Review of solar-energy drying systems II: an overview of solar drying technology

McLean KA. Drying and storage of combinable crops. Suffolk Farm Press, 1980

Ekechukwu OV. Experimental studies of integral-type natural-circulation solar-energy tropical crop dryers. Ph.D. thesis. Cranfield Institute of Technology, United Kingdom, 1987

Arinze EA, Schoenau G, Bigsby FW. Solar-energy absorption properties of some agricultural products. ASAE paper, no. 79-3071, 1979

Brooker DB, Bakker-Arkema FW, Hall CW. Drying cereal grains. Westport AVI, 1974

Hall CW. Drying and storage of agricultural crops. Westport AVI, 1980

Norton, 1984, Solar-energy, stimulated open-looped thermosyphonic air heaters, App Energy, 17, 217, 10.1016/0306-2619(84)90034-5

Brenndorfer B, Kennedy L, Bateman COO, Mrema GC, Wereko-Brobby C. Solar dryers—their role in post harvest processing. London: Commonwealth Science Council (Commonwealth Secretriat Publications), 1985

1980, Types of solar agricultural dryers, Sunworld, 4, 181

Othieno H, Grainger W, Twidel JW. Application of small scale solar crop dryers to maize drying in Kenya. Proc 2nd Conf Energy for Rural & Island Communities, Inverness, UK 1981;:377–386

Grainger W, Othieno H, Twidel JW. Small scale solar crop dryers for tropical village use—theory and practical experiences. ISES, Solar World Forum, Brighton, UK, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1981:989–96

Grainger W. Small-scale solar crop dryers for tropical village use. Ph.D thesis. University of Strathclyde, UK, 1982

Othieno H. Multilayer solar air heater and the development of small scale solar maize dryer for village use in Kenya. Ph.D thesis. University of Strathclyde, UK, 1983

Akachukwu, 1986, Solar kiln dryers for timber and agricultural crops, Int J Ambient Energy, 7, 95, 10.1080/01430750.1986.9675484

Moyls, 1986, Evaluation of a solar fruit dryer, Can Agric Engng, 28, 137

Puiggali JR, Varicho B. First prototypes of small fruit and vegetable country solar dryers. In: Mujumdar AS, editors. Drying ’81. Hemisphere, Wash., 1982. p. 208–13

Puiggali JR, Lara MA. Some experiments about small country solar dryers. In: Ashworth JC Editor. Proc 3rd International Symposium on Drying. Birmingham, U.K., 1982

Fohr JP, Figueiredo AR. Fodder drying in barns with aid of ventilated greenhouses. Proc ISES Cong (INTERSOL 85), Montreal, Canada, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985;1043–7

Alam A, Yadar DS, Gupta SK. Solar blower for grain drying and ventilation. Proc ISES Cong New Dlehi, India, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978;2071–4

Shukla, 1984, Drying of maize in freely ventilated crib with solar air heater in Kenya, Trop Agric (Trinidad), 61, 45

Oostuizen PH. 1986. A numerical study of the performance of natural convection solar rice dryers. In: Proc 5th Int Drying Symp. Mujumdar AS, editor. 1986. p. 670–7

Preston EGA, Oostuizen PH, Bassey M. Numerical simulation of a natural convection solar rice dryer. 7th Miami Conf Alternative Energy Sources 1985;:505–508

Iyer RM, Variable parameter transient model of air heater for solar dryers, Proc ISES Cong INTERSOL 85, Montreal, Canada, 1985, 1067–70, See also Iyer RM, Theoretical analysis and performance evaluation of agricultural dryers, Proc Int Symp Thermal Application of Solar Energy, Hakone, Japan, 1985, 547–50

Ibrahim MN, Hansen RW. Natural convection solar grain dryer. ASAE paper, no. 84-3810, 1984

Wieneke F. Bin drying of grain and grass with solar heated air. In: Proc Solar Energy Symp The Utilization of Solar Heat in Industry and Agriculture. Nice, France, 1979. p. 120–33

Ong KS. Solar drying of paddy and timber. In: Proc Solar Energy Symp The Utilization of Solar Heat in Industry and Agriculture. Nice, France, 1979. p. 339–50

Micuta, 1979, The rural use of solar-energy for water heating and crop drying, ICVA News, special report, 88, 11

Clark, 1981, Solar food drying, a rural industry., Renew Energy Rev J, 3, 23

Archuleta R, Berkey J, Williams B. Research on solar food drying at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Progress in passive solar-energy systems Amer Solar Energy Soc Inc 1983;:679–683

