Morality rebooted: Exploring simple fixes to our moral bugs

Research in Organizational Behavior - Tập 34 - Trang 63-79 - 2014
Ting Zhang1, Francesca Gino1, Max H. Bazerman1
1Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Soldiers Field Road, Boston, MA 02163, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Ainslie, 1992

Aquino, 2009, Moral identity in business situations: A social-cognitive framework for understanding moral functioning

Aquino, 2002, The self-importance of moral identity, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1423, 10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1423

Ariely, 2002, Procrastination, deadline, and performance: Self-control by precommitment, Psychological Science, 13, 219, 10.1111/1467-9280.00441

Ashraf, 2006, Tying Odysseus to the mast: Evidence from a commitment savings product in the Philippines, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121, 635, 10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.635

Ball-Rokeach, 1984

Banaji, 2003, How (un)ethical are you?, Harvard Business Review, 81, 56

Banaji, 2013

Bandura, 1999, Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities, Personality & Social Psychology Review, 3, 193, 10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3

Bandura, 1996, Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 364, 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364

Bateson, 2006, Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting, Biology Letters, 2, 412, 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0509

Batson, 1999, Moral hypocrisy: Appearing moral to oneself without being so, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 525, 10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.525

Bazerman, 2005, Conducting influential research: The need for prescriptive implications, Academy of Management Review, 30, 25, 10.5465/AMR.2005.15281417

Bazerman, 2012, Behavioral ethics: Toward a deeper understanding of moral judgment and dishonesty, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8, 85, 10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173815

Bazerman, 2013, The power of the cognition/emotion distinction for morality, Emotion Review, 6, 87, 10.1177/1754073913495300

Bazerman, 2002, Why good accountants do bad audits, Harvard Business Review, 80, 96

Bazerman, 2012

Bazerman, 2011

Becker, 1978

Bem, 1972, Self-perception theory, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 6, 1, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60024-6

Beshears, 2012

Blasi, 1984, Moral identity: Its role in moral functioning

Bohnet, 2012, When performance trumps gender bias: Joint versus separate evaluation, 10.2139/ssrn.2087613

Boyarsky, 2012, Potential limitations of presumed consent legislation, Transplantation, 93, 136, 10.1097/TP.0b013e31823173e0

Brief, 2001, Collective corruption in the corporate world: Toward a process model, 471

Brief, 1991, Theory in organizational-behavior—Can it be useful?, Research in Organizational Behavior, 13, 327

Brief, 2012, The good, the bad, and the ugly: What behavioral business ethics researchers ought to be studying, 17

Brief, 1996, What's wrong with the treadway commission report? Experimental analyses of the effects of personal values and codes of conduct on fraudulent financial reporting, Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 183, 10.1007/BF00705586

Cain, 2005, The dirt on coming clean: Perverse effects of disclosing conflicts of interest, Journal of Legal Studies, 34, 1, 10.1086/426699

Cain, 2011, When sunlight fails to disinfect: Understanding the perverse effects of disclosing conflicts of interest, Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 836, 10.1086/656252

Campbell, 1969, Reforms as experiments, American Psychologist, 24, 409, 10.1037/h0027982

Caruso, 2010, Blind ethics: Closing one's eyes polarizes moral judgments and discourages dishonest behavior, Cognition, 118, 280, 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.11.008

Chugh, 2005, Bounded ethicality as a psychological barrier to recognizing conflicts of interest, 74

Cialdini, 1990, A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015, 10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015

Cleek, 1998, Can corporate codes of ethics influence behavior?, Journal of Business Ethics, 17, 619

Cohen, 2014, Moral character: What it is and what it does, Research in Organizational Behavior, 10.1016/j.riob.2014.08.003

Colby, 1994

Conway, 2012, When does feeling moral actually make you a better person? Conceptual abstraction moderates whether past moral deeds motivate consistency or compensatory behavior, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 907, 10.1177/0146167212442394

Cushman, F., Tsay, C.-J., Greene, J. D., & Bazerman, M. H. (2013). Unpublished data.

