Bone health in childhood cancer: review of the literature and recommendations for the management of bone health in childhood cancer survivors

Annals of Oncology - Tập 30 - Trang 908-920 - 2019
G. Marcucci1, G. Beltrami2, A. Tamburini3, J.J. Body, C.B. Confavreux4, P. Hadji5, G. Holzer6, D. Kendler7, N. Napoli8,9, D.D. Pierroz10, R. Rizzoli11, M.L. Brandi1
1Bone Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence
2Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Oncology
3Hematology-Oncology Service, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital AOU-Careggi, Florence, Italy
4University of Lyon - INSERM UMR 1033-Lyos — Expert Center for Bone Metastases and Secondary Bone Oncology (CEMOS), Rheumatology Department Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France
5Department of Bone Oncology, Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Nord West Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
6Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
7Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
8Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Roma, Italy
9Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
10International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), Nyon
11Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland

Tài liệu tham khảo

Gatta, 2014, Childhood cancer survival in Europe 1999-2007: results of EUROCARE-5—a population-based study, Lancet Oncol, 15, 35, 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70548-5 Robison, 2014, Survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: life-long risks and responsibilities, Nat Rev Cancer, 14, 61, 10.1038/nrc3634 Poplack, 2014, Childhood cancer survivor care: development of the Passport for Care, Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 11, 740, 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.175 Kremer, 2002, Frequency and risk factors of subclinical cardiotoxicity after anthracycline therapy in children: a systematic review, Ann Oncol, 13, 819, 10.1093/annonc/mdf167 Travis, 2006, The epidemiology of second primary cancers, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15, 2020, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0414 Oeffinger, 2004, Long-term complications following childhood and adolescent cancer: foundations for providing risk-based health care for survivors, CA Cancer J Clin, 54, 208, 10.3322/canjclin.54.4.208 Oeffinger, 2006, Chronic health conditions in adult survivors of childhood cancer, N Engl J Med, 355, 1572, 10.1056/NEJMsa060185 Armstrong, 2014, Aging and risk of severe, disabling, life-threatening, and fatal events in the childhood cancer survivor study, J Clin Oncol, 32, 1218, 10.1200/JCO.2013.51.1055 Kang, 2013, Bone mineral density deficits in childhood cancer survivors: pathophysiology, prevalence, screening, and management, Korean J Pediatr, 56, 60, 10.3345/kjp.2013.56.2.60 Chemaitilly, 2010, Endocrine complications in longterm survivors of childhood cancers, Endocr Relat Cancer, 17, 141, 10.1677/ERC-10-0002 Wilson, 2013, Bone mineral density deficits and fractures in survivors of childhood cancer, Curr Osteoporos Rep, 11, 329, 10.1007/s11914-013-0165-0 Dickerman, 2007, The late effects of childhood cancer therapy, Pediatrics, 119, 554, 10.1542/peds.2006-2826 Pfeilschifter, 2000, Osteoporosis due to cancer treatment: pathogenesis and management, J Clin Oncol, 18, 1570, 10.1200/JCO.2000.18.7.1570 van der Sluis, 2000, Bone mineral density, body composition, and height in long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood, Med Pediatr Oncol, 35, 415, 10.1002/1096-911X(20001001)35:4<415::AID-MPO4>3.0.CO;2-9 Choi, 2013, Factors related to decreased bone mineral density in childhood cancer survivors, J Korean Med Sci, 28, 1632, 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.11.1632 Gurney, 2014, Bone mineral density among long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 61, 1270, 10.1002/pbc.25010 Makitie, 2013, Long-term skeletal consequences of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adult males: a cohort study, Eur J Endocrinol, 168, 281, 10.1530/EJE-12-0702 Joyce, 2011, Association of muscle strength and bone mineral density in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 92, 873, 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.12.039 Marcucci, 2015, Rare causes of osteoporosis, Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab, 12, 151 Atkins, 2004, Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations, BMJ, 328, 1490, 10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1490 Rizzoli, 2010, Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly, Bone, 46, 294, 10.1016/j.bone.2009.10.005 Theintz, 1992, Longitudinal monitoring of bone mass accumulation in healthy adolescents: evidence for a marked reduction after 16 years of age at the levels of lumbar spine and femoral neck in female subjects, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75, 1060 Weaver, 2016, The National Osteoporosis Foundation’s position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and implementation