Recent advances in 3D g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting, degradation of pollutants and CO2 reduction

Yu, 2017, Alkali-assisted synthesis of nitrogen deficient graphitic carbon nitride with tunable band structures for efficient visible light-driven hydrogen evolution, Adv. Mater., 29, 1605148, 10.1002/adma.201605148 Zou, 2016, Synthesis and efficient visible light photocatalytic H2 evolution of a metal-free g-C3N4/graphene quantum dots hybrid photocatalyst, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 193, 103, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.017 Wu, 2018, Construction of hierarchical 2D-2D Zn3In2S6/fluorinated polymeric carbon nitride nanosheets photocatalyst for boosting photocatalytic degradation and hydrogen production performance, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 233, 58, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.03.105 Zou, 2017, In situ synthesis of C-doped TiO2@g-C3N4 core-shell hollow nanospheres with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution, Chem. Eng. J., 322, 435, 10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.056 Yao, 2016, Surface localization of CdZnS quantum dots onto 2D g-C3N4 ultrathin microribbons: highly efficient visible light-induced H2 generation, Nano Energy, 26, 248, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.05.031 Yuan, 2018, Promoting Charge Separation in g-C3N4/Graphene/MoS2 photocatalysts by two-dimensional nanojunction for enhanced photocatalytic H2 production, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 1, 1400, 10.1021/acsaem.8b00030 Dong, 2017, Self-assembled hollow sphere shaped Bi2WO6/RGO composites for efficient sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, Chem. Eng. J., 316, 778, 10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.017 Chen, 2017, Photochemical fabrication of SnO2, dense layers on reduced graphene oxide sheets for application in photocatalytic degradation of p-Nitrophenol, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 215, 8, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.082 Jing, 2017, MIL-68(Fe) as an efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the treatment of a simulated waste-water contain Cr(VI) and Malachite Green, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 206, 9, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.12.070 Yuan, 2018, CuO nanoparticles supported on TiO2 with high efficiency for CO2 electrochemical reduction to ethanol, Catalysts, 8, 171, 10.3390/catal8040171 Xie, 2017, Recent advances in Cu-based nanocomposite photocatalysts for CO2 conversion to solar fuels, J. Energ. Chem., 26, 1039, 10.1016/j.jechem.2017.10.025 Sun, 2018, g-C3N4 based composite photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, Catal. Today, 300, 160, 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.033 Huo, 2019, All-solid-state artificial Z-scheme porous g-C3N4/Sn2S3-DETA heterostructure photocatalyst with enhanced performance in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 241, 528, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.09.073 Wang, 2019, Carbothermal activation synthesis of 3D porous g-C3N4/carbon nanosheets composite with superior performance for CO2 photoreduction, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 239, 196, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.08.018 Zhou, 2018, Ultrasmall C-TiO2-x nanoparticle/g-C3N4 composite for CO2 photoreduction with high efficiency and selectivity, J. Mater. Chem. A, 6, 21596, 10.1039/C8TA08091G Murugesan, 2018, A direct Z-Scheme plasmonic AgCl@g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst with superior visible light CO2 reduction in aqueous medium, Appl. Surf. Sci., 450, 516, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.111 Low, 2014, Two-dimensional layered composite photocatalysts, Chem. Commun., 50, 10768, 10.1039/C4CC02553A Yin, 2010, Degradation of pentachlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol by sequential visible-light driven photocatalysis and laccase catalysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 9117, 10.1021/es1025432 Dong, 2016, Solar photocatalytic degradation of sulfanilamide by BiOCl/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites: mechanism and degradation pathways, J. Alloy. Comp., 663, 1, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.12.027 Fu, 2019, Ultrathin 2D/2D WO3/g-C3N4 step-scheme H2-production photocatalyst, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 243, 556, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.11.011 Fu, 2018, g-C3N4-based heterostructured photocatalysts, Adv. Mater., 8, 1701503 Low, 2017, Heterojunction photocatalysts, Adv. Mater., 29, 1601694, 10.1002/adma.201601694 Di, 2017, A direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/SnS2 photocatalyst with superior visible-light CO2 reduction performance, J. Catal., 352, 532, 10.1016/j.jcat.2017.06.006 Tan, 2018, Defective anatase TiO2-x mesocrystals growth in situ on g-C3N4 nanosheets: construction of 3D/2D Z-Scheme heterostructure for highly efficient visible light photocatalysis, Chem. Eur J., 24, 13311, 10.1002/chem.201802366 Zhu, 2017, Fabrication and photocatalytic activity enhanced mechanism of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/Ag2WO4 photocatalyst, Appl. Surf. Sci., 391, 175, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.104 Li, 2019, Defect-assisted surface modification enhances the visible light photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4@C-TiO2 direct Z-scheme heterojunction, Chin. J. Catal., 40, 424, 10.1016/S1872-2067(18)63183-3 Tada, 2011, Titanium(IV) dioxide surface-modified with iron oxide as a