Morgan ED (1990) Morphology and chemical contents of Dufour glands ofPseudomyrmex ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Z Naturforsch 45c:691–697
Ayre GL (1963) Feeding behaviour and digestion inCamponotus herculeanus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomol exp appl 6:165–170
Ayre GL, Blums MS (1971) Attraction and alarm of ants (Camponotus spp.-Hymenoptera: Formicidae) by pheromones. Physiol Zoöl 42:77–83
Bagnères AG, Morgan ED (1991) The postpharyngeal glands and the cuticle of Formicidae contain the same characteristic hydrocarbons. Experientia 47:106–111
Baker R, Herbert RH (1984) Insect pheromones and related natural products. Nat Prod Rep 1:299–318
Baker TC, Cardé RT (1984) Techniques for behavioral bioassays. Pp 45–73in Hummel HE, Miller TA (eds) Techniques in Pheromone Research. New York, Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Barbier M (1979) Introduction to Chemical Ecology. London, New York: Longman Group
Barbier M, Delage B (1967) Le contenu des glandes pharyngiennes de la FourmiMessor capitatus Latr. (Insecte Hyménoptère Formicidé). CR Acad Sci Paris D 264:1520–1522
Barlin MR, Blums MS, Brand JM (1976) Fire ant trail pheromones. analysis of species specificity after gas chromatographic fractionation. J Insect Physiol 22:839–844
Baroni Urbani C (1989) Phylogeny and behavioural evolution in ants, with a discussion of the role of behaviour in evolutionary processes. Ethol Ecol Evol 1:137–168
Bazire-Bénazet M, Zylberberg L (1979) An integumentary gland secreting a territorial marking pheromone inAtta sp.: detailed structure and histochemistry. J Insect Physiol 25:751–765
Bell WJ, Cardé RT (1984) Chemical Ecology of Insects. London, New York: Chapman and Hall
Bellas T, Hölldobler B (1985) Constituents of mandibular and Dufour's glands of an AustralianPolyrhachis weaver ant. J Chem Ecol 11:525–538
Bergström G (1973) Studies on natural odoriferous compounds. VI. Use of a pre-column tube for the quantitative isolation of natural, volatile compounds for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Chem Scr 4:135–138
Bergström G (1981) Chemical aspects of insect exocrine signals as a means for systematic and phylogenetic discussions in aculeate Hymenoptera. Entomol Scand Suppl 15:173–184
Bergström G, Löfqvist J (1968) Odour similarities between the slave-keeping antsFormica sanguinea andPolyergus rufescens and their slavesFormica fusca andFormica rufibarbis. J Insect Physiol 14:995–1011
Bergström G, Löfqvist J (1970) Chemical basis for odour communication in four species ofLasius ants. J Insect Physiol 16:2353–2375
Bestmann HJ, Vostrowsky O (1988) Insektenpheromone, Teil 1 Chemische Struktur und Synthese. Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse 114:612–621
Bethe A (1898) Dürfen wir den Ameisen und Bienen psychische Qualitäten zuschreiben? Archiv für die Gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und der Thiere herausgegeben von Dr EFW Pflüger 70:15–100
Billen J (1984) Morphology of the tibial gland in the antCrematogaster scutellaris. Naturwissenschaften 71:324–325
Billen J (1985) Ultrastructure de la glande de Pavan chezDolichoderus quadripunctatus (L.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Actes Coll Insectes Soc 2:87–95
Billen J (1986) Comparative morphology and ultrastructure of the Dufour gland in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomol Gener 11:165–181
Billen J (1987a) Morphology and ultrastructure of the exocrine glands in social Hymenoptera. Pp 81–84in Eder J, Rembold H (eds) Chemistry and Biology of Social Insects. Proc 10th Int Cong IUSSI, Munich 1986. D-München: Verlag J. Peperny
Billen J (1987b) New structural aspects of the Dufour's and venom glands in social insects. Naturwissenschaften 74:340–341
Billen J (1990) The sting bulb gland inMyrmecia andNothomyrmecia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a new exocrine gland in ants. Int J Insect Morphol Embryol 19:133–139
Billen JPJ, Evershed RP, Attygalle AB, Morgan ED, Ollett DG (1986) Contents of Dufour glands of workers of three species ofTetramorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J Chem Ecol 12:669–685
Billen JPJ, Jackson BD, Morgan ED (1988a) Secretion of the Dufour gland of the antNothomyrmecia macrops (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Experientia 44:715–719
Billen JPJ, Jackson BD, Morgan ED (1988b) The contents of the pygidial gland of the primitive antNothomyrmecia macrops (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Experientia 44:794–797
Birch AJ, Chamberlain KB, Moore BP, Powell VW (1970) Termite attractants inSantalum spicatum. Aust J Chem 23:2337–2341
Blum MS (1981) Chemical Defenses of Arthropods. New York, London: Academic Press
Blum MS (1987) Biosynthesis of arthropod exocrine compounds. Annu Rev Entomol 32:381–413
Blum MS, Hermann HR (1987a) Venoms and venom apparatuses of the Formicidae: Myrmeciinae, Ponerinae, Dorylinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, Myrmicinae, and Formicinae. Pp 801–869in Bettini S (ed.) Arthropod Venoms. Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie. Vol. 48, New Series. Berlin: Springer
