CoVaccine HT™ adjuvant is superior to Freund's adjuvants in eliciting antibodies against the endogenous alarmin HMGB1

Abdulahad, 2011, High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and anti-HMGB1 antibodies and their relation to disease characteristics in systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis Res. Ther., 13, R71, 10.1186/ar3332 Aguzzi, 2014, Follicular dendritic cells: origin, phenotype, and function in health and disease, Trends Immunol., 35, 105, 10.1016/j.it.2013.11.001 Bachmann, 1993, The Influence of Antigen Organization on B Cell Responsiveness, Science, 262, 1448, 10.1126/science.8248784 Billiau, 2001, Modes of action of Freund's adjuvants in experimental models of autoimmune diseases, J. Leukoc. Biol., 70, 849, 10.1189/jlb.70.6.849 Blom, 2004, Sucrose fatty acid sulphate esters as novel vaccine adjuvants: effect of the chemical composition, Vaccine, 23, 743, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.07.021 Bodewes, 2009, The novel adjuvant CoVaccineHT™ increases the immunogenicity of cell-culture derived influenza A/H5N1 vaccine and induces the maturation of murine and human dendritic cells in vitro, Vaccine, 27, 6833, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.015 Bodewes, 2010, A single immunization with CoVaccine HT-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza virus vaccine induces protective cellular and humoral immune responses in ferrets, J. Virol., 84, 7943, 10.1128/JVI.00549-10 Broderson, 1989, A retrospective review of lesions associated with the use of Freund's adjuvant, Lab. Anim. Sci., 39, 400 Brody, 2008, Active and Passive Immunotherapy for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 31, 175, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125529 Buonaguro, 2011, Translating Tumor Antigens into Cancer Vaccines, Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 18, 23, 10.1128/CVI.00286-10 Casadevall, 1996, Antibody-based therapies for emerging infectious diseases, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2, 200, 10.3201/eid0203.960306 Casadevall, 1999, Passive Antibody Therapies: Progress and Continuing Challenges, Clin. Immunol., 93, 5, 10.1006/clim.1999.4768 de Cassan, 2011, The requirement for potent adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of protein vaccines can be overcome by prior immunization with a recombinant adenovirus, J. Immunol., 187, 2602, 10.4049/jimmunol.1101004 Diener, 2013, The multifunctional alarmin HMGB1 with roles in the pathophysiology of sepsis and cancer, Immunol. Cell Biol., 91, 443, 10.1038/icb.2013.25 Draper, 2010, Enhancing blood-stage malaria subunit vaccine immunogenicity in rhesus macaques by combining adenovirus, poxvirus, and protein-in-adjuvant vaccines, J. Immunol., 185, 7583, 10.4049/jimmunol.1001760 Fisher, 2001, Vaccination for Neuroprotection in the Mouse Optic Nerve: Implications for Optic Neuropathies, J. Neurosci., 21, 136, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-01-00136.2001 Fraser, 2007, Improving vaccines by incorporating immunological coadjuvants, Expert Rev. Vaccines, 6, 559, 10.1586/14760584.6.4.559 Frey, 1998, A statistically defined endpoint titer determination method for immunoassays, J. Immunol. Methods, 221, 35, 10.1016/S0022-1759(98)00170-7 Harrison, 2008, Vaccination against self to prevent autoimmune disease: the type 1 diabetes model, Immunol. Cell Biol., 86, 139, 10.1038/sj.icb.7100151 Hauben, 2003, Therapeutic vaccination for spinal cord injury: helping the body to cure itself, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 24, 7, 10.1016/S0165-6147(02)00013-5 Hauben, 2001, Posttraumatic therapeutic vaccination with modified myelin self-antigen prevents complete paralysis while avoiding autoimmune disease, J. Clin. Investig., 108, 591, 10.1172/JCI12837 Hermeling, 2004, Structure-Immunogenicity Relationships of Therapeutic Proteins, Pharm. Res., 21, 897, 10.1023/B:PHAM.0000029275.41323.a6 Hilgers, 2006, Sucrose fatty acid sulphate esters as novel vaccine adjuvant, Vaccine, 24, S81-82 Jennings, 1995, Review of Selected Adjuvants Used in Antibody Production, ILAR J., 37, 119, 10.1093/ilar.37.3.119 Johnston, 1991, An evaluation of several adjuvant emulsion regimens for the production of polyclonal antisera in rabbits, Lab. Anim. Sci., 41, 15 Kazatchkine, 2001, Immunomodulation of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases with Intravenous Immune Globulin, N. Engl. J. Med., 345, 747, 10.1056/NEJMra993360 Keijzer, 2013, Treg Inducing Adjuvants for Therapeutic Vaccination Against Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Front. Immunol., 4, 245, 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00245 Kleinman, 1993, Posterior paresis induced by Freund's adjuvant in guinea pigs, Lab. Anim. Sci., 43, 364 Kusi, 2011, Safety and immunogenicity of multi-antigen AMA1-based vaccines formulated with CoVaccine HT™ and Montanide ISA 51 in rhesus macaques, Malar. J., 10, 182, 10.1186/1475-2875-10-182 Landsman, 1993, A signature for the HMG-1 box DNA-binding proteins, BioEssays, 15, 539, 10.1002/bies.950150807 Leenaars, 1994, Evaluation of several adjuvants as alternatives to the use of Freund's adjuvant in rabbits, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 40, 225, 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90022-1 Liliom, 1991, Quantitative evaluation of indirect ELISA effect of calmodulin antagonists on antibody binding to calmodulin, J. Immunol. Methods, 143, 119, 10.1016/0022-1759(91)90280-S Orosz, 2002, A simple method for the determination of dissociation constants by displacement ELISA, J. Immunol. Methods, 270, 155, 10.1016/S0022-1759(02)00295-8 Pasare, 2004, Toll-like receptors: linking innate and adaptive immunity, Microbes Infect., 6, 1382, 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.08.018 Petrovsky, 2004, Vaccine adjuvants: Current state and future trends, Immunol. Cell Biol., 82, 488, 10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01272.x Schaper, 2014, Recent Developments in the Role of High-Mobility Group Box 1 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Mol. Med., 20, 72, 10.2119/molmed.2014.00019 Schwartz, 2001, Protective autoimmunity: regulation and prospects for vaccination after brain and spinal cord injuries, Trends Mol. Med., 7, 252, 10.1016/S1471-4914(01)01993-1 Sims, 2010, HMGB1 and RAGE in inflammation and cancer, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 28, 367, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132603 Steiner, 1960, The local and systemic effects of Freund's adjuvant and its fractions, Arch. Pathol., 70, 424 Stevens, 2013, An empirical approach towards the efficient and optimal production of influenza-neutralizing ovine polyclonal antibodies demonstrates that the novel adjuvant CoVaccine HT is functionally superior to Freund's adjuvant, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0068895 Stils, 2005, Adjuvants and Antibody Production: Dispelling the Myths Associated with Freund's Complete and Other Adjuvants, ILAR J., 46, 280, 10.1093/ilar.46.3.280 Tallman, 2002, Monoclonal antibody therapies in leukemias, Semin. Hematol., 39, 12, 10.1053/shem.2002.36923 Tang, 1799, High-mobility group box 1 and cancer, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2010, 131 Tolstrup, 2006, Development of recombinant human polyclonal antibodies for the treatment of complex human diseases, Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther., 6, 905, 10.1517/14712598.6.9.905 Yang, 2006, Anti-HMGB1 Neutralizing Antibody Ameliorates Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Improves Survival after Hemorrhagic Shock, Mol. Med., 12, 105, 10.2119/2006-00010.Yang