visible light photocatalyst, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 50, 3501, 10.1002/anie.201007869 Wei, 2018, Tricomponent brookite/anatase TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction in mesoporous hollow microspheres for enhanced visible-light photocatalysis, J. Mater. Chem. A, 6, 7236, 10.1039/C8TA00386F Wang, 2017, Core-shell g-C3N4@ZnO composites as photoanodes with double synergistic effects for enhanced visible-light photoelectrocatalytic activities, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 217, 169, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.05.034 Zhang, 2016, Degradation of refractory pollutants under solar light irradiation by a robust and self-protected ZnO/CdS/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst, Water Res., 92, 78, 10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.045 Zhang, 2012, One-step in situ solvothermal synthesis of SnS2/TiO2 nanocomposites with high performance in visible light-driven photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr(VI), Appl. Catal. B Environ., 123–124, 18, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.04.018 Miao, 2013, Aerosol-spraying preparation of Bi2MoO6 : a visible photocatalyst in hollow microspheres with a porous outer shell and enhanced activity, Dyes Pigments, 99, 382, 10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.05.005 Cai, 2017, Controllable location of Au nanoparticles as cocatalyst onto TiO2@CeO2 nanocomposite hollow spheres for enhancing photocatalytic activity, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 201, 12, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.08.003 Li, 2018, TiO2@Pt@CeO2 nanocomposite as a bifunctional catalyst for enhancing photo-reduction of Cr (VI) and photo-oxidation of benzyl alcohol, J. Hazard Mater., 346, 52, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.001 Zhang, 2018, Co3O4/Ni-based MOFs on carbon cloth for flexible alkaline battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices and near-infrared photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, Electrochim, Acta, 281, 189 Qi, 2019, Electroless plating Ni-P cocatalyst decorated g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic water splitting for H2 generation, Appl. Surf. Sci., 466, 847, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.10.037 Reddy, 2019, Few layered black phosphorus/MoS2 nanohybrid: a promising co-catalyst for solar driven hydrogen evolution, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 241, 491, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.09.055 Wang, 2019, Enhanced photocatalytic performance of Ag/TiO2 nanohybrid sensitized by black phosphorus nanosheets in visible and near-infrared light, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 53, 1 Zheng, 2018, Black phosphorus and polymeric carbon nitride heterostructure for photoinduced molecular oxygen activation, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 1705407, 10.1002/adfm.201705407 Feng, 2018, Anchoring black phosphorus quantum dots on molybdenum disulfide nanosheets: a 0D/2D nanohybrid with enhanced visible-and NIR-light photoactivity, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 238, 444, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.07.052 Wu, 2018, Black phosphorus: an efficient co-catalyst for charge separation and enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, J. Mater. Sci., 53, 16557, 10.1007/s10853-018-2830-2 Wang, 2009, A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light, Nat. Mater., 8, 76, 10.1038/nmat2317 Li, 2019, Novel g-C3N4/h’ZnTiO3-a’TiO2 direct Z-scheme heterojunction with significantly enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, J. Alloy. Comp., 774, 768, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.034 Xu, 2019, Unprecedented effect of CO2 calcination atmosphere on photocatalytic H2 production activity from water using g-C3N4 synthesized from triazole polymerization, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 241, 141, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.09.023 Zhu, 2019, Size effect of Pt co-catalyst on photocatalytic efficiency of g-C3N4 for hydrogen evolution, Appl. Surf. Sci., 464, 36, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.09.061 Jiang, 2018, A facile band alignment of polymeric carbon nitride isotype heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic tetracycline degradation, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 5, 2604 Nayak, 2015, Visible light driven novel g-C3N4/NiFe-LDH composites photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity towards water oxidation and reduction reaction, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 18622, 10.1039/C5TA05002B Martha, 2013, Facile synthesis of highly active g-C3N4 for efficient hydrogen production under visible light, J. Mater. Chem. A, 1, 7816, 10.1039/c3ta10851a Pany, 2015, A facile in situ approach to fabricate N,S-TiO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite with excellent activity for visible light induced water splitting for hydrogen evolution, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 8070, 10.1039/C4CP05582A Dong, 2011, Efficient synthesis of polymeric g-C3N4 layered materials as novel efficient visible light driven photocatalysts, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 15171, 10.1039/c1jm12844b Wang, 2018, Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and bacterial inactivation utilizing sonochemical-synthesized g-C3N4/red phosphorus hybrid nanosheets as a wide-spectral-responsive photocatalyst: the role of type I band alignment, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 238, 126, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.07.004 Zhao, 2017, Facile one-step synthesis of hollow mesoporous g-C3N4 spheres with ultrathin nanosheets for photoredox water splitting, Carbon, 126, 247, 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.033 Ma, 2018, Synthesis of core-shell TiO2@g-C3N4 hollow microspheres for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under visible light, Appl. Surf. Sci., 430, 263, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.282 Wang, 2017, Facile synthesis of oxygen doped carbon nitride hollow microsphere for photocatalysis, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 206, 417, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.01.041 Bellardita, 2018, Selective photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic alcohols in water by using P-doped g-C3N4, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 220, 222, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.08.033 Deng, 2017, Construction of plasmonic Ag modified phosphorous-doped ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets/BiVO4 photocatalyst with enhanced visible-near-infrared response ability for ciprofloxacin degradation, J. Hazard Mater., 344, 758, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.027 Silva, 2018, β-Cyclodextrin as a precursor to holey C-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets for photocatalytic hydrogen generation, ChemSusChem, 11, 2681, 10.1002/cssc.201801003 Shanker, 2018, 2D nanocomposite of g-C3N4 and TiN embedded N-doped graphene for photoelectrochemical reduction of water using sunlight, Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 1801488, 10.1002/admi.201801488 Li, 2017, Hydrothermal synthesized novel nanoporous g-C3N4/MnTiO3, heterojunction with direct Z-scheme mechanism, Electrochim. Acta, 258, 998, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.151 Zhou, 2014, Facile in situ synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-N-TiO2 heterojunction as an efficient photocatalyst for the selective photoreduction of CO2 to CO, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 158–159, 20, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.03.037 Ran, 2018, Metal-free 2D/2D phosphorene/g-C3N4 van der waals heterojunction for highly enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 production, Adv. Mater., 30, 1800128, 10.1002/adma.201800128 Dong, 2013, In situ construction of g-C3N4/g-C3N4 metal-free heterojunction for enhanced visible-light photocatalysis, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 5, 11392, 10.1021/am403653a Zhou, 2014, Facile in situ synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-N-TiO2 heterojunction as an efficient photocatalyst for the selective photoreduction of CO2 to CO, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 158–159, 20, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.03.037 Yang, 2015, Tuning the morphology of g-C3N4 for improvement of Z-scheme photocatalytic water oxidation, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 15285, 10.1021/acsami.5b02649 Yu, 2016, Nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets templated from g-C3N4 as metal-free electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen reduction reaction, Adv. Mater., 28 Shakeel, 2019, Layered by layered Ni-Mn-LDH/g-C3N4 nanohybrid for multi-purpose photo/electrocatalysis: morphology controlled strategy for effective charge carriers separation, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 242, 485, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.10.005 Cao, 2015, Polymeric photocatalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride, Adv. Mater., 27, 2150, 10.1002/adma.201500033 He, 2015, M. High-efficiency conversion of CO2 to fuel over ZnO/g-C3N4 photocatalyst, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 168–169, 1 Li, 2017, Review of two-dimensional materials for photocatalytic water splitting from a theoretical perspective, Catal. Sci. Technol., 7, 545, 10.1039/C6CY02178F Li, 2015, Engineering heterogeneous semiconductors for solar water splitting, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 2485, 10.1039/C4TA04461D Ong, 2016, Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis and environmental remediation: are we a step closer to achieving sustainability, Chem. Rev., 116, 7159, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00075 Qi, 2017, A review on TiO2-based Z-scheme photocatalysts, Chin. J. Catal., 38, 1936, 10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62962-0 Inagaki, 2019, Graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3N4) with comparative discussion to carbon materials, Carbon, 141, 580, 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.082 Ani, 2018, Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in petroleum refinery wastewater by TiO2 and ZnO-based photocatalysts: recent development, J. Clean. Prod., 205, 930, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.189 Huang, 2019, Megamerger in photocatalytic field: 2D g-C3N4 nanosheets serve as support of 0D nanomaterials for improving photocatalytic performance, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 240, 153, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.08.071 Wen, 2016, A review on g-C3N4-based photocatalysts, Appl. Surf. Sci., 391, 72, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.030 Zhang, 2015, Rationally designed 1D Ag@AgVO3 nanowire/graphene/protonated g-C3N4 nanosheet heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalysis via electrostatic self-assembly and photochemical reduction methods, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 10119, 10.1039/C5TA00635J Sun, 2017, Recent advances in functional mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-C3N4) polymers, Nanoscale, 9, 10544, 10.1039/C7NR03656F Jiang, 2017, Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible-light photocatalytic degradation of refractory pollutant, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 221, 715, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.09.059 Chen, 2016, Surface modification of g-C3N4, by hydrazine: simple way for noble-metal free hydrogen evolution catalysts, Chem. Eng. J., 286, 339, 10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.080 Ma, 2017, Facile synthesis of g-C3N4, wrapping on one-dimensional carbon fiber as a composite photocatalyst to degrade organic pollutants, Vacuum, 145, 47, 10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.08.027 Ong, 2015, Surface charge modification via protonation of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for electrostatic self-assembly construction of 2D/2D reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/g-C3N4 nanostructures toward enhanced photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methane, Nano Energy, 13, 757, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.03.014 Li, 2015, Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of active Al2O3/g-C3N4 heterojunctions synthesized via surface hydroxyl modification, J. Hazard Mater., 283, 371, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.035 Naseri, 2017, Enhanced driving force and charge separation efficiency of protonated g-C3N4 for photocatalytic O2 evolution, ACS Catal., 5, 6973 Naseri, 2017, Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts for solar hydrogen generation: recent advances and future development directions, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 23406, 10.1039/C7TA05131J Shen, 2018, Enhanced solar fuel H2 generation over g-C3N4 nanosheet photocatalysts by the synergetic effect of noble metal-free Co2P cocatalyst and the environmental phosphorylation strategy, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 6, 816, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03169 Zhang, 2018, The construction of the heterostructural Bi2O3/g-C3N4 composites with an enhanced photocatalytic activity, Nano, 13, 1850063, 10.1142/S1793292018500637 Xiao, 2016, Super synergy between photocatalysis and ozonation using bulk g-C3N4 as catalyst: a potential sunlight/O3/g-C3N4 method for efficient water decontamination, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 181, 420, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.08.020 Hao, 2018, Zn-vacancy mediated electron-hole separation in ZnS/g-C3N4 heterojunction for efficient visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 229, 41, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.02.006 Shi, 2018, Faster electron injection and more active sites for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution in g-C3N4/MoS2 hybrid, Small, 14, 1703277, 10.1002/smll.201703277 Jin, 2018, Strong graphene 3D assemblies with high elastic recovery and hardness, Adv. Mater., 344, 113 Lin, 2013, Nanostructure engineering and doping of conjugated carbon nitride semiconductors for hydrogen photosynthesis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 52, 1735, 10.1002/anie.201209017 Li, 2017, Folded nano-porous graphene-like carbon nitride with significantly improved visible-light photocatalytic activity for dye degradation, Ceram. Int., 43, 15785, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.08.144 Bai, 2014, A simple and efficient strategy for the synthesis of a chemically tailored g-C3N4 material, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2, 17521, 10.1039/C4TA02781G Che, 2017, Fast photoelectron transfer in C-CN plane-heterostructural nanosheets for overall water splitting, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 139, 3021, 10.1021/jacs.6b11878 Ran, 2018, Efficient and stable photocatalytic NO removal on C self-doped g-C3N4: electronic structure and reaction mechanism, Catal. Sci. Technol., 8, 3387, 10.1039/C8CY00887F Dong, 2014, A fantastic graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) material: electronic structure, photocatalytic and photoelectronic properties, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev., 20, 33, 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2014.04.002 Wu, 2018, Exploring the formation and electronic structure properties of the g-C3N4 nanoribbon with density functional theory, J. Phys.-Condes. Matter, 30, 155303, 10.1088/1361-648X/aab2ca Li, 2018, Oxygen self-doped g-C3N4 with tunable electronic band structure for unprecedentedly enhanced photocatalytic performance, Nanoscale, 10, 4515, 10.1039/C7NR09660G Li, 2018, Carbon vacancy-induced enhancement of the visible light-driven photocatalytic oxidation of NO over g-C3N4 nanosheets, Appl. Surf. Sci., 430, 380, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.054 Li, 2012, Solvent-free and metal-free oxidation of toluene using O2 and g-C3N4 with nanopores: nanostructure boosts the catalytic selectivity, ACS Catal., 2, 2082, 10.1021/cs300413x Li, 2014, Monoclinic porous BiVO4 networks decorated by discrete g-C3N4 nano-islands with tunable coverage for highly efficient photocatalysis, Small, 10, 2783, 10.1002/smll.201400506 Dong, 2017, Formation of g-C3N4@Ni(OH)2 honeycomb nanostructure and asymmetric supercapacitor with high energy and power density, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 17890, 10.1021/acsami.7b02693 Ma, 2017, Protonation of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for an electrostatically self-assembling carbon@g-C3N4 core-shell nanostructure toward high hydrogen evolution, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 