Blum MS, Hermann HR (1978b) Venoms and venom apparatuses of the Formicidae: Dolichoderinae and Aneuretinae. Pp 871–894in Bettini S (ed.) Arthropod Venoms. Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie. Vol 48, New Series. Berlin: Springer
Blum MS, Crewe RM, Kerr WE, Keith LH, Garrison AW, Walker MM (1970) Citral in stingless bees: isolation and functions in trail-laying and robbing. J Insect Physiol 16:1637–1648
Boeckh J (1984) Neurophysiological aspects of insect olfaction. Pp 83–104in Lewis T (ed.) Insect Communication. London: Academic Press
Bonavita-Cougourdan A, Clément JL, Lange C (1987) Nestmate recognition: the role of cuticular hydrocarbons in the antCamponotus vagus Scop. J Entomol Sci 22:1–10
Bonnet C (1779) Observation XLIII. Sur un procédé des Fourmis. Pp 535–536in Oeuvres d'Histoire Naturelle et de Philosophie. Vol 1. Neuchatel: Imprimerie de Samuel Fauche
Boppré M, Malcolm SB (1990) Chemoecology — a new journal. Chemoecology 1:1–2
Bowman RL, Karmen A (1958) A micro sample introduction system for gas chromatography. Nature 182:1233–1234
Bradshaw JWS, Howse PE (1984) Sociochemicals of ants. Pp 429–473in Bell WJ, Cardé RT (eds) Chemical Ecology of Insects. London: Chapman and Hall
Bradshaw JWS, Baker R, Howse PE (1975) Multicomponent alarm pheromones of the weaver ant. Nature 258:230–231
Bradshaw JWS, Baker R, Howse PE (1979) Multicomponent alarm pheromones in the mandibular glands of major workers of the African weaver ant,Oecophylla longinoda. Physiol Entomol 4:15–25
Brand JM, Fales HM, Sokoloski EA, MacConnell JG, Blum MS, Duffield RM (1973) Identification of mellein in the mandibular gland secretions of carpenter ants. Life Sciences 13:201–211
Brand JM, Blum MS, Lloyd HA, Fletcher DJC (1974) Monoterpene hydrocarbons in the poison gland secretion of the antMyrmicaria natalensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 67:525–526
Brian MV, Blum MS (1969) The influence ofMyrmica queen head extracts on larval growth. J Insect Physiol 15:2213–2223
Bridges JR, Guinn FH (1980) A solid injection technique for studying bark beetle pheromones. Z Angew Entomol 89:54–57
Briggs GG, Cayley GR, Dawson GW, Griffiths DC, Macaulay EDM, Pickett JA, Pile MM, Wadhams LJ, Woodcock CM (1986). Some fluorine-containing pheromone analogues. Pestic Sci 17:441–448
Brown WL Jr (1968) An hypothesis concerning the function of the metapleural glands in ants. Amer Nat 102:188–191
Brown WV, Moore BP (1979) Volatile secretory products of an Australian formicine ant of the genusCalomyrex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insect Biochem 9:451–460
Burger BV, Munro Z, Röth M, Spies HSC, Truter V, Geertsema H, Habich A (1985) Constituents of osmeterial secretion of pre-final instar larvae of citrus swallowtail,Papilio demodocus (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). J Chem Ecol 11:1093–1113
Buschinger A (1972) Gifdrüsensekret als Sexualpheromon bei der AmeiseHarpagoxenus sublaevis. Naturwissenschaften 59:313–314
Buschinger A (1975) Sexual pheromones in ants. Pp 225–233in Noirot C, Howse PE, Le Masne G (eds) Pheromones and Defensive Secretions in Social Insects. Proc Symp IUSSI, Dijon. Dijon: Imprimerie de l'Université
Butler CG, Callow RK, Johnston NC (1962) The isolation and synthesis of queen substance, 9-oxodec-trans-2-enoic acid, a honeybee pheromone. Proc R Soc Lond B 155:417–432
Cammaerts M-C, Morgan ED, Tyler R (1977) Territorial marking in the antMyrmica rubra L. (Formicidae). Biol Behav 2:263–272
Cammaerts M-C, Inwood MR, Morgan ED, Parry K, Tyler RC (1978) Comparative study of the pheromones emitted by workers of the antsMyrmica rubra andMyrmica scabrinodis. J Insect Physiol 24:207–214
Cammaerts M-C, Evershed RP, Morgan ED (1981) Comparative study of the Dufour gland secretions of workers of four species ofMyrmica ants. J Insect Physiol 27:59–65
Carthy JD (1950) Odour trails ofAcanthomyops fuliginosus. Nature 166:154
Cavill GWK (1960) The cyclopentanoid monoterpenes. Rev Pure Appl Chem 10:169–183
Cavill GWK (1969) Insect terpenoids and nepetalactone. Pp 203–238in Taylor WI, Battersby AR (eds) Cyclopentanoid Terpene Derivatives. New York: Marcel Dekker
Cavill GWK, Clark DV (1971) Ant secretions and cantharidin. Pp 271–305in Jacobson M, Crosby DG (eds) Naturally Occurring Insecticides. New York: Marcel Dekker
Cavill GWK, Robertson PL, Davies NE (1979) An Argentine ant aggregation factor. Experientia 35:989–990
Cavill GWK, Davies NW, McDonald FJ (1980) Characterization of aggregation factors and associated compounds from the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis. J Chem Ecol 6:371–384
Clark KJ, Fray GI, Jaeger RH, Robinson R (1958) Eine Synthese des D- und L-iso-iridomyrmecins. Angew Chem 70:704
Clark KJ, Fray GI, Jaeger RH, Robinson R (1959) Synthesis of D-and L-isoiridomyrmecin and related compounds. Tetrahedron 6:217–224
Cox MF, Brophy JJ, Toia RF (1989) Chemotaxonomy of the Australian Dolichoderinae: volatile constituents ofIridomyrmex discors. J Nat Prod 52:75–80
