SEM–EDX and XRD characterization of zeolite NaA, synthesized from rice husk and aluminium scrap by different procedures for preparation of the initial hydrogel
Tóm tắt
A number of investigations have demonstrated that zeolite NaA could be synthesized using Si, extracted from rice husk ash; however, experiments on direct extraction of Si from rice husk (RH) are scarce. The main objective of the present study was to explore the possibility to synthesize high-quality zeolite NaA from RH and waste aluminium cans (as a source of Al), applying different procedures for the preparation of initial hydrogel and a unified procedure for crystallization of zeolite NaA. Products were characterized by SEM–EDX and XRD analyses. The investigation demonstrated that Si could be extracted directly from RH, avoiding the process of RH burning. Practically complete dissolution of Si from RH was achieved by alkali treatment (with 10 % NaOH for 7 h) at boiling temperature and atmospheric pressure, i.e. using refluxing system instead of autoclave for the preparation of Si-gel. Zeolite NaA samples synthesized from such Si-gels were pure, highly crystalline and white. Furthermore, it was found that the direct dissolution of Al in Si-gel did not affect the quality of the final product. Although this investigation was not focused on the mechanism of zeolite NaA crystallization, the results obtained indicated clearly that the history of Si-gel preparation played an important role in the nucleation and growth of zeolite NaA crystals and influenced their yield, size, and shape. Therefore, the optimization of Si-gel preparation procedure has to be considered as essential not only for the economy of the synthesis of NaA from RH, but also for the quality of the final product.
Tài liệu tham khảo
R.M. Milton, Molecular sieve adsorbents. US Patent 2882243 (1959)
Henkel, http://snurl.com/1kmpeo. Accessed 2012
A. Shoumkova, Special issue of the research bulletin of the Australian institute of high energetic materials on the global fresh water shortage (ISBN: 978-0-9806811-1-6, 2011), http://www.ausihem.org/conf_papers/viewforum.php?f=45. Accessed 18 April 2012
C.A. Ríos, C.D. Williams, M.A. Fullen, Appl. Clay Sci. 42, 446 (2009)
B. Ghosh, D.C. Agrawal, S. Bhatia, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 33, 2107 (1994)
S.J. Kang, K. Egashira, A. Yoshida, Appl. Clay Sci. 13, 117 (1998)
S.N. Azizi, M. Yousefpour, J. Mater. Sci. 45, 5692 (2010)
C. Bhavornthayod, P. Rungrojchaipon, J. Metals, Mater. Miner. 19, 79 (2009)
E.L. Foletto, M.M. Castodi, L.H. Oliveira, R. Hoffmann, S.L. Jahn, Lat. Am. Appl. Res. 39, 75 (2009)
H. Nur, Indonesian J. Agric. Sci. 1, 40 (2001)
D.I. Petkowicz, R.T. Rigo, C. Radtke, S.B. Pergher, J.H.Z. dos Santos, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 116, 548 (2008)
T. Wajima, O. Kiguchi, K. Sugavara, T. Sugavara, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 42(Suppl 1), 61 (2009)
A.M. Yusof, N.A. Nizam, N.A.A. Rashid, J. Porous Mater. 17, 39 (2010)
K. Pimraksa, P. Chindaprasirt, N. Setthaya, Waste Manag. Res. 28, 1122 (2010)
I.G. Markovska, L.A. Lyubchev, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 89, 809 (2007)
N.R.C.F. Machado, D.M.M. Miotto, Fuel 84, 2289 (2005)
I.G. Markovska, B. Bogdanov, N.M. Nedelchev, K.M. Gurova, M.H. Zagorcheva, L.A. Lyubchev, J. Chin. Chem., Soc. 57, 411 (2010)
C. Kosanovic, T.A. Jelic, B. Bronic, D. Kralj, B. Subotic, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 137, 72 (2011)
S. Bosnar, J. Bronic, D. Brlek, B. Subotic, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 142, 389 (2011)