7093, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01312 Hu, 2016, Weak hydrogen bonding enables hard, strong, tough, and elastic hydrogels, Adv. Mater., 27, 6899, 10.1002/adma.201503724 Sattayasamitsathit, 2013, Highly ordered multilayered 3D graphene decorated with metal nanoparticles, J. Mater. Chem. A, 1, 1639, 10.1039/C2TA00954D Dong, 2019, Fabrication of 3D ultra - light graphene aerogel/Bi2WO6 composite with excellent photocatalytic performance: A promising photocatalysts for water purification, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. E., 97, 288, 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.02.016 Wu, 2018, Three-dimensional bandgap-tuned Ag2S quantum dots/reduced graphene oxide composites with enhanced adsorption and photocatalysis under visible light, Catal. Sci. Technol, 8, 5225, 10.1039/C8CY01522H Cui, 2018, Polyaniline hybridization promotes photo-electro-catalytic removal of organic contaminants over 3D network structure of rGH-PANI/TiO2 hydrogel, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 232, 232, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.03.069 Zhang, 2018, One-pot topotactic synthesis of Ti3+ self-doped 3D TiO2 hollow nanoboxes with enhanced visible light response, Chin. J. Catal., 39, 1373, 10.1016/S1872-2067(18)63106-7 Zhang, 2016, High thermostable ordered mesoporous SiO2-TiO2 coated circulating-bed biofilm reactor for unpredictable photocatalytic and biocatalytic performance, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 180, 521, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.07.002 Xing, 2014, A floating macro/mesoporous crystalline anatase TiO2 ceramic with enhanced photocatalytic performance for recalcitrant wastewater degradation, Dalton Trans., 43, 790, 10.1039/C3DT52433G Zhang, 2017, Self-floating amphiphilic black TiO2 foams with 3D macro-mesoporous architectures as efficient solar-driven photocatalysts, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 206, 336, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.01.059 Erdogan, 2016, Hydrothermal synthesis of 3D TiO2 nanostructures using nitric acid: characterization and evolution mechanism, Ceram. Int., 42, 5985, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.12.148 Cao, 2017, Synthesis of 3D porous MoS2/g-C3N4 heterojunction as a high efficiency photocatalyst for boosting H2 evolution activity, RSC Adv., 7, 40727, 10.1039/C7RA06774G Weingarten, 2014, Self-assembling hydrogel scaffolds for photocatalytic hydrogen production, Nat. Chem., 6, 964, 10.1038/nchem.2075 Zhao, 2017, Construction of three-dimensional hemin-functionalized graphene hydrogel with high mechanical stability and adsorption capacity for enhancing photodegradation of methylene blue, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 4006, 10.1021/acsami.6b10959 Qiu, 2018, Defects modified in the exfoliation of g-C3N4 nanosheets via a self-assembly process for improved hydrogen evolution performance, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 238, 629, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.07.017 Qiu, 2016, Three-dimensional phosphorus-doped graphitic-C3N4 self-assembly with NH2-functionalized carbon composite materials for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction, Langmuir, 32, 12569, 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02498 Shi, 2018, Construction of Sn/oxide g-C3N4 nanostructure by electrostatic self-assembly strategy with enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance, Appl. Surf. Sci., 457, 1035, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.07.042 Li, 2019, Fabrication of freestanding NFC/g-C3N4 composite film as supercapacitor electrode via vacuum-induced self-assembly, Vacuum, 160, 54, 10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.10.005 Ma, 2014, Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet-carbon nanotube three-dimensional porous composites as high-performance oxygen evolution electrocatalysts, Angew. Chem., 53, 7281, 10.1002/anie.201403946 Hu, 2018, 3D aerogel of graphitic carbon nitride modified with perylene imide and graphene oxide for highly efficient nitric oxide removal under visible light, Small, 14, 1800416, 10.1002/smll.201800416 Hu, 2018, Fabrication of graphitic-C3N4 quantum dots/graphene-InVO4 aerogel hybrids with enhanced photocatalytic NO removal under visible-light irradiation, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 236, 45, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.04.080 Tang, 2017, Fabrication of compressible and recyclable macroscopic g-C3N4/GO aerogel hybrids for visible-light harvesting: a promising strategy for water remediation, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 219, 241, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.07.053 Zhang, 2016, Photodegradation of phenol via C3N4-agar hybrid hydrogel 3D photocatalysts with free separation, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 183, 263, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.10.049 Zhang, 2016, Separation free C3N4/SiO2 hybrid hydrogels as high active photocatalysts for TOC removal, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 194, 105, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.049 Tan, 2019, Synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis of 3D g-C3N4-agar hybrid aerogels, Appl. Surf. Sci., 467–468, 286, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.10.067 Sun, 2017, Self-standing carbon nitride-based hydrogels with high photocatalytic activity, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 2029, 10.1021/acsami.6b14879 Liu, 2017, Carbon nitride nanosheets as visible light photocatalytic initiator and crosslinkers for hydrogels with