Cross JH, Byler RC, Ravid U, Silverstein RM, Robinson SW, Baker PM, de Oliveira JS, Jutsum AR, Cherrett JM (1979) The major component of the trail pheromone of the leaf-cutting ant,Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel: 3-ethyl2,5-dimethylpyrazine. J Chem Ecol 5:187–203
Cross JH, West JR, Silverstein RM, Jutsum AR, Cherrett JM (1982) Trail pheromone of the leaf-cutting ant,Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich), (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). J Chem Ecol 8:1119–1124
Daloze D, Braekman JC, Vanhecke P, Boevé JL, Pasteels JM (1987) Long chain electrophilic contact poisons from the Dufour's gland of the antCrematogaster scutellaris (Hymenoptera, Myrmicinae). Can J Chem 65:432–436
Dettner K, Schwinger G, Wunderle P (1985) Sticky secretion from two pairs of defensive glands of rove beetleDeleaster dichrous (Grav.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Gland morphology, chemical constituents, defensive functions, and chemotaxonomy. J Chem Ecol 11:859–883
Dufour L (1834) Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur les orthoptères, les hyménoptères et les névroptères. Mémoires présentés par divers savants a l'Académie Royale des Sciences de l'Institute de France, et imprimé par son ordre: Sciences Mathématiques et Physiques 7:265–647 (Printed in 1841 at Paris: Imprimerie Royale)
Edwards JP, Chambers J (1984) Identifiation and source of a queen-specific chemical in the pharaoh's ant,Monomorium pharaonis (L.). J Chem Ecol 10:1731–1747
Evershed RP (1988) Insect olfaction and molecular structure. Pp 1–33in Morgan ED, Mandava NB (eds) Handbook of Natural Pesticides. Volume 4A. Pheromones. Boca Raton/FL: CRC Press
Evershed RP, Morgan ED (1983) The amounts of trail pheromone substances in the venom of workers of four species of attine ants. Insect Biochem 13:469–474
Evershed RP, Morgan ED, Cammaerts M-C (1981) Identification of the trail pheromone of the antMyrmica rubra L., and related speces. Naturwissenschaften 67:374–375
Evershed RP, Morgan ED, Cammaerts M-C (1982) 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, the trail pheromone from the venom gland of eight species ofMyrmica ants. Insect Biochem 12:383–391
Ferkovich SM, Oliver JE, Dillard C (1982) Pheromone hydrolysis by cuticular and interior esterases of the antennae, legs, and wings of the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). J Chem Ecol 8:859–866
Fletcher DJC, Brand JM (1968) Source of the trail pheromone and method of trail laying in the antCrematogaster peringueyi. J Insect Physiol 14:783–788
Forbes J, McFarlane AM (1961) The comparative anatomy of digestive glands in the female castes and the male ofCamponotus pennsylvanicus DeGeer (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). J New York Entomol Soc 69:92–103
Francke W (1984) Acetogenins in systems of chemical communication. Nova Acta Regiae Soc Sci Ups Serie V: C 3:119–126
Francke W (1988) Identification and synthesis of new pheromones. Agric Ecosystems Environ 21:21–30
Francke W, Schröder W, Engels E, Engels W (1983) Variation in cephalic volatile substances in relation to worker age and behavior in the stingless bee,Scaptotrigona postica. Z Naturforsch 28c:1066–1068
Freeman RR (1981) High Resolution Gas Chromatography. 2nd ed. Hewlett-Packard
Frerot B, Gallois M, Lettere M, Einhorn J, Michelot D, Descoins C (1982) Sex pheromone ofPandemis heparana (Den. and Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J Chem Ecol 8:663–670
Goetsch W (1934) Untersuchungen über die Zusammenarbeit im Ameisenstaat. Z Morphol Ökol Tiere 28:319–401
Golub MA, Weatherston I (1984) Techniques for extracting and collecting sex pheromones from live insects and from artificial sources. Pp 223–285in Hummel HE, Miller TA (eds) Techniques in Pheromone Research. New York, Berlin: Springer Verlag
Grace JK, Wood DL, Frankie GW (1988) Trail-following behavior ofReticulitermes hesperus Banks (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). J Chem Ecol 14:653–667
Hadley NF (1980) Surface waxes and integumentary permeability. Amer Sci 68:546–553
Happ GM, Meinwald J (1965) Biosynthesis of arthropod secretions. I. Monoterpene synthesis in an ant (Acanthomyops claviger). J Am Chem Soc 87:2507–2508
Harborne JB (1986) Recent advances in chemical ecology. Nat Prod Rep 3:323–344
Haverty MI, Page M, Nelson LJ, Blomquist GJ (1988) Cuticular hydrocarbons of dampwood termites,Zootermopsis: intra- and intercolony variation and potential as taxonomic characters. J Chem Ecol 14:1035–1058
Hayashi N, Komae H (1977) The trail and alarm pheromones of the ant,Pristomyrmex pungens Mayr. Experientia 33:424–425
Heath RR, Tumlinson JH (1984) Techniques for purifying, analyzing and identifying pheromones. Pp 287–322in Hummel HE, Miller TA (eds) Techniques in Pheromone Research. New York, Berlin: Springer Verlag
Hedges S (1989) Ant antibody fights fungal infections in humans. New Sci 124 (1691):31
Hefetz A, Blum MS (1978a) Biosynthesis of formic acid by the poison glands of formicine ants. Biochim Biophys Acta 543:484–496
Hefetz A, Blum MS (1978b) Biosynthesis and accumulation of formic acid in the poison gland of the carpenter antCamponotus pennsylvanicus. Science 201:454–455