Cantania PJ, Wrubleski M. Solar grain drying in Saskatchewan, Canada. ISES Cong, New Delhi, India, abstract no. 0376, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978

International Labour Organisation. Solar drying: practical methods of food preservation. International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland, 1986

Fleming PD, Ekechukwu OV, Norton B, Probert SD. Design, installation and preliminary testing of natural-circulation solar-energy tropical crop dryer. In: Solar drying in Africa—Proc of workshop, Dakar, Senegal: Bassey MW, Schmidt OG, editors. IDRC, Ottawa, Canada, 1987:147–61

Norton B, Fleming PD, Ekechukwu OV. Passive autarkic solar drying techniques. In: Garg HP et al., editors. Physics and Technology of Solar Energy—Proc Int Workshop, New Delhi, India. D. Reidal, Netherlands, 1987. p. 447–66

Fleming PD, Norton B, Ekechukwu OV, Onyegegbu SO, Probert SD. A large-scale facility for experimental studies of natural-ciruclation solar-energy tropical crop dryers. In: Proc Int Drying Symp (Drying ’86). Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., Hemisphere Pub Coy Washington, 1986. p. 685–93

Lawand, 1966, A solar cabinet dryer, Solar Energy, 10, 154, 10.1016/0038-092X(66)90002-8

Lawand TA. A description of two simple solar agricultural dryers. In: Cooperation Mediterraneene pour l’Energie Solair. Bull. no 9, 1965:51–6

Lawand TA. The potential of solar agricultural dryers in developing areas. UNIDO Conf 5, Tech for Solar Energy Utilization, 1977:125–32

Nahlawi M. The drying of yams with solar-energy. Technical report, Brace Research Institute, St James, Barbados, West Indies, 1966;No. T.27

Saulnier, 1976, Survey of solar agricultural dryers, Joint Conf Amer Section ISES & Solar Energy Soc Canada Inc, 17, 7

Anon . How to make solar cabinet dryer for agricultural produce. In: DIY Leaflet. Brace Res Inst Canada, 1965:L6

Bailey, 1965, Some experiments on drying grain by solar radiation, J Agric Engng Res, 10, 191, 10.1016/0021-8634(65)90115-0

Ezekwe CI. Crop drying with solar air heaters in tropical Nigeria. ISES, Solar World Forum, Brighton, UK, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1981:997–1005

Bhatia, 1978, A simple solar fruit dryer for the rural areas, Indian Food Packer, 32, 127

Cheema, 1978, Solar dryers of cashew, banana and pineapple, ISES Conf New Delhi, India, Pergamon Press, Oxford,, 3, 2075

Cheema LS. Solar drying of cassava for alcohol production. ISES Conf New Delhi, India, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978;1040–4

Kilkis B. 1981. Solar-energy assisted crop and fruit drying systems: theory and applications. In: Proc Sem Energy Conserv & Use of Solar and Other Renewable Energies in Bio-industries. Vogt F, editor. 1981. p. 307–333

Wagner, 1979, A low cost, small scale solar dryer for Florida fruits and vegetables, Proc Florida State Hort Soc (U.S.A.), 92, 180

Wagner, 1981, Wind and radiant solar-energy for drying fruits and vegetables, Ann conf Amer Section ISES Philadelphia, U.S.A., 1, 48

Bhatta, 1976, Solar dryer for drying apricots, Res Ind, 21, 188

Umarov, 1978, Features of the drying of fruit and grapes in solar radiation drying apparatus, Appl Solar Energy (Geliotekhnika), 14, 55

Harigopal, 1980, Technology for the villages—solar dryer, Indian Food Packer, 34, 48

Sharma, 1986, Design and performance studies of a solar dryer suitable for rural application, Energy Convers Mgmt, 26, 111, 10.1016/0196-8904(86)90040-3

Harvey WON, Headley OStC, Osuji PO. Simple solar crop dryers for rural areas. In: Proc ISES Cong INTERSOL 85. Montreal, Canada, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. p. 1082–6

Deng JC, Chan KV, Baird CV, Heinis JJ, Perez M, Wu L. Drying seafood product with solar-energy. In: Proc 2nd Int Conf Energy Use Mgmt. Los Angeles, U.S.A., 1979. p. 1884–92

Cura CA, Trim DS. Comparative study of three solar fish dryers. In: Proc FAO Expert Consultation on Fish Tech in Africa. Casablanca, Morocco (FAO Rome, Italy), no 83-32199, 1982