recommendations, Osteoporos Int, 27, 1281, 10.1007/s00198-015-3440-3 Rizzoli, 1999, Determinants of peak bone mass and mechanisms of bone loss, Osteoporos Int, 9, S17, 10.1007/PL00004155 Muszynska-Roslan, 2014, Bone mineral density in pediatric survivors of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, Adv Med Sci, 59, 200, 10.1016/j.advms.2014.02.004 Jackowski, 2009, Peak lean tissue mass accrual precedes changes in bone strength indices at the proximal femur during the pubertal growth spurt, Bone, 44, 1186, 10.1016/j.bone.2009.02.008 Gafni, 2004, Overdiagnosis of osteoporosis in children due to misinterpretation of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), J Pediatr, 144, 253, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.08.054 Ferrari, 2012, Osteoporosis in young adults: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management, Osteoporos Int, 23, 2735, 10.1007/s00198-012-2030-x Crabtree, 2014, Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry interpretation and reporting in children and adolescents: the revised 2013 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions, J Clin Densitom, 17, 225, 10.1016/j.jocd.2014.01.003 Bianchi, 2014, Bone health in children and adolescents with chronic diseases that may affect the skeleton: the 2013 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions, J Clin Densitom, 17, 281, 10.1016/j.jocd.2014.01.005 Zemel, 2009, Revised pediatric reference data for the lateral distal femur measured by Hologic Discovery/Delphi dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, J Clin Densitom, 12, 207, 10.1016/j.jocd.2009.01.005 Wasilewski-Masker, 2008, Bone mineral density deficits in survivors of childhood cancer: long-term follow-up guidelines and review of the literature, Pediatrics, 121, e705, 10.1542/peds.2007-1396 Almeida, 2017, Estrogens and androgens in skeletal physiology and pathophysiology, Physiol Rev, 97, 135, 10.1152/physrev.00033.2015 Chevalley, 2009, Deleterious effect of late menarche on distal tibia microstructure in healthy 20-year-old and premenopausal middle-aged women, J Bone Miner Res, 24, 144, 10.1359/jbmr.080815 Chevalley, 2008, Influence of age at menarche on forearm bone microstructure in healthy young women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93, 2594, 10.1210/jc.2007-2644 Zemel, 2011, Revised reference curves for bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density according to age and sex for black and non-black children: results of the bone mineral density in childhood study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96, 3160, 10.1210/jc.2011-1111 Karasik, 2008, Contribution of gender-specific genetic factors to osteoporosis risk, Ann Hum Genet, 72, 696, 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00447.x Seeman, 2006, Bone quality—the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility, N Engl J Med, 354, 2250, 10.1056/NEJMra053077 Vasikaran, 2011, Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards, Osteoporos Int, 22, 391, 10.1007/s00198-010-1501-1 Atkinson, 2008, Vitamin D status and bone biomarkers in childhood cancer, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 50, 479, 10.1002/pbc.21406 Hoorweg-Nijman, 1999, Bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover in young adult survivors of childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 50, 237, 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00654.x van Leeuwen, 2000, The effect of chemotherapy on the growing skeleton, Cancer Treat Rev, 26, 363, 10.1053/ctrv.2000.0180 Han, 2015, Poor bone health at the end of puberty in childhood cancer survivors, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 62, 1838, 10.1002/pbc.25581 Tillmann, 2002, Male sex and low physical activity are associated with reduced spine bone mineral density in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, J Bone Miner Res, 17, 1073, 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.6.1073 Arikoski, 1999, Alterations in bone turnover and impaired development of bone mineral density in newly diagnosed children with cancer: a 1-year prospective study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 3174, 10.1210/jcem.84.9.5968 Rohani, 2017, Bone mineral density in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 18, 535 Högler, 2007, Incidence of skeletal complications during treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: comparison of fracture risk with the General Practice Research Database, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 48, 21, 10.1002/pbc.20701 Alos, 2012, High incidence of vertebral fractures in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia 12 months after the initiation of therapy, JCO, 30, 2760, 10.1200/JCO.2011.40.4830 Halton, 2009, Advanced vertebral fracture among newly diagnosed children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the Canadian Steroid-Associated Osteoporosis in the Pediatric Population (STOPP) research program, J Bone Miner Res, 24, 1326, 10.1359/jbmr.090202 Rayar, 2012, Predictors of bony morbidity