Hefetz A, Orion T (1982) Pheromones of ants of Israel: I. The alarm-defense system of some larger Formicinae. Israel J Entomol 16:87–97
Hermann HR, Blum MS (1968) The hymenopterous poison apparatus. VI.Camponotus pennsylvanicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche 75:216–227
Hermann HR, Blum MS (1981) Defensive mechanisms in the social Hymenoptera. Pp 77–197in Hermann HR (ed.) Social Insects. Vol II. New York: Academic Press
Hölldobler B (1971) Sex pheromone in the antZenomyrmex floridanus. J Insect Physiol 17:1497–1499
Hölldobler B (1976) The behavioral ecology of mating in harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae:Pogonomyrmex). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1:405–423
Hölldobler B (1981) Trail communication in the dacetine antOrectognathus versicolor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche 88:245–257
Hölldobler B, Bartz SH (1985) Sociobiology of reproduction in ants. Pp 237–257in Hölldobler B, Lindauer M (eds) Experimental Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. Fortschritte der Zoologie. Vol 31. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag
Hölldobler B, Carlin NF (1987) Anonymity and specificity in the chemical communication signals of social insects. J Comp Physiol A 161:567–581
Hölldobler B, Engel H (1978) Tergal and sternal glands in ants. Psyche 85:285–330
Hölldobler B, Engel-Siegel H (1982) Tergal and sternal glands in male ants. Psyche 89:113–132
Hölldobler B, Engel-Siegel H (1984) On the metapleural gland of ants. Psyche 91:201–224
Hölldobler B, Haskins CP (1977) Sexual calling behavior in primitive ants. Science 195:793–794
Hölldobler B, Maschwitz U (1965) Der Hochzeitsschwarm der RossameiseCamponotus herculeanus L. (Hym. Formicidae). Z Vergl Physiol 50:551–568
Hölldobler B, Traniello J (1980a) Tandem running pheromone in ponerine ants. Naturwissenschaften 67:360
Hölldobler B, Traniello JFA (1980b) The pygidial gland and chemical recruitment communication inPachycondyla (=Termitopone)laevigata. J Chem Ecol 6:883–893
Hölldobler B, Wilson EO (1977) Colony-specific territorial pheromone in the African weaver antOecophylla longinoda (Latreille). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:2072–2075
Hölldobler B, Wilson EO (1978) The multiple recruitment systems of the African weaver antOecophylla longinoda (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 3:19–60
Hölldobler B, Wilson EO (1990) The Ants. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Hölldobler B, Wüst M (1973) Ein Sexualpheromon bei der PharaoameiseMonomorium pharaonis (L.). Z Tierpsychol 32:1–9
Howard RW, Blomquist GJ (1982) Chemical ecology and biochemistry of insect hydrocarbons. Annu Rev Entomol 27:149–172
Howse PE, Bradshaw JWS (1980) Chemical systematics of social insects with particular reference to ants and termites. Pp 71–90in Bisby FA, Vaughan JG, Wright CA (eds) Systematics Association Special Volume No 16 Chemosystematics: Principles and Practice. London, New York: Academic Press
Huwyler S, Grob K, Viscontini M (1975) The trail pheromone of the ant,Lasius fuliginosus: identification of six components. J Insect Physiol 21:299–304
Isman MB (1989) Insect chemical ecology: Introduction. Experientia 45:213–215
Jackson BD (1991) Chemical Studies of Volatiles from Exocrine Glands of Ants. PhD Thesis, University of Keele
Jackson BD, Wright PJ, Morgan ED (1989a) 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, a component of the trail pheromone of the antMessor bouvieri. Experientia 45:487–489
Jackson BD, Morgan ED, Collingwood CA (1989b) The chemical secretions ofMyrmica specioides Bondroit andMyrmica gallieni Bondroit (Myrmicinae). Actes Coll Insectes Soc 5:315–321
Jackson BD, Billen JPJ, Morgan ED (1989c) Dufour gland contents of three species ofMyrmecia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), primitive ants of Australia. J Chem Ecol 15:2191–2205
Jackson BD, Keegans SJ, Morgan ED, Cammaerts M-C, Cammaerts R (1990a) Trail pheromone of the antTetramorium meridionale. Naturwissenschaften 77:294–296 & 452
Jackson BD, Cammaerts M-C, Morgan ED, Attygalle AB (1990b) Chemical and behavioral studies on Dufour gland contents ofManica rubida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J Chem Ecol 16:827–840
Jackson BD, Morgan ED, Billen JPJ (1990c) Contents of the pygidial gland of the antMyrmecia nigriceps. Naturwissenschaften 77:187–188
Jackson BD, Morgan ED, Billen JPJ (1990d) A note on pygidial glands of primitive Australian ants: a new source of odorous chemicals. Pp 335–341in McCaffery AR, Wilson ID (eds) Chromatography and Isolation of Insect Hormones and Pheromones. New York, London: Plenum Press
Jackson BD, Keegans SJ, Morgan ED, Clark WH, Blom PE (1991a) Chemotaxonomic study of undescribed species ofMyrmica ant from Idaho. J Chem Ecol 17:335–342
Jackson BD, Wright PJ, Morgan ED (1991b) Chemistry and trail following of a harvester ant. Pp 109–112in Hrdy I (ed.) Insect Chemical Ecology. Proc Conf Tábor 1990. Prague: Academia; The Hague: SPB Acad Publ
Jaffé K, Puche H (1984) Colony-specific territorial marking with the metapleural gland secretion in the antSolenopsis geminata (Fabr.). J Insect Physiol 30:265–270