Gustafsson G. Solar assisted grain drying in hot and humid areas. Rapport, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Lund, 1982;20

McDowell J. 1973. Solar drying of crops and foods in humid tropical climates. Carribean Food and Nutrition Institute Report, Kingston, Jamaica. no. CFNL-T-7-73. 1973

Martens RW. A solar dryer applied to a village food processing industry. ADAB News, Bangladesh, 1984:18–23

Garg HP. Solar drying—prospects and retrospects. In: Proc Int Drying Symp Drying ’83. Mujunda AS, editor. Hemisphere, Wash., 1983. p. 353–69

Sharma S, Ray RA, Sharma VK. Comparative study of solar dryers for crop drying. Invent Intell, 1987:105–13

Bairamov R. Solar drying of agricultural products. In: Proc UNESCO/FAO Working Group meeting Solar Drying. Perpegnan, France, 1984. p. 44–48

Sodha MS, Bansal NK, Kumar K, Bansasl PK, Malik MAS. Solar crop drying. 1. West Palm Beach: CRC Press, 1987

Doe, 1977, A polythene tent dryer for improved sun drying of fish, Food Tech Aust, 29, 437

Doe, 1977, Sun powered fish drying, Aust Fish, 36, 24

Doe, 1979, The polyethylene tent fish dryer: a progress report, Energy, Waste & processing—Proc Int Conf Agric Engng in National Dev, Selangor, Malaysia, 79, 250

Sachithananthan K, Trim D, Speirs CI. A solar dome dryer for drying of fish. FAO Fisheries Paper, Rome, Italy, 1983, RAB/81/002/INT/L8

Sadykov, 1982, A year-round double-block greenhouse-dryer, Appl Solar Energy (Geliotekhnica), 18, 69

Shaw, 1981, Solar drying potatoes, Appropriate Technol, 7, 26

Muthuveerappan VR, Ambalavanan G, Kunchithapatham M, Kamaraj G, Ananthanatesan T. Low cost plastic-suction-type-greenhouse grain dryer. In: Proc ISES Cong, INTERSOL 85. Montreal, Canada, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. p. 1077–81

Yang, 1980, Solar kiln performance at latitude 48°N, For Prod J, 3, 37

Price, 1979, Fruit dehydration using greenhouse-like structures as solar heat collectors, Changing Energy Use Futures—Proc 2nd Int conf Energy Use Mgmt, Los Angeles, U.S.A., 4, 1910

Bailey, 1982, Energy savings from solar drying in agriculture, Span, 25, 18

Ghosh BN. A new glass roof dryer for cocoa beans and other crops. In: Proc ISES. Paris, 1973. Paper no. V30

Bolin, 1979, Solar trough dryer, Solar Energy, 22, 455, 10.1016/0038-092X(79)90176-2

Norton, 1993, Integral-type natural-circulation solar dryers, ASSET, 15, 24

Ekechukwu OV, Norton B. Experimental studies of integral-type natural-circulation solar-energy tropical crop dryers. Energy Conv Mgmt. 1997;38(14):1483–1500

Ekechukwu OV, Norton B. Effects of seasonal weather variations on the measured performance of a natural-circulation solar-energy tropical crop dryer. Energy Conv Mgmt. 1998

Ekechukwu OV, Norton B. Review of solar-energy drying systems III—low-temperature solar-energy air-heating collectors. Energy Conv Mgmt. accepted for publication, 1998

Ekechukwu, 1996, Design and measured performance of a solar chimney for natural-circulation solar-energy dryers, Renew Energy, 10, 81, 10.1016/0960-1481(96)00005-5

Exell, 1980, A simple solar rice dryer; basic design theory, Sunworld, 4, 186

Exell, 1980, A basic design theory for a simple solar rice dryer, Renew Energy Rev J, 1, 1

Exell, 1978, A low-cost solar rice dryer, Approp Technol, 5, 23

Kesari JP, Soponronnarit S. The performance of a low-cost solar rice dryer suitable in wet season in Asian countries. ISES Solar World Forum, Brighton, UK, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1981:1018–25

Boothumjinda S, Exell RHB, Rongtawng S, Kaewnikom W. Field tests of solar rice dryers in Thailand. In: Proc ISES Solar World Forum. Perth, Australia (Parkville ISES), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983. p. 1258–63

Exell RHB, Kornsakoo S, Thiratrakoolchair S. A low-cost solar rice dryer for farmers in south east Asia. Agric Mech Asia, 1979:75–8