in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 59, 77, 10.1002/pbc.24040 Mostoufi-Moab, 2012, Longitudinal assessment of bone density and structure in childhood survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia without cranial radiation, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97, 3584, 10.1210/jc.2012-2393 Nysom, 2000, Bone mass after allogeneic BMT for childhood leukaemia or lymphoma, Bone Marrow Transplant, 25, 191, 10.1038/sj.bmt.1702131 Luetke, 2014, Osteosarcoma treatment—where do we stand? A state of the art review, Cancer Treat Rev, 40, 523, 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.11.006 Holzer, 2003, Bone mineral density in long-term survivors of highly malignant osteosarcoma, J Bone Joint Surg Br, 85, 231, 10.1302/0301-620X.85B2.13257 Pirker-Frühauf, 2012, Osteoporosis in children and young adults: a late effect after chemotherapy for bone sarcoma, Clin Orthop Relat Res, 470, 2874, 10.1007/s11999-012-2448-7 Lim, 2013, Young age at diagnosis, male sex, and decreased lean mass are risk factors of osteoporosis in long-term survivors of osteosarcoma, J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 35, 54, 10.1097/MPH.0b013e318275193b Yaw, 1999, Pediatric bone tumors, Semin Surg Oncol, 16, 173, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(199903)16:2<173::AID-SSU8>3.0.CO;2-G Hobusch, 2016, Do patients after chondrosarcoma treatment have age-appropriate bone mineral density in the long term?, Clin Orthop Relat Res, 474, 1508, 10.1007/s11999-016-4741-3 Pietila, 2006, Bone mineral density is reduced in brain tumour patients treated in childhood, Acta Paediatr, 95, 1291, 10.1080/08035250600586484 Fletcher, 1997, Effects of pediatric cancer therapy on the musculoskeletal system, Pediatr Radiol, 27, 623, 10.1007/s002470050201 Utriainen, 2017, Skeletal outcome in long-term survivors of childhood high-risk neuroblastoma treated with high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell rescue, Bone Marrow Transplant, 52, 711, 10.1038/bmt.2016.345 Skinner, 2017, Lancet Oncol, 18, e75, 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30026-8 Kantartzis, 2013, Menstrual suppression in the adolescent, J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 26, 132, 10.1016/j.jpag.2012.08.007 Magon, 2011, Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists: expanding vistas, Indian J Endocrinol Metab, 15, 261, 10.4103/2230-8210.85575 Tritos, 2016, Effects of growth hormone on bone, Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci, 138, 193, 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.008 Mazziotti, 2006, Increased prevalence of radiological spinal deformities in adult patients with GH deficiency: influence of GH replacement therapy, J Bone Miner Res, 21, 520, 10.1359/jbmr.060112 Rizzoli, 2015, Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: who to treat with what agent?, Nat Rev Rheumatol, 11, 98, 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.188 Mazziotti, 2006, Trends Endocrinol Metab, 17, 144, 10.1016/j.tem.2006.03.009 van der Sluis, 2008, Osteoporosis in children with cancer, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 50, 474, 10.1002/pbc.21407 Song, 2018, Caring for survivors of childhood cancer: it takes a village, Curr Opin Pediatr, 30, 864, 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000681 Armstrong, 2010, Long-term effects of radiation exposure among adult survivors of childhood cancer: results from the childhood cancer survivor study, Radiat Res, 174, 840, 10.1667/RR1903.1 Sklar, 1995, Chronic neuroendocrinological sequelae of radiation therapy, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 31, 1113, 10.1016/0360-3016(94)00427-M Warner, 1999, Relative osteopenia after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Pediatr Res, 45, 544, 10.1203/00006450-199904010-00014 Vassilopoulou-Sellin, 1999, Osteopenia in young adult survivors of childhood cancer, Med Pediatr Oncol, 32, 272, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-911X(199904)32:4<272::AID-MPO6>3.0.CO;2-G Meacham, 2003, Endocrine late effects of childhood cancer therapy, Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care, 33, 217, 10.1016/S1538-5442(03)00053-1 Kaste, 2004, Bone mineral density and osteonecrosis in survivors of childhood allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, Bone Marrow Transplant, 33, 435, 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704360 Markbreiter, 1989, The effect of radiation on the fracture repair process. A biomechanical evaluation of a closed fracture in a rat model, J Orthop Res, 7, 178, 10.1002/jor.1100070204 Nyaruba, 1998, Bone fragility induced by X-ray irradiation in relation to cortical bone-mineral content, Acta Radiol, 39, 43, 10.1080/02841859809172147 Fidler, 2015, Long-term adverse outcomes in survivors of childhood bone sarcoma: the British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, Br J Cancer, 112, 1857, 10.1038/bjc.2015.159 Balis, 1997, General principles of chemotherapy, 215 Arikoski, 1999, Disturbance in bone turnover in children with a malignancy at completion of chemotherapy, Med