Jaffé K, Bazire-Benazét M, Howse PE (1979) An integumentary pheromone-secreting gland inAtta sp: territorial marking with a colony-specific pheromone inAtta cephalotes. J Insect Physiol 25:833–839
Jessen K, Maschwitz U (1985) Individual specific trails in the antPachycondyla tesserinoda (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Naturwissenschaften 72:549–550
Johnson S, Morgan ED, Wilson ID, Spraul M, Hofmann M (1994) Photo-isomerization of azadirachtin studied by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-field proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1: in press
Jones TH, Blum MS, Escoubas P, Ali TMM (1989) Novel pyrrolidines in the venom of the antMonomorium indicum. J Nat Prod 52:779–784
Kaib M, Dittebrand H (1990) The poison gland of the antMyrmicaria eumenoides and its role in recruitment communication. Chemoecology 1:3–11
Karasek FW, Clement RE (1988) Basic Gas Chromatography — Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier
Karlson P, Butenandt A (1959) Pheromones (ectohormones) in insects. Annu Rev Entomol 4:39–58
Karlson P, Lüscher M (1959) ‘Pheromones’: a new term for a class of biologically active substances. Nature 183:55–56
Kováts E sz (1965) Gas chromatographic characterization of organic substances in the retention index system. Adv Chromatogr 1:229–247
Kugler C (1979) Alarm and defense: a function of the pygidial gland of the myrmicine ant,Pheidole biconstricta. Ann Entomol Soc Am 72:532–536
Lavine BK, Carlson DA, Henry D, Jurs PC (1988) Taxonomy based on chemical constitution: differentiation of Africanized honey-bees from European honey-bees. J Chemomet 2:29–37
Law JH, Regnier FE (1971) Pheromones. Annu Rev Biochem 40:533–548
Law JH, Wilson WO, McCloskey JA (1965) Biochemical polymorphism in ants. Science 149:544–546
Lemaire M, Lange C, Bazire M, Cassier P, Clément JL, Escoubas P, Basselier JJ (1988) Alkaloid venom of European ants in the genusMonomorium: site of synthesis, identification and quantification. Exper Biol 48:27–40
Leuthold RH (1968) A tibial gland scent-trail and trail-laying behavior in the antCrematogaster ashmeadi Mayr. Psyche 75:233–248
Lewis T (1984) The elements and frontiers of insect communication. Pp 1–27in Lewis T (ed.) Insect Communication. London: Academic Press
Lloyd HA, Blum MS, Snelling RR, Evans SL (1989) Chemistry of mandibular and Dufour's gland secretions of ants in genusMyrmecocystus. J Chem Ecol 15:2589–2599
Löfqvist J (1976) Formic acid and saturated hydrocarbons as alarm pheromones for the antFormica rufa. J Insect Physiol 22:1331–1346
Löfqvist J, Bergström G (1980) Volatile communication substances in Dufour's gland of virgin females and old queens of the antFormica polyctena. J Chem Ecol 6:309–320
Longhurst C, Howse PE (1979) Some aspects of the biology of the males ofMegaponera fœtens (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidæ). Insectes Sociaux 26:85–91
Longhurst C, Baker R, Howse PE (1980) A multicomponent mandibular gland secretion in the ponerine antBothroponera soror (Emery). J Insect Physiol 26:551–555
Lovett JV, Ryuntyu MY, Liu DL (1989) Allelopathy, chemical communication, and plant defense. J Chem Ecol 15:1193–1202
Markin GP (1970) Food distribution within laboratory colonies of the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr). Insectes Sociaux 17:127–157
Marler P (1977) The evolution of communication. Pp 45–70in Sebeok TA (ed.) How Animals Communicate. Bloomington, London: Indiana University Press
Maschwitz UW (1964) Alarm substances and alarm behaviour in social Hymenoptera. Nature 204:324–327
Maschwitz U, Koob K, Schildknecht H (1970) Ein Beitrag zur Funktion der Metathoracaldrüse der Ameisen. J Insect Physiol 16:387–404
Maschwitz U, Lenz A, Buschinger A (1986a) Individual specific trails in the antLeptothorax affinis (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Experientia 42:1173–1174
Maschwitz U, Jessen K, Knecht S (1986b) Tandem recruitment and trail laying in the ponerine antDiacamma rugosum: signal analysis. Ethology 71:30–41
May RM (1989) An inordinate fondness for ants. Nature 341:386–387
McGurk DJ, Frost J, Eisenbraun EJ, Vick K, Drew WA, Young J (1966) Volatile compounds in ants: identification of 4-methyl-3-heptanone fromPogonomyrmex ants. J Insect Physiol 12:1435–1441
Meinwald J, Wiemer DF, Hölldobler B (1983) Pygidial gland secretions of the ponerine antRhytidoponera metallica. Naturwissenschaften 70:46–47
Message GM (1984) Practical Aspects of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. London, New York: John Wiley & Sons
Moens N, Billen J, Jackson BD, Morgan ED (1990) Evolution ontogénétique chimique de la glande mandibulaire deFormica sanguinea (Latr.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Actes Coll Insectes Soc 6:173–177
Möglich M, Maschwitz U, Hölldobler B (1974) Tandem calling: a new kind of signal in ant communication. Science 186:1046–1047
Morgan ED (1990) Preparation of small-scale samples from insects for chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 236:227–235