Exell, 1979, Solar rice dryer, Sunworld, 3, 5

Ayensu, 1986, Solar drying with convective self-flow and energy storage, Solar and Wind Technol, 3, 273, 10.1016/0741-983X(86)90006-8

Roberto, 1984, Solar drying in northern Chile, Solar Wind Tech, 1, 49, 10.1016/0741-983X(84)90033-X

Martosudirjo S, Kurisman, Tarigan I. Improvement of solar drying techniques in post harvest technology—a study of onion drying in Indonesia. In: Proc Inter-Regional Symp Solar Energy for Dev. Tokyo, Japan (Japanese Solar Energy & Tech Assoc), 1979. B-10, p. 1–5

Ekechukwu OV, Iloeje OC, Ezeike GOI. Design, construction and test run of a two-tonne capacity solar rice dryer with rice-husk-fired auxiliary heater. In: Imre L, Bitai A, editors. Proc ISES Solar World Congress 1993—Biennial conf International Solar Energy Society (ISES), Budapest, Hungary. Hungarian Energy Society, 1993. 8, p. 83–9

Bowrey RG, Buckle KA, Hamey I, Pavenayotin P. Use of solar-energy for banana drying. In: Food Technol. Aust, 1980;32(6):290–1

Bassey MW. Design and performance of hybrid crop dryer using solar-energy and sawdust. In: Proc ISES Cong INTERSOL 85. Montreal, Canada, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. p. 1039–42

Huang, 1983, Design and analysis of greenhouse solar systems in agricultural production, Energy in Agric, 2, 115, 10.1016/0167-5826(83)90012-8

Ozisik, 1980, Solar grain drying, Solar Energy, 24, 397, 10.1016/0038-092X(80)90302-3

Huang BK. Effective solar-energy utilization in tobacco production with greenhouse bulk curing solar barn. In: Inf Bull 7th Int Tobacco Sci Congr Manila. Philippines, 1980;14

Huang BK, Bowers CG. Solar-energy utilization using greenhouse bulk curing and drying systems. In: Proc Solar Crop Drying Conf. Raleigh, 1977. p. 117–45

Huang, 1981, Development of greenhouse solar drying of farm crops and processed products, Agric Mech Asia, Africa and Latin America, 12, 47

Huang, 1981, Greenhouse solar system for effective year-round solar-energy utilization in agricultural production, Agric Energy, 1, 152

Alberti P, Serravezza A. Autonomous solar-energy plant for drying of agricultural produce. In: Proc Solar Energy Symp, The Utilization of Solar Heat in Industry and Agric. Nice, France, 1979. p. 143–55

Smith, 1977, Solar process drying of potato products, ISES Amer Sect Annual Conf, Orlando, U.S.A., 1, 32

Singhal OP, Gupta GP. Use of solar-energy for par-boiling and drying of paddy. ISES Conf New Delhi, India, 1978:1958–63

Mclendon, 1980, Solar-energy utilization in alternate grain systems in the southeast, Trans ASAE, 23, 1289, 10.13031/2013.34763

Troeger JM, Butler JL. Simulation of solar peanut drying. ASAE Paper, 1977:77–3537

Baker KD, Foster GH. Low temperature, low air flow solar drying of corn with and without stirring. Solar Grain Drying Conf West Lafayette, Ind. U.S.A., 1978:111–8

Sohns J, Fisch N, Haug A, Tanes Y. Performance of a solar heated drying plant. ISES Solar World Forum, Brighton, UK, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1981;10112–7

Bose SV. Systems approach in the design of commercial solar-energy dryer. In: Proc Solar Energy Symp The Utilization of Solar Heat in Industry and Agriculture. Nice, France, 1979. p. 161–72

Chakraverty A, Das SK. Design and testing of an integrated solar-cum-husk fired paddy dryer of one tonne per day capacity. Int Drying Symp, Drying 86, Cambridge, Mass, U.S.A., 1986:692–702

Akyurt, 1973, A solar dryer supplemented with auxilary heating systems for continuous operation, Solar Energy, 14, 313, 10.1016/0038-092X(73)90098-4

Reddy TA, Pushparaj D, Gupta GL. A design procedure for convective solar dryers. In: Solar Energy Symp, The Utilization of Solar Heat in Industry and Agric. Nice, France, 1979:101–11

Pattanayak S, Sengupta P, Raychaudhuri BC. Continuous solar grain dryer. ISES Conf New Delhi, India 1978;:1449–1452

