Fate of sulfate in seafloor hydrothermal systems: Insights from in situ observation of the liquid–liquid phase separation in hydrothermal fluids

Solid Earth Sciences - Tập 6 - Trang 1-11 - 2021
Xiaolin Wang1, Ye Wan2, I-Ming Chou2
1State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
2CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Study Under Deep-sea Extreme Conditions, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, 572000, China

Tài liệu tham khảo

Akilan, 2006, Ion association and hydration in aqueous solutions of copper(II) sulfate from 5 to 65 °C by dielectric spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 14961, 10.1021/jp0620769 Akilan, 2006, Temperature effects on ion association and hydration in MgSO4 by dielectric spectroscopy, ChemPhysChem, 7, 2319, 10.1002/cphc.200600342 Albright, 1946, Dielectric constants of the methanol–water system from 5 to 55°, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 1061, 10.1021/ja01210a043 Alt, 1995, Subseafloor processes in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems, vol. 91, 88 Alt, 2003, Hydrothermal alteration of upper oceanic crust formed at a fast-spreading ridge: mineral, chemical, and isotopic evidence from ODP Site 801, Chem. Geol., 201, 191, 10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00201-8 Baltes, 1999, Investigation of the LCST of polyacrylamides as a function of molecular parameters and the solvent composition, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem., 37, 2977, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19990801)37:15<2977::AID-POLA31>3.0.CO;2-I Bischoff, 1975, Seawater-basalt interaction at 200 °C and 500 bars: implications for origin of sea floor heavy metal deposits and regulation of seawater chemistry, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 25, 385, 10.1016/0012-821X(75)90257-5 Bischoff, 1985, An empirical equation of state for hydrothermal seawater (3.2 percent NaCl), Am. J. Sci., 285, 725, 10.2475/ajs.285.8.725 Bischoff, 1978, Hydrothermal chemistry of seawater from 25° to 350 °C, Am. J. Sci., 278, 838, 10.2475/ajs.278.6.838 Blounot, 1969, The solubility of anhydrite (CaSO4) in NaCl-H2O from 100 to 450 °C and 1 to 1000 bars, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 33, 227, 10.1016/0016-7037(69)90140-9 Bowers, 1989, Stable isotope signatures of water-rock interaction in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems: sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 775, 10.1029/JB094iB05p05775 Butterfield, 1994, Geochemistry of north Cleft segment vent fluids: temporal changes in chlorinity and their possible relation to recent volcanism, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4951, 10.1029/93JB02798 Charlou, 2002, Geochemistry of high H2 and CH4 vent fluids issuing from ultramafic rocks at the Rainbow hydrothermal field (36°14ʹN, MAR), Chem. Geol., 191, 345, 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00134-1 Chen, 2004, Raman spectroscopic study of CO2-NaCl-H2O mixtures in synthetic fluid inclusions at high temperatures, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 1355, 10.1016/j.gca.2003.09.016 Chen, 2020, Solubility of Na2SO4 in silica-saturated solutions: implications for REE mineralization, Am. Mineral., 10.2138/am-2020-7470 Chou, 2005, A new optical cell for spectroscopic studies of geologic fluids at pressures up to 100 MPa, 475 Chou, 2008, A new method for synthesizing fluid inclusions in fused silica capillaries containing organic and inorganic material, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, 5217, 10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.030 Corsetti, 2016, Comparison of Raman and IR spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of gasoline/ethanol blends, Fuel, 166, 488, 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.018 Edmond, 1982, Chemistry of hot springs on the East Pacific Rise and their effluent dispersal, Nature, 297, 187, 10.1038/297187a0 Elderfield, 1996, Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 24, 191, 10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.191 Fontaine, 2007, Physical controls on the salinity of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent fluids, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 257, 132, 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.027 Foustoukos, 2007, Quartz solubility in the two-phase and critical region of the NaCl–KCl–H2O system: implications for submarine hydrothermal vent systems at 9°50’N East Pacific Rise, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 71, 186, 10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.038 Friedman, 1979, Corresponding states for ionic fluids, J. Chem. Phys., 70, 92, 10.1063/1.437159 Gamo, 2001, Chemical characteristics of newly discovered black smoker fluids and associated hydrothermal plumes at the Rodriguez Triple Junction, Central Indian Ridge, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 193, 371, 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00511-8 Garrels, 1962, A chemical model for sea water at 25 degrees C and one atmosphere total pressure, Am. J. Sci., 260, 57, 10.2475/ajs.260.1.57 Gong, 2013, Modeling lower critical solution temperature behavior of associating polymer brushes with classical density functional theory, J. Chem. Phys., 139 Hannington, 1988, Mineralogy and geochemistry of a hydrothermal silica-sulfide-sulfate spire in the caldera of