Darley, 1973, ‘From Jerusalem to Jericho’: A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 100, 10.1037/h0034449

Desai, 2012

Dickerson, 1992, Using cognitive dissonance to encourage water conservation, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 841, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00928.x

Diener, 1976, Effects of self-awareness on antinormative behavior, Journal of Research in Personality, 10, 107, 10.1016/0092-6566(76)90088-X

Epley, 2006, When perspective taking increases taking: Reactive egoism in social interaction, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 872, 10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.872

Ernest-Jones, 2011, Effects of eye images on everyday cooperative behavior: A field experiment, Evolution and Human Behavior, 32, 172, 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.10.006

Festinger, 1957

Fleeson, 2001, Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 1011, 10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.1011

Frey, 1997, The cost of price incentives: An empirical analysis of motivation crowding-out, American Economic Review, 87, 746

Gino, 2012, The dark side of creativity: Original thinkers can be more dishonest, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 445, 10.1037/a0026406

Gino, 2009, Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior: The effect of one bad apple on the barrel, Psychological Science, 20, 393, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02306.x

Gino, 2012, Memory lane and morality: How childhood memories promote prosocial behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 743, 10.1037/a0026565

Gino, 2011, Bringing ethics into focus: How regulatory focus and risk preferences influence (un)ethical behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115, 145, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.01.006

Gino, 2013, Time, money, and morality: How focusing on time, rather than money, decreases dishonest behavior, Psychological Science, 25, 414, 10.1177/0956797613506438

Gino, 2009, See no evil: When we overlook other people's unethical behavior, 241

Gino, 2011, Unable to resist temptation: How self-control depletion promotes unethical behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115, 191, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.03.001

Gneezy, 2012, Paying to be nice: Consistency and costly prosocial behavior, Management Science, 58, 179, 10.1287/mnsc.1110.1437

Gneezy, 2011, When and why incentives (don’t) work to modify behavior, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25, 191, 10.1257/jep.25.4.191

Gneezy, 2000, Pay enough or don’t pay at all, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115, 791, 10.1162/003355300554917

Goldstein, 2008, A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels, Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 472, 10.1086/586910

Greenwald, 1995, Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes, Psychological Review, 102, 4, 10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4

Gunia, 2012, Contemplation and conversation: Subtle influences on moral decision making, Academy of Management Journal, 55, 13, 10.5465/amj.2009.0873

Helin, 2007, An inquiry into the study of corporate codes of ethics, Journal of Business Ethics, 75, 253, 10.1007/s10551-006-9251-x

Hershfield, 2012, Short horizons and tempting situations: Lack of continuity to our future selves leads to unethical decision making and behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117, 298, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.11.002

Hunt, 2014, The short-run and long-run effects of behavioral interventions: Experimental evidence from energy conservation, American Economic Review

Jensen, 1976, Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure, Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305, 10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X

Johnson, 2003, Do defaults save lives?, Science, 302, 1338, 10.1126/science.1091721

Jones, 1991, Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model, Academy of Management Review, 16, 366, 10.5465/amr.1991.4278958

Just, 2009, Smarter lunchrooms: Using behavioral economics to improve meal selection, Choices, 24, 1

Kantola, 1984, Cognitive dissonance and energy conservation, Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 416, 10.1037/0021-9010.69.3.416

Kaptein, 2010, The ethics of organizations: A longitudinal study of the U.S Working population, Journal of Business Ethics, 92, 601, 10.1007/s10551-009-0175-0

Kaptein, 2008, The effectiveness of business codes: A critical examination of existing studies and the development of an integrated research model, Journal of Business Ethics, 77, 111, 10.1007/s10551-006-9305-0

Kern, 2009, Bounded ethicality, Psychological Science, 20, 378, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02296.x