Taylor, 1985, Simulation of a solar timber dryer, Solar Energy, 34, 249, 10.1016/0038-092X(85)90062-3

Shove GC, Barton GW, Hall MD, Peterson WH. Field studies of solar grain drying. ASAE paper, 1981:81–4037

Kocher MF, Gerald R, Bodman PE, Lay M. Solar grain drying and farrowing house heating with a multi-use collector. ASAE paper, 1981;4554

Muthveerappan VR, Ambalavanan G, Kamarai G. An experimental investigation and heat transfer studies on one ton per day solar paddy dryer and batch drying studies on solar paddy dryer—one ton per day capacity. ISES Congress, New Delhi, India, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978:1952–7

Buelow FH. Drying grains with solar heated air. In: Quarterly Bull, Michigan Agric Exp Station. Mich, U.S.A., 1958;41:421–9

DeBusk KE. Farm owned multi-use solar building, hay, rain shop. ASAE paper, 1983:83–3002

Lambert AL, Harner JP. Results in solar crop drying demonstrations in Virginia. ASAE paper, 1983:83–4541

Imre L, Farkas I, Gemes L. Construction, simulation and control of a complex and integrated agricultural solar drying system. In: International Drying Symp, Drying ’86. Cambridge, Mass. U.S.A., Hemisphere, Wash., 1986:678–84

Buelow FH. Drying crops with solar heated air. In: Proc UN Conf New Sources of Energy. Rome, Italy, 1961. p. 267–72

Trim, 1982, Development of a forced-convection solar dryer for red peppers, Trop Agric (Trinidad), 59, 319

Plumptre, 1979, Simple solar heated timber dryers: design, performance and commercial viability, Commonwealth For Rev, 58, 243

Piacentini RD, Gaspar R, Lara MA, Cortes A. Experiments on solar grain drying in Argentina. In: Proc Solar Energy Symp on The Utilization of Solar Heat in Industry and Agric. Nice, France, 1979. p. 133–8

Bolin, 1978, Solar heated fruit dehydrator, Solar Energy, 20, 281, 10.1016/0038-092X(78)90108-1

Foster GH, Peart RM. Solar grain drying: progress and potential. Agric Info Bull Agric Res Serv in co-operation with Co-operative State Res Serv and State Agric Expt Stations (U.S. Dept of Agric) and U.S. Energy R & D Admin no. 401, 1976

Tschernitz, 1979, Solar-heated forced-air lumber dryer for tropical latitudes, Solar Energy, 22, 563, 10.1016/0038-092X(79)90029-X

Calderwood DL. Solar assisted rice drying in a continuous-flow dryer. ASAE paper, 1981:81–3549

Selcuk, 1974, Development, theoretical analysis and performance evaluation of shelf-type solar dryers, Solar Energy, 16, 81, 10.1016/0038-092X(74)90003-6

Akyurt M, Ozdaglar I, Selcuk MK. A solar dehydrator for orchards. COMPLES Conf, Istanbul, Turkey, 1972

Bern CJ, Patton M, Anderson ME. Intermediate temperature solar corn drying. ASAE paper, 1980:80–3022

Duffie, 1978, The optimization of a solar timber dryer using an adsorbent energy store, Solar Energy, 20, 405, 10.1016/0038-092X(78)90157-3

Maroulis, 1986, Solar heating of air for drying agricultural products, Solar Wind Technol, 3, 127, 10.1016/0741-983X(86)90024-X

Misra, 1982, Solar heat for corn drying under Ohio conditions, Part II. Summer storage of solar heat, Trans ASAE, 25, 459, 10.13031/2013.33555

Burell NJ. Energy storage for grain drying. In: 2nd Int Sem Energy Conserv & Use of Renewable Energies in the Bio-Industries and Agric. Vogt F, editor. 1982;2:137–53

Bern, 1981, Corn drying with solar-dried dessicant, Agric Energy, 1, 89

Fletcher, 1981, Performance of an experimental annual cycle solar regenerated dessicant dryer, Agric Energy, 1, 95

Ko SM, Merrifield DV. Energy-efficient dessicant drying/dehumidifcation using solar or fossil fuel energy. In: Proc 12th Int Solar Energy Convers Engng Conf. Washington, U.S.A., 1977. 1. p. 434–41

Miller, 1983, Energy storage via dessicants for food/agricultural applications, Energy in Agric, 2, 341, 10.1016/0167-5826(83)90029-3