Pediatr Oncol, 33, 455, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-911X(199911)33:5<455::AID-MPO4>3.0.CO;2-3 Davies, 2005, Skeletal morbidity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 63, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02263.x Hesseling, 1998, Bone mineral density in long-term survivors of childhood cancer, Int J Cancer Suppl, 11, 44, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(1998)78:11+<44::AID-IJC13>3.0.CO;2-A Crofton, 1998, Effects of intensive chemotherapy on bone and collagen turnover and the growth hormone axis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 3121 Serafino, 1999, Induction of apoptotsis in neoplastic cells by anthracycline antitumor drugs: nuclear and cytoplasmic triggering?, Anticancer Res, 19, 1909 Neglia, 1993, Care and treatment of long-term survivors of childhood cancer, Cancer, 71, 3386, 10.1002/1097-0142(19930515)71:10+<3386::AID-CNCR2820711742>3.0.CO;2-7 Womer, 1996, Ifosfamide and paediatrics: should this marriage be saved?, Eur J Cancer, 32A, 1100, 10.1016/0959-8049(96)00153-0 Loebstein, 1999, Risk factors for long-term outcome of ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity in children, J Clin Pharmacol, 39, 454, 10.1177/009127009903900504 Rossi, 1999, Development of ifosfamideinduced nephrotoxicity: prospective follow-up in 75 patients, Med Pediatr Oncol, 32, 177, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-911X(199903)32:3<177::AID-MPO3>3.0.CO;2-H Mattano, 2003, The skeletal remains: porosis and necrosis of bone in the marrow transplantation setting, Pediatr Transplant, 7, 71, 10.1034/j.1399-3046.7.s3.11.x Children’s Oncology Group. Children’s Oncology Group—The World’s Childhood Cancer Experts: About Us [online]. 2014; http://www.childrensoncologygroup.org/index.php/about. 2003 2003 Landier, 2004, Development of risk-based guidelines for pediatric cancer survivors: the Children’s Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines from the Children’s Oncology Group Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline, JCO, 22, 4979, 10.1200/JCO.2004.11.032 2009, Long-term follow-up care for pediatric cancer survivors, Pediatrics, 123, 906, 10.1542/peds.2008-3688 Choudhary, 2013, Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in survivors of childhood cancer, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 60, 1237, 10.1002/pbc.24403 Othman, 2002, Osteopenia in survivors of Wilms tumor, Int J Oncol, 20, 827 Marinovic, 2005, Improvement in bone mineral density and body composition in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a 1-year prospective study, Pediatrics, 116, e102, 10.1542/peds.2004-1838 Alikasifoglu, 2005, Bone mineral density and serum bone turnover markers in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: comparison of megadose methylprednisolone and conventional-dose prednisolone treatments, Am J Hematol, 80, 113, 10.1002/ajh.20438 Bilariki, 2010, Low bone mineral density and high incidences of fractures and vitamin D deficiency in 52 pediatric cancer survivors, Horm Res Paediatr, 74, 319, 10.1159/000313378 Winzenberg, 2006, Effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in healthy children: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, BMJ, 333, 775., 10.1136/bmj.38950.561400.55 Winzenberg, 2006, Calcium supplementation for improving bone mineral density in children, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 19 Weaver, 2016, Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation, Osteoporos Int, 27, 367, 10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5 Rønne, 2019, Bone mass development in childhood and its association with physical activity and vitamin D levels. The CHAMPS-Study DK, Calcif Tissue Int, 104, 1, 10.1007/s00223-018-0466-5 Neville, 2015, The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency is higher in adult survivors of childhood cancer, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 82, 657, 10.1111/cen.12721 Modan-Moses, 2012, Vitamin D status in pediatric patients with a history of malignancy, Pediatr Res, 72, 620, 10.1038/pr.2012.131 Cohen, 2016, Nutritional interventions for survivors of childhood cancer, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 22 Pludowski, 2018, Vitamin D supplementation guidelines, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 175, 125, 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.021 Jarfelt, 2006, Bone mineral density and bone turnover in young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Eur J Endocrinol, 154, 303, 10.1530/eje.1.02092 Rueegg, 2017, A partially supervised physical activity program for adult and adolescent survivors of childhood cancer (SURfit): study design of a randomized controlled trial [NCT02730767], BMC Cancer, 5, 822., 10.1186/s12885-017-3801-8 MM Hudson, WLandier, S.Bhatia Long-Term Follow-up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers. In Children’s Oncology Group (ed.), Version 2.0; www.survivorshipguidelines.org (24 December 2007, date last accessed). Ward, 2018, Anabolic therapy for the treatment of osteoporosis