Kouchaki, 2013, Seeing green: Mere exposure to money triggers a business decision frame and unethical outcomes, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 121, 53, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.12.002

Laibson, 1997, Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 443, 10.1162/003355397555253

Laury, 2008, Altruism spillovers: Are behaviors in context-free experiments predictive of altruism toward a naturally occurring public good?, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 65, 9, 10.1016/j.jebo.2005.05.011

Liberman, 2002, The effect of temporal distance on level of mental construal, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 523, 10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00535-8

Liberman, 1998, The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 5, 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.5

Liberman, 2004, The name of the game: Predictive power of reputations versus situational labels in determining prisoner's dilemma game moves, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1175, 10.1177/0146167204264004

List, 2011, Why economists should conduct field experiments and 14 tips for pulling one off, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25, 3, 10.1257/jep.25.3.3

Loewenstein, 2011, The limits of transparency: Pitfalls and potential of disclosing conflicts of interest, American Economic Review, 101, 423, 10.1257/aer.101.3.423

Loewenstein, 1992, Anomalies in intertemporal choice: Evidence and an interpretation, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 573, 10.2307/2118482

Loewenstein, 2012, The unintended consequences of conflict of interest disclosure, Journal of the American Medical Association, 307, 669, 10.1001/jama.2012.154

Mazar, 2008, The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance, Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 633, 10.1509/jmkr.45.6.633

Mazar, 2010, Do green products make us better people?, Psychological Science, 21, 494, 10.1177/0956797610363538

McCabe, 1996, The influence of collegiate and corporate codes of conduct on ethics-related behavior in the workplace, Business Ethics Quarterly, 6, 461, 10.2307/3857499

Messick, 1996, Ethical leadership and the psychology of decision making, Sloan Management Review, 37, 9

Milgram, 1974

Milkman, 2011, Using implementation intentions prompts to enhance influenza vaccination rates, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 10415, 10.1073/pnas.1103170108

Milkman, 2012, Policy bundling to overcome loss aversion: A method for improving legislative outcomes, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117, 158, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.07.001

Milkman, 2008, Harnessing our inner angels and demons: What we have learned about want/should conflicts and how that knowledge can help us reduce short-sighted decision making, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 324, 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00083.x

Miller, 2010, Psychological license: When it is needed and how it functions, Vol. 43, 117

Monin, 2009, The dynamic moral self: A social psychological perspective, 341

Monin, 2001, Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 33, 10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.33

Moore, 2013, Ethically adrift: How others pull our moral compass from true North, and how we can fix it, Research in Organizational Behavior, 33, 53, 10.1016/j.riob.2013.08.001

Moore, 2006, Conflicts of interest and the case of auditor independence: Moral seduction and strategic issue cycling, Academy of Management Review, 31, 10, 10.5465/AMR.2006.19379621

Muraven, 1999, Longitudinal improvement of self-regulation through practice: Building self-control strength through repeated exercise, Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 446, 10.1080/00224549909598404

Nickerson, 2010, Do you have a voting plan? Implementation intentions, voter turnout, and organic plan making, Psychological Science, 21, 194, 10.1177/0956797609359326

Nisan, 1991, The moral balance model: Theory and research extending our understanding of moral choice and deviation, Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development, 3, 213

O’Donoghue, 1999, Doing it now or later, American Economic Review, 89, 103, 10.1257/aer.89.1.103

Oliner, 1988

Paharia, 2009, Dirty work, clean hands: The moral psychology of indirect agency, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 134, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.03.002

Phelps, 1968, On second-best national saving and game-equilibrium growth, Review of Economic Studies, 35, 185, 10.2307/2296547

Prendergast, 1999, The provision of incentives in firms, Journal of Economic Literature, 37, 7, 10.1257/jel.37.1.7

Rai, 2011, Moral psychology is relationship regulation: Moral motives for unity, hierarchy, equality, and proportionality, Psychological Review, 118, 57, 10.1037/a0021867