thermoresponsive turbidity, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 8933, 10.1039/C7TA02923C Kumru, 2017, Reinforced hydrogels via carbon nitride initiated polymerization, Macromolecules, 50, 1862, 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02691 Dadashi-Silab, 2014, Photochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization using polymeric semiconductor mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 215, 675, 10.1002/macp.201400063 Lin, 2016, Construction of novel three dimensionally ordered macroporous carbon nitride for highly efficient photocatalytic activity, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 198, 276, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.05.069 Zhang, 2018, Multifunctional g-C3N4/graphene oxide wrapped sponge monoliths as highly efficient adsorbent and photocatalyst, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 235, 17, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.04.061 Liang, 2015, Macroscopic 3D porous graphitic carbon nitride monolith for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, Adv. Mater., 27, 4634, 10.1002/adma.201502057 Zhang, 2018, Microemulsion assisted assembly of 3D porous S/Graphene@g-C3N4 hybrid sponge as free-standing cathodes for high energy density Li-S batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 1702839, 10.1002/aenm.201702839 Zhang, 2012, Synthesis of carbon nitride semiconductors in sulfur flux for water photoredox catalysis, ACS Catal., 2, 940, 10.1021/cs300167b Tian, 2017, Precursor-reforming protocol to 3D mesoporous g-C3N4 established by ultrathin self-doped nanosheets for superior hydrogen evolution, Nano Energy, 38, 72, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.05.038 Jiang, 2016, Polyaniline/carbon nitride nanosheets composite hydrogel: a separation-free and high-efficient photocatalyst with 3D hierarchical structure, Small, 12, 4370, 10.1002/smll.201601546 He, 2018, Patterned carbon nitride-based hybrid aerogel membranes via 3D printing for broadband solar wastewater remediation, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 1801121, 10.1002/adfm.201801121 Ou, 2017, Carbonitride aerogels for the photoredox conversion of water, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 56, 10905, 10.1002/anie.201705926 Yang, 2017, 3D-3D porous Bi2WO6/graphene hydrogel composite with excellent synergistic effect of adsorption-enrichment and photocatalytic degradation, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 205, 228, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.12.035 Kasap, 2018, Interfacial engineering of a carbon nitride-graphene oxide-molecular Ni catalyst hybrid for enhanced photocatalytic activity, ACS Catal., 8, 6914, 10.1021/acscatal.8b01969 Chowdhury, 2018, Effect of boron doping level on the photocatalytic activity of graphene aerogels, Carbon, 128, 237, 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.11.089 Li, 2016, Removal of Cr(VI) by 3D TiO2-graphene hydrogel via adsorption enriched with photocatalytic reduction, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 199, 412, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.06.053 Yan, 2017, Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/g-C3N4 heterojunction coupled with reduced graphene oxide three-dimensional aerogel photocatalysis, Mater. Res. Bull., 96, 18, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.12.009 Wang, 2017, Removal of chromium (VI) by a self-regenerating and metal free g-C3N4/graphene hydrogel system via the synergy of adsorption and photo-catalysis under visible light, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 219, 53, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.07.008 Wan, 2016, Efficient CN/graphene oxide macroscopic aerogel visible-light photocatalyst, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 7823, 10.1039/C6TA01804A Tong, 2015, Three-dimensional porous aerogel constructed by g-C3N4 and graphene oxide nanosheets with excellent visible-light photocatalytic performance, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 25693, 10.1021/acsami.5b09503 Shen, 2015, Template-free synthesis of three-dimensional nanoporous bulk graphitic carbon nitride with remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity and good separation properties, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2015, 2611, 10.1002/ejic.201500105 Yan, 2016, Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/g-C3N4, heterojunction coupled with reduced graphene oxide three-dimensional aerogel photocatalysis, Mater. Res. Bull., 96, 18, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.12.009 Zhou, 2018, Three dimensional hierarchical heterostructures of g-C3N4 nanosheets/TiO2 nanofibers: controllable growth via gas-solid reaction and enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light, J. Hazard Mater., 344, 113, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.006 He, 2018, Constructing three-dimensional porous graphene-carbon quantum dots/g-C3N4 nanosheet aerogel metal-free photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity, Appl. Surf. Sci., 441, 285, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.01.298 Rahman, 2018, Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus containing metal-free photocatalysts for hydrogen production: progress and challenges, J. Mater. Chem. A, 6, 1305, 10.1039/C7TA10404A Hainer, 2018, Photocatalytic hydrogen generation using metal-decorated TiO2: Sacrificial donors vs true water splitting, ACS Energy Lett, 3, 542, 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00152 Kong, 2018, Defect enhances photocatalytic activity of ultrathin TiO2(B) nanosheets for hydrogen production by plasma