Morgan ED, Mandava NB (1988) Handbook of Natural Pesticides. Volume IV(A&B). Pheromones. Boca Raton/FL: CRC Press
Morgan ED, Ollett DG (1987) Methyl 6-methylsalicylate, trail pheromone of the antTetramorium impurum. Naturwissenschaften 74:596–597
Morgan ED, Tyler RC (1977) Microchemical methods for the identification of volatile pheromones. J Chromatogr 134:174–177
Morgan ED, Wadhams LJ (1972) Gas chromatography of volatile compounds in small samples of biological materials. J Chromatogr Sci 10:528–529
Morgan ED, Jackson BD, Cammaerts MC (1989) Chemical studies on the contents of the Dufour gland ofManica rubida (Myrmicinae). Actes Coll Insectes Soc 5:307–313
Morgan ED, Jackson BD, Ollett DG, Sales GW (1990) Trail pheromone of the antTetramorium impurum and model compounds: structure-activity comparisons. J Chem Ecol 16:3493–3510
Morse D, Meighen E (1987) Pheromone biosynthesis: enzymatic studies in Lepidoptera. Pp 121–158in Prestwich GD, Blomquist GJ (eds) Pheromone Biochemistry. Orlando/FL: Academic Press
Müller DG, Jaenicke L, Donike M, Akintobi T (1971) Sex attractant in a brown alga: chemical structure. Science 171:815–817
Nordlund DA, Lewis WJ (1976) Terminology of chemical releasing stimuli in intraspecific and interspecific interactions. J Chem Ecol 2:211–220
Ollett DG (1989) Development and Usage of Micro-chemical Methods for the Investigation of Ant Pheromones. PhD Thesis, University of Keele
Olubajo O, Duffield RM, Wheeler JW (1980) 4-Heptanone in the mandibular gland secretion of the nearctic ant,Zacryptocerus varians (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 73:93–94
Osman MFH, Brander J (1961) Weitere Beiträge zur Kenntnis der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Giftes von Ameisen aus der GattungFormica. Z Naturforsch 16b:749–753
Pasteels JM, Verhaeghe J-C (1974) Dosage biologique de la phéromone de piste chez les fourrageuses et les reines deMyrmica rubra. Insectes Sociaux 21:167–180
Pasteels JM, Crewe RM. Blum MS (1970) Etude histologique et examen au microscope électronique à balayage de la glande sécrétant la phéromone de piste chez deuxCrematogaster nordaméricains (Formicidae, Myrmicinae). CR Acad Sci Paris D 271:835–838
Pasteels JM, Verhaeghe JC, Braekman JC, Daloze D, Tursch B (1980) Caste-dependent pheromones in the head of the antTetramorium caespitum. J Chem Ecol 6:467–472
Pasteels JM, Daloze D, Boeve JL (1989) Aldehydic contact poisons and alarm pheromone of the antCrematogaster scutellaris (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae): enzyme-mediated production from acetate precursors. J Chem Ecol 15:1501–1511
Pavan M (1949) Richerche sugli antibiotici di origine animale: nota riassuntiva. Ric Sci 19:1011–1017
Pavan M (1950) Potere insetticida della “iridomirmecina” e significato della sostanza nella biologia diIridomyrmex humilis Mayr (Formica argentina). Ric Sci 20:1853–1855
Pavan M (1955) Studi sui Formicidae. I. Contributo alla conoscenza degli organi gastrali dei Dolichoderinae. Natura (Milano) 46:135–145
Peakall R, Beattie AJ, James SH (1987) Pseudocopulation of an orchid by male ants: a test of two hypotheses accounting for the rarity of ant pollination. Oecologia 73:522–524
Percy JE, Weatherston J (1974) Gland structure and pheromone production in insects. Pp 11–34in Birch MC (ed.) Pheromones. Amsterdam: North Holland
Percy-Cunningham JE, MacDonald JA (1987) Biology and ultrastructure of sex pheromone-producing glands. Pp 27–75in Prestwich GD, Blomquist GJ (eds) Pheromone Biochemistry. Orlando/FL: Academic Press
Peregrine DJ, Mudd A, Cherrett JM (1973) Anatomy and preliminary chemical analysis of the post-pharyngeal glands of the leaf-cutting ant,Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich.) (Hym., Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux 20:355–363
Peterson SC (1988) Chemical trail marking and following by caterpillars ofMalacosoma neustria. J Chem Ecol 14:815–824
Pickett JA, Dawson GW, Griffiths DC, Liu X, Macaulay EDM, Woodcock CM (1984) Propheromones: an approach to the slow release of pheromones. Pestic Sci 15:261–264
Piek T (1986) Historical introduction. Pp 1–16in Piek T (ed.) Venoms of the Hymenoptera: Biochemical, Pharmacological and Behavioural Aspects. London: Academic Press
Prestwich GD (1987) Chemical studies of pheromone reception and catabolism. Pp 473–527in Prestwich GD, Blomquist GJ (eds) Pheromone Biochemistry. Orlando/FL: Academic Press
Prokopy RJ, Rothberg BD, Averill AL (1984) Resource partitioning. Pp 301–330in Bell WJ, Cardé RT (eds) Chemical Ecology of Insects. London, New York: Chapman and Hall
Regnier FE, Wilson EO (1971) Chemical communication and “propaganda” in slave-maker ants. Science 172:267–269
Riley RG, Silverstein RM, Moser JC (1974a) Biological responses ofAtta texana to its alarm pheromone and the enantiomer of the pheromone. Science 183:760–762
Riley RG, Silverstein RM, Carroll B, Carroll R (1974b) Methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate: a volatile trail pheromone from the leaf-cutting ant,Atta cephalotes. J Insect Physiol 20:651–654
Ritter FJ, Rotgans IEM, Talman E, Verwiel PEJ, Stein F (1973) 5-Methyl-3-butyl-octahydroindolizine, a novel type of pheromone attractive to pharaoh's ants (Monomorium pharaonis (L.). Experientia 29:530–531