Reed, 2003, Moral identity and the expanding circle of moral regard toward out-groups, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1270, 10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1270

Reynolds, 2007, The effects of moral judgment and moral identity on moral behavior: An empirical examination of the moral individual, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1610, 10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1610

Rogers, 2008, Future lock-in: Future implementation increases selection of ‘should’ choices, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 106, 1, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.001

Rogers, 2014, Changing behavior beyond the here and now

Rokeach, 1973

Ross, 1979, Egocentric biases in availability and attribution, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 322, 10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.322

Sagiv, 1995, Value priorities and readiness for out-group social contact, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 437, 10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.437

Schweitzer, 2004, Goal setting as a motivator of unethical behavior, Academy of Management Journal, 47, 422, 10.2307/20159591

Shafer, 2001, Effects of personal values on auditors’ ethical decisions, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 14, 254, 10.1108/EUM0000000005517

Shalvi, 2012, Honesty requires time (and lack of justifications), Psychological Science, 23, 1264, 10.1177/0956797612443835

Shockley, 1982, Perceptions of auditor independence: A conceptual model, Journal of Accounting Auditing, and Finance, 5, 126

Shu, 2011, Dishonest deed, clear conscience: When cheating leads to moral disengagement and motivated forgetting, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 330, 10.1177/0146167211398138

Shu, 2012, Signing at the beginning makes ethics salient and decreases dishonest self-reports in comparison to signing at the end, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 15197, 10.1073/pnas.1209746109

SKAT, 2005

Smith-Crowe, 2014, The ethics “fix”: When formal systems make a difference, Journal of Business Ethics, 1

Stevens, 2008, Corporate ethical codes: Effective instruments for influencing behavior, Journal of Business Ethics, 78, 601, 10.1007/s10551-007-9370-z

Tajfel, 1986, The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour, 7

Tenbrunsel, 2003, Building houses on rocks: The role of the ethical infrastructure in organizations, Social Justice Research, 16, 285, 10.1023/A:1025992813613

Tenbrunsel, 2010, The ethical mirage: A temporal explanation as to why we are not as ethical as we think we are, Research in Organizational Behavior, 30, 153, 10.1016/j.riob.2010.08.004

Tenbrunsel, 1999, Sanctioning systems, decision frames, and cooperation, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 684, 10.2307/2667052

Thaler, 2004, Save more tomorrow™: Using behavioral economics to increase employee saving, Journal of Political Economy, 112, S164, 10.1086/380085

Thaler, 2003, Libertarian paternalism, American Economic Review, 93, 175, 10.1257/000282803321947001

Thaler, 2008

Trevino, 1990, A cultural perspective on changing and developing organizational ethics, Research in Organizational Change and Development, 4

Treviño, 2006, Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review, Journal of Management, 32, 951, 10.1177/0149206306294258

Trope, 2003, Temporal construal, Psychological Review, 110, 403, 10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.403

Tversky, 1991, Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 1039, 10.2307/2937956

Vallacher, 1979, Objective self-awareness, standards of evaluation, and moral behavior, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 254, 10.1016/0022-1031(79)90036-2

Voors, 2012, Exploring whether behavior in context-free experiments is predictive of behavior in the field: Evidence from lab and field experiments in rural Sierra Leone, Economics Letters, 114, 308, 10.1016/j.econlet.2011.10.016

Wade-Benzoni, 1999, Thinking about the future: An intergenerational perspective on the conflict and compatibility between economic and environmental interests, American Behavioral Scientist, 42, 1393, 10.1177/00027649921954912

Weaver, 1999, Corporate ethics programs as control systems: Influences of executive commitment and environmental factors, Academy of Management Journal, 42, 41, 10.2307/256873

Wegner, 2003

Wright, 2010, Perceptions about memory reliability and honesty for children of 3 to 18 years old, Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15, 195, 10.1348/135532508X400347

Zhong, 2009, Moral self-regulation, 75