engraving method, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 230, 11, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.02.019 Lu, 2018, Hierarchical CdS/m-TiO2/G ternary photocatalyst for highly active visible light-induced hydrogen production from water splitting with high stability, Nano Energy, 47, 8, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.02.021 Huang, 2018, Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production over Rh and Nb codoped TiO2 nanorods, Chem. Eng. J., 337, 282, 10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.088 Li, 2017, Hierarchical heterostructure of ZnO@TiO2 hollow spheres for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 12, 531, 10.1186/s11671-017-2304-5 Zhao, 2018, Metal-organic framework-derived ZnO/ZnS heteronanostructures for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production, Adv. Sci., 5, 1700590, 10.1002/advs.201700590 Chang, 2018, Photocatalytic hydrogen production from glycerol solution at room temperature by ZnO-ZnS/graphene photocatalysts, Appl. Surf. Sci., 451, 198, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.05.004 Mou, 2018, Design and synthesis of porous Ag/ZnO nanosheets assemblies as super photocatalysts for enhanced visible-light degradation of 4-nitrophenol and hydrogen evolution, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 221, 565, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.09.061 Tanaka, 2014, Visible-light-induced hydrogen and oxygen formation over Pt/Au/WO3 photocatalyst utilizing two types of photoabsorption due to surface plasmon resonance and band-gap excitation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136, 586, 10.1021/ja410230u Han, 2018, WO3/g-C3N4 two-dimensional composites for visible-light driven photocatalytic hydrogen production, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 4845, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.01.117 Tahir, 2018, Role of MoSe2 on nanostructures WO3-CNT performance for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, Ceram. Int., 44, 6686, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.01.081 Mohamed, 2016, Morphology-photoactivity relationship: WO3 nanostructured films for solar hydrogen production, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 41, 866, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.09.108 Raptis, 2017, Renewable energy production by photoelectrochemical oxidation of organic wastes using WO3 photoanodes, J. Hazard Mater., 333, 259, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.044 Han, 2017, One-dimensional CdS@MoS2 core-shell nanowires for boosted photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 202, 298, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.09.023 Chu, 2018, Highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production on CdS/Cu7S4/g-C3N4 ternary heterostructures, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 20404, 10.1021/acsami.8b02984 Wang, 2018, Facile synthesis of interlocking g-C3N4/CdS photoanode for stable photoelectrochemical hydrogen production, Electrochim. Acta, 279, 74, 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.076 Majeed, 2016, On the role of metal particle size and surface coverage for photo-catalytic hydrogen production: a case study of the Au/CdS system, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 182, 266, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.09.039 Martin, 2014, Highly efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution from water using visible light and structure-controlled graphitic carbon nitride, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 53, 9240, 10.1002/anie.201403375 Liu, 2015, Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway, Science, 46, 970, 10.1126/science.aaa3145 Wang, 2017, Facile gel-based morphological control of Ag/g-C3N4 porous nanofibers for photocatalytic hydrogen generation, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 10633, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02608 Ye, 2015, A review on g-C3N4 for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction, Appl. Surf. Sci., 358, 15, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.173 Truong, 2012, Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using novel titanium oxalate complex towards visible light-driven photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CH3OH, Appl. Catal. A-Gen., 437–438, 28, 10.1016/j.apcata.2012.06.009 Chen, 2012, Nanomaterials for renewable energy production and storage, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 7909, 10.1039/c2cs35230c Wang, 2016, Synthesis of bionic-macro/microporous MgO-modified TiO2 for enhanced CO2 photoreduction into hydrocarbon fuels, Chin. J. Catal., 37, 863, 10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61111-1 Halmann, 1978, Photoelectrochemical reduction of aqueous carbon dioxide on p-type gallium phosphide in liquid junction solar cells, Nature, 275, 115, 10.1038/275115a0 Inoue, 1979, Photoelectrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous suspensions of semiconductor powders, Nature, 277, 637, 10.1038/277637a0 Kou, 2014, Construction of visible-light-responsive SrTiO3 with enhanced CO2 adsorption ability: highly efficient photocatalysts for artifical photosynthesis, Catal. Lett., 145, 640, 10.1007/s10562-014-1415-1 Jang, 2016, Unbiased sunlight-driven artificial photosynthesis of carbon monoxide from CO2 using ZnTe-based photocathode and perovskite solar cell in tandem, ACS Nano, 10, 6980, 10.1021/acsnano.6b02965 Kuhl, 2012, New insights into the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on metallic copper surfaces, Energy Environ. Sci., 5, 7050, 10.1039/c2ee21234j Niu, 2014, Switching