in childhood, Curr Osteoporos Rep, 16, 269, 10.1007/s11914-018-0434-z Appelman-Dijkstra, 2014, Effects of up to 15 years of recombinant human GH (rhGH) replacement on bone metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD): the Leiden Cohort Study, Clin Endocrinol, 81, 727, 10.1111/cen.12493 Bhasin, 2010, Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 95, 2536, 10.1210/jc.2009-2354 Dohle, 2015 Dwyer, 2015, Hypogonadism in adolescence, Eur J Endocrinol, 173, R15, 10.1530/EJE-14-0947 Morales, 2015, Diagnosis and management of testosterone deficiency syndrome in men: clinical practice guideline, CMAJ, 187, 1369, 10.1503/cmaj.150033 Seftel, 2015, Critical update of the 2010 Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for Male Hypogonadism: a systematic analysis, Mayo Clin Proc, 90, 1104, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.06.002 Watson, 2014, Treatment of hypogonadism in males, Pediatr Endocrinol Rev, 11, 230 Biggin, 2017, Long-term bisphosphonate therapy in osteogenesis imperfecta, Curr Osteoporos Rep, 15, 412, 10.1007/s11914-017-0401-0 Barr, 2002, Osteopenia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a pilot study of amelioration with Pamidronate, Med Pediatr Oncol, 39, 44, 10.1002/mpo.10057 Lethaby, 2007, Bisphosphonate therapy for reduced bone mineral density during treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood and adolescence: a report of preliminary experience, J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 29, 613, 10.1097/MPH.0b013e318142b7a1 Wiernikowski, 2005, Alendronate for steroid-induced osteopenia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: results of a pilot study, J Oncol Pharm Pract, 11, 51, 10.1191/1078155205jp145oa Lee, 2013, Efficacy of pamidronate in children with low bone mineral density during and after chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Blood Res, 48, 99, 10.5045/br.2013.48.2.99 Lim, 2016, Efficacy of pamidronate in pediatric osteosarcoma patients with low bone mineral density, Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 21, 21, 10.6065/apem.2016.21.1.21 Kanis, 2019, Executive summary of European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, Aging Clin Exp Res, 31, 15, 10.1007/s40520-018-1109-4 Tarantino, 2017, Clinical guidelines for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: summary statements and recommendations from the Italian Society for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, J Orthop Traumatol, 18, 3, 10.1007/s10195-017-0474-7 Shaw, 2005, Bisphosphonate treatment of bone disease, Arch Dis Child, 90, 494, 10.1136/adc.2003.036590 Khan, 2017, Case-based review of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) and application of the international recommendations for management from the International Task Force on ONJ, J Clin Densitom, 20, 8, 10.1016/j.jocd.2016.09.005 Boyce, 2017, Denosumab: an emerging therapy in pediatric bone disorders, Curr Osteoporos Rep, 15, 283, 10.1007/s11914-017-0380-1 Cummings, 2018, Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM trial and its extension, J Bone Miner Res, 33, 190, 10.1002/jbmr.3337 Tsourdi, 2017, Discontinuation of Denosumab therapy for osteoporosis: a systematic review and position statement by ECTS, Bone, 105, 11, 10.1016/j.bone.2017.08.003 Geczova, 2015, Avascular necrosis of bone in childhood cancer patients: a possible role of genetic susceptibility, Bratisl Lek Listy, 116, 289 Girard, 2013, Symptomatic osteonecrosis in childhood leukemia survivors: prevalence, risk factors and impact on quality of life in adulthood, Haematologica, 98, 1089, 10.3324/haematol.2012.081265 Li, 2014, Avascular necrosis of bone after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in children and adolescents, Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 20, 587, 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.12.567 Campbell, 2009, Predictors of avascular necrosis of bone in long-term survivors of hematopoietic cell transplantation, Cancer, 115, 4127, 10.1002/cncr.24474 Kunstreich, 2016, Osteonecrosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Haematologica, 101, 1295, 10.3324/haematol.2016.147595 Te Winkel, 2014, Management and treatment of osteonecrosis in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Haematologica, 99, 430, 10.3324/haematol.2013.095562 Kadan-Lottick, 2008, Osteonecrosis in adult survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study, J Clin Oncol, 26, 3038, 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.9088 Haupt, 2018, The ‘Survivorship Passport’ for childhood cancer survivors, Eur J Cancer, 102, 69, 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.07.006 Kremer, 2013, A worldwide collaboration to harmonize guidelines for the long-term follow-up of childhood and young adult cancer survivors: a report from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 60, 543, 10.1002/pbc.24445 Tonorezos, 2018, Models of care for survivors of childhood cancer from across the globe: advancing survivorship care in the next decade, J Clin Oncol, 36, 2223, 10.1200/JCO.2017.76.5180