Ritter FJ, Brüggemann-Rotgans IEM, Verkuil E, Persoons CJ (1975) The trail pheromone of the pharaoh's antMonomorium pharaonis: components of the odour trail and their origin. Pp 99–103in Noirot C, Howse PE, Le Masne G (eds) Pheromones and Defensive Secretions in Social Insects. Proc Symp IUSSI, Dijon. Dijon: Imprimerie de l'Université
Ritter FJ, Brüggemann-Rotgans IEM, Verweil PEJ, Persoons CJ, Talman E (1977) Trail pheromone of the pharaoh's ant,Monomorium pharaonis: isolation and identification of faranal, a terpenoid related to juvenile hormone II. Tetrahedron Lett 2617–2618
Roberts DR (1968) Use of the solid sample technique for pine oleoresin gas chromatographic analysis. J Gas Chromatogr 6:126–127
Rocca JR, Tumlinson JH, Glancey BM, Lofgren CS (1983) The queen recognition pheromone ofSolenopsis invicta, preparation of (E)-6-(1-pentenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one. Tetrahedron Lett 24:1889–1892
Roelofs WL (1984) Electroantennogram assays: rapid and convenient screening procedures for pheromones. Pp 131–159in Hummel HE, Miller TA (eds) Techniques in Pheromone Research. New York, Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Roessingh P (1990) Chemical marker from silk ofYponomeuta cagnagellus. J Chem Ecol 16:2203–2216
Sanderson T, Wright PJ (1989) Inhibition of pollen germination by ant secretions. Actes Coll Insectes Soc 5:25–30
Santschi F (1923) Les différentes orientations chez les fourmis. Rev Zool Afr 11:111–143
Schildknecht H (1971) Evolutionary peaks in the defensive chemistry of insects. Endeavour 30:136–141
Schildknecht H (1976) Chemical ecology — a chapter of modern natural products chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 15:214–222
Schildknecht H, Koob K (1970) Plant bioregulators in the metathoracic glands of myrmicine ants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 9:173
Schildknecht H, Koob K (1971) Myrmicacin, the first insect herbicide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 10:124–125
Schmidt JO (1986) Chemistry, pharmacology, and chemical ecology of ant venoms. Pp 425–508in Piek T (ed.) Venoms of the Hymenoptera. London: Academic Press
Schneider D (1957) Elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen von Chemo- und Mechanorezeptoren der Antenne des SeidenspinnersBombyx mori L. Z Vergl Physiol 40:8–41
Schneider D (1964) Insect antennae. Annu Rev Entomol 9:103–122
Schneirla TC (1971) Army Ants: a Study in Social Organization (Topoff HR, ed.). San Francisco: WH Freeman
Senanayake UM, Edwards RA, Lee TH (1976) Simple solid injection method for qualitative and quantitative estimation of essential oils. J Chromatogr 116:468–471
Shorey HH (1973) Behavioral responses to insect pheromones. Annu Rev Entomol 18:349–380
Silverstein RM (1984) Chemistry of insect communication. Pp 105–121in Lewis T (ed.) Insect Communication. London: Academic Press
Silverstein RM (1985) Chiral semiochemicals. Pp 121–140in Acree TE, Soderlund DM (eds) Semiochemistry: Flavors and Pheromones. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter
Slessor KN, Kaminski L-A, King GGS, Winston ML (1990) Semiochemicals of the honeybee queen mandibular glands. J Chem Ecol 16:851–860
Smith PM (1978) Chemical evidence in plant taxonomy. Pp 19–38in Street HE (ed.) Essays in Plant Taxonomy. London: Academic Press
Sonnet PE (1984) Tabulations of selected methods of syntheses that are frequently employed for insect sex pheromones, emphasizing the literature of 1977–1982. Pp 371–403in Hummel HE, Miller TA (eds) Techniques in Pheromone Research. New York, Berlin: Springer Verlag
Sonnet PE, Moser JC (1972) Synthetic analogs of the trail pheromone of the leaf-cutting ant,Atta texana (Buckley). J Agric Food Chem 20:1191–1194
Sonnet PE, Oliver JE (1975) Synthesis of insect trail pheromones: the isomeric 3-butyl-5-methyloctahydroindolizines. J Heterocycl Chem 12:289–294
Spraul M, Hofmann M, Dvortsak P, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID (1993) HPLC coupled to highfield proton NMR spectrometry: application to the urinary metabolites of Ibuprofen. Anal Chem 65:327–330
Ställberg-Stenhagen S (1972) Studies on natural odoriferous compounds. V. Splitter-free all glass intake system for glass capillary gas chromatography of volatile compounds from biological material. Chem Scr 2:97–100
Stenhagen E, Abrahamsson S, McLafferty FW (1974) Registry of Mass Spectral Data. New York, London: John Wiley & Sons
Struble DL, Arn H (1984) Combined gas chromatography and electroantennogram recording of insect olfactory responses. Pp 161–178in Hummel HE, Miller TA (eds) Techniques in Pheromone Research. New York, Berlin: Springer Verlag
Sudd JH (1959) Interaction between ants on a scent trail. Nature 183:1588
Sudd JH, Franks NR (1987) The Behavioural Ecology of Ants. Glasgow, London: Blackie
The Mass Spectrometry Data Centre (1983) Eight Peak Index of Mass Spectra. 3rd ed. Nottingham: The Royal Society of Chemistry