the selectivity of the photoreduction reaction of carbon dioxide by controlling the band structure of a g-C3N4 photocatalyst, Chem. Commun., 50, 10837, 10.1039/C4CC03060E Fu, 2017, Hierarchical porous O-doped g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity, Small, 13, 1603938, 10.1002/smll.201603938 Sagara, 2016, Photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction by a p-type boron-doped g-C3N4 electrode under visible light, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 192, 193, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.055 Wang, 2015, Sulfur-doped g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic CO2-reduction performance, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 176–177, 44 Huang, 2015, Efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2 by amine-functionalized g-C3N4, Appl. Surf. Sci., 358, 350, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.082 Ye, 2016, Phosphorylation of g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction, Chem. Eng. J., 304, 376, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.059 Xia, 2017, 2D/2D g-C3N4/MnO2 nanocomposite as a direct Z-scheme photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic activity, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 6, 965, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03289 Li, 2016, Mesostructured CeO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites: remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction by mutual component activations, Nano Energy, 19, 145, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.11.010 Li, 2016, Intercorrelated superhybrid of AgBr supported on graphitic-C3N4 -decorated nitrogen-doped graphene: high engineering photocatalytic activities for water purification and CO2 reduction, Adv. Mater., 27 He, 2014, New application of Z-scheme Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 composite in converting CO2 to fuel, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 649, 10.1021/es5046309 He, 2015, High-efficiency conversion of CO2 to fuel over ZnO/g-C3N4 photocatalyst, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 168–169, 1 Ni, 2016, New insights into how Pd nanoparticles influence the photocatalytic oxidation and reduction ability of g-C3N4 nanosheets, Catal. Sci. Technol., 6, 6448, 10.1039/C6CY00580B Cao, 2017, Facet effect of Pd cocatalyst on photocatalytic CO2 reduction over g-C3N4, J. Catal., 349, 208, 10.1016/j.jcat.2017.02.005 Mondelli, 2018, Enhanced base-free formic acid production from CO2 on Pd/g-C3N4 by tuning of the carrier defects, Chemsuschem, 11, 2859, 10.1002/cssc.201801362 Lang, 2017, Twin defects engineered Pd cocatalyst on C3N4 nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic performance in CO2 reduction reaction, Nanotechnology, 28, 484003, 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9137 Yang, 2018, Sb doped SnO2-decorated porous g-C3N4 nanosheet heterostructures with enhanced photocatalytic activities under visible light irradiation, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 221, 670, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.09.041 He, 2015, Z-scheme SnO2−x/g-C3N4 composite as an efficient photocatalyst for dye degradation and photocatalytic CO2 reduction, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 137, 175, 10.1016/j.solmat.2015.01.037 Raziq, 2017, Synthesis of SnO2/B-P codoped g-C3N4 nanocomposites as efficient cocatalyst-free visible-light photocatalysts for CO2 conversion and pollutant degradation, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 201, 486, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.08.057 Li, 2016, Ultrasonic-assisted pyrolyzation fabrication of reduced SnO2–x/g-C3N4 heterojunctions: enhance photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic activity under visible LED light irradiation, Nano Res, 9, 1969, 10.1007/s12274-016-1088-8 Wang, 2016, Indirect Z-scheme BiOI/g-C3N4 photocatalysts with enhanced photoreduction CO2 activity under visible light irradiation, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 3765, 10.1021/acsami.5b09901 Bai, 2016, g-C3N4/Bi4O5I2 heterojunction with I3−/I− redox mediator for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 conversion, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 194, 98, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.052 Hou, 2017, Solar promoted azo dye degradation and energy production in the bio-photoelectrochemical system with a g-C3N4/BiOBr heterojunction photocathode, J. Power Sources, 371, 26, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.10.033 Hu, 2018, Highly efficient performance and conversion pathway of photocatalytic CH3SH oxidation on self-stabilized indirect Z-scheme g-C3N4/I3--BiOI, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 18693, 10.1021/acsami.8b03250 Dong, 2018, Size-dependent activity and selectivity of carbon dioxide photocatalytic reduction over platinum nanoparticles, Nat. Commun., 9, 1252, 10.1038/s41467-018-03666-2 Dong, 2017, Coupling of photodegradation of RhB with photoreduction of CO2 over rGO/SrTi0.95Fe0.05O3-δ catalyst: a strategy for one-pot conversion of organic pollutants to methanol and ethanol, J. Catal., 349, 218, 10.1016/j.jcat.2017.02.004 Chang, 2016, CO2 photo-reduction: insights into CO2 activation and reaction on surfaces of photocatalysts, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 2177, 10.1039/C6EE00383D Kuriki, 2017, Robust binding between carbon nitride nanosheets and a binuclear ruthenium(II) complex enabling durable, selective CO2 reduction under visible light in aqueous solution, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 56, 4867, 10.1002/anie.201701627