Thompson MJ, Glancey BM, Robbins WE, Lofgren CS, Dutky SR, Kochansky J, Vander Meer RK, Glover AR (1981) Major hydrocarbons of the post-pharyngeal glands of mated queens of the red imported fire antSolenopsis invicta. Lipids 16:485–495
Topoff H, Cover S, Greenberg L, Goodloe L, Sherman P (1988) Colony founding by queens of the obligatory slave-making ant,Polyergus breviceps: the role of the Dufour's gland. Ethology 78:209–218
Traniello JFA (1980) Colony specificity in the trail pheromone of an ant. Naturwissenschaften 67:361–362
Traniello JFA, Hölldobler B (1984) Chemical communication during tandem running inPachycondyla obscuricornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J Chem Ecol 10:783–794
Traniello J, Jayasuriya A (1981a) The sternal gland and recruitment communication in the primitive antAneuretus simoni. Experientia 37:46–47
Traniello JFA, Jayasuriya AK (1981b) Chemical communication in the primitive antAneuretus simoni: the role of the sternal and pygidial glands. J Chem Ecol 7:1023–1033
Tumlinson JH, Silverstein RM, Moser JC, Brownlee RG, Ruth JM (1971) Identification of the trail pheromone of a leaf-cutting ant,Atta texana. Nature 234:348–349
Tumlinson JH, Moser JC, Silverstein RM, Brownlee RG, Ruth JM (1972) A volatile trail pheromone of the leaf-cutting ant,Atta texana. J Insect Physiol 18:809–814
Tumlinson JH, Klein MG, Doolittle RE, Ladd TL, Proveaux AT (1977) Identification of the female Japanese beetle sex pheromone: inhibition of male response by an enantiomer. Science 197:789–792
Vander Meer RK, Glancey BM, Lofgren CS, Glover A, Tumlinson JH, Rocca J (1980) The poison sac of red imported fire ant queens: source of a pheromone attractant. Ann Entomol Soc Am 73:609–612
Vander Meer RK, Williams FD, Lofgren CS (1981) Hydrocarbon components of the trail pheromone of the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta. Tetrahedron Lett 22:1651–1654
Vander Meer RK, Alvarez F, Lofgren CS (1988) Isolation of the trail recruitment pheromone ofSolenopsis invicta. J Chem Ecol 14:825–838
Vander Meer RK, Saliwanchik D, Lavine B (1989) Temporal changes in colony cuticular hydrocarbon patterns ofSolenopsis invicta: implications for nestmate recognition. J Chem Ecol 15:2115–2125
Vander Meer RK, Lofgren CS, Alvarez FM (1990) The orientation inducer pheromone of the fire antSolenopsis invicta. Physiol Entomol 15:483–488
Van Vorhis Key SE, Baker TC (1982a) Trail-following responses of the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr), to a synthetic trail pheromone component and analogs. J Chem Ecol 8:3–14
Van Vorhis Key SE, Baker TC (1982b) Specificity of laboratory trail following by the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr), to (Z)-9-hexadecenal, analogs, and gaster extract. J Chem Ecol 8:1057–1063
Vinson SB, Phillips SA Jr, Williams HJ (1980) The function of the post-pharyngeal glands of the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren. J Insect Physiol 26:645–650
Visser JH, de Jong R (1988) Olfactory coding in the perception of semiochemicals. J Chem Ecol 14:2005–2018
Wadhams LJ (1984) The coupled gas chromatography-single cell recording technique. Pp 179–189in Hummel HE, Miller TA (eds) Techniques in Pheromone Research. New York, Berlin: Springer Verlag
Weatherston J (1967) The chemistry of arthropod defensive substances. Quart Rev 21:287–313
Weatherston J, MacLean W (1974) The occurrence of (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol, a known sex attractant inhibitor, in the abdominal tips of virgin female eastern spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Can Entomol 106:281–284
Wheeler JW, Duffield RM (1988) Pheromones of Hymenoptera and Isoptera. Pp 59–206in Morgan ED, Mandava NB (eds) Handbook of Natural Pesticides. Vol 4B. Pheromones. Boca Raton/FL: CRC Press
Whittaker RH, Feeny PP (1971) Allelochemics: chemical interactions between species. Science 171:757–770
Williams HJ, Strand MR, Vinson SB (1981a) Trail pheromone of the red imported fire antSolenopsis invicta (Buren). Experientia 37:1159–1160
Williams HJ, Strand MR, Vinson SB (1981b) Synthesis and purification of the allofarnesenes. Tetrahedron 37:2763–2767
Wilson EO (1958) A chemical releaser of alarm and digging behavior in the antPogonomyrmex badius (Latreille). Psyche 65:41–51
Wilson EO (1959) Source and possible nature of the odor trail of fire ants. Science 129:643–644
Wilson EO (1962) Chemical communication among workers of the fire antSolenopsis saevissima (Fr. Smith). 1. The organization of mass-foraging. 2. An information analysis of the odour trail. 3. The experimental induction of social responses. Anim Behav 10:134–164
Wilson EO (1963) Pheromones. Sci Amer 208:100–114
Wilson EO (1971) The Insect Societies. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
Wilson EO, Pavan M (1959) Glandular sources and specificity of some chemical releasers of social behavior in dolichoderine ants. Psyche 66:70–76
Wray J (1670) Extract of a letter concerning some un-common observations and experiments made with an acid juice to be found in ants. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 5:2063–2066
Wright CA (1974) Biochemical and Immunological Taxonomy of Animals. London, New York: Academic Press