Axial-Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Can. Mineral., 26, 603 Hayes, 1984, Raman spectroscopic study of aqueous (NH4)2SO4 and ZnSO4 solutions, J. Solut. Chem., 13, 61, 10.1007/BF00648592 Haymon, 1986, The formation of high temperature clay minerals from basalt alteration during hydrothermal discharge on the East Pacific Rise axis at 21 °N, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 50, 1933, 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90249-8 Herzig, 1998, Sulfur isotopic composition of hydrothermal precipitates from the Lau back-arc: implications for magmatic contributions to seafloor hydrothermal systems, Miner. Deposita, 33, 226, 10.1007/s001260050143 Hoefs, 1997, 201 Humphris, 1978, Hydrothermal alteration of oceanic basalts by seawater, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 42, 107, 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90221-1 InterRidge Vents Database. Available from: www.interridge.org/(accessed 9.12.2020). Jahn, 2010, Speciation in aqueous MgSO4 fluids at high pressures and high temperatures from ab Initio molecular dynamics and Raman spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. B, 114, 15565, 10.1021/jp101749h Janecky, 1986, Hydrothermal serpentinization of peridotite within the oceanic crust: experimental investigations of mineralogy and major element chemistry, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 50, 1357, 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90311-X Janecky, 1988, Computational modelling of chemical and isotopic reaction processes in seafloor hydrothermal systems: chimneys, massive sulfides, and subjacent alteration zones, Can. Mineral., 26, 805 Jones, 1961, Aqueous systems at high temperature-IV: compositions of light- and heavy-liquid phases in the systems UO3-SO3-H2O and UO3-SO3-D2O, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 23, 287, 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80258-3 Knott, 1995, Mineralogy and sulphur isotope characteristics of a massive sulphide boulder, Galapagos Rift, 85°55ʹW, vol. 87, 207 Konn, 2009, Hydrocarbons and oxidized organic compounds in hydrothermal fluids from Rainbow and Lost City ultramafic hosted vents, Chem. Geol., 258, 299, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.10.034 Kruus, 1985, Determination of ratios of sulfate to bisulfate ions in aqueous solutions by Raman spectroscopy, J. Solut. Chem., 14, 117, 10.1007/BF00648900 Kump, 2005, Hydrothermal Fe fluxes during the Precambrian: effect of low oceanic sulfate concentrations and low hydrostatic pressure on the composition of black smokers, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 235, 654, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.040 Li, 2007, Isotope geochemistry of the Huize Zn-Pb ore field, Yunnan Province, southwestern China: implications for the sources of ore fluid and metals, Geochem. J., 41, 65, 10.2343/geochemj.41.65 Marshall, 1974, Effects of pressure on liquid–liquid immiscibility of high temperature aqueous solution mixtures of uranyl sulfate and sulfuric acid, 280–450 °C, 75–1800 bars, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 36, 2303, 10.1016/0022-1902(74)80274-5 Marshall, 1962, Aqueous systems at high temperature-VII: liquid–liquid immiscibility and critical phenomena in the systems UO3-SO3-H2O, UO3-SO3-D2O and CuO-SO3-D2O, 270–430 °C, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 24, 995, 10.1016/0022-1902(62)80217-6 McDuff, 1982, On the fate of sulfate during hydrothermal circulation at mid-ocean ridges, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 57, 117, 10.1016/0012-821X(82)90178-9 Mohsen-Nia, 2010, Dielectric constants of water, methanol, ethanol, butanol and acetone: measurement and computational study, J. Solut. Chem., 39, 701, 10.1007/s10953-010-9538-5 Monnin, 2003, A thermodynamic investigation of barium and calcium sulfate stability in sediments at an oceanic ridge axis (Juan de Fuca, ODP legs 139 and 169), Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 67, 2965, 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00177-7 Ono, 2007, S-33 constraints on the seawater sulfate contribution in modern seafloor hydrothermal vent sulfides, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 71, 1170, 10.1016/j.gca.2006.11.017 Paricaud, 2003, Understanding liquid–liquid immiscibility and LCST behaviour in polymer solutions with a Wertheim TPT1 description, Mol. Phys., 101, 2575, 10.1080/0026897031000123710 Rees, 1978, The sulfur isotopic composition of ocean water sulfate, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 42, 377, 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90268-5 Rudolph, 1999, Raman spectroscopy of aqueous ZnSO4 solutions under hydrothermal conditions: solubility, hydrolysis, and sulfate ion pairing, J. Solut. Chem., 28, 621, 10.1023/A:1022691117630 Sakai, 1984, Concentrations and isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in ocean-floor basalts, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 2433, 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90295-3 Secoy, 1948, The system uranyl sulfate-water. I. Temperature-concentration relationships below 300 °C, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70, 3450, 10.1021/ja01190a068 Secoy, 1950, The system uranyl-sulfate-water. II. temperature-concentration relationships above 250 °C, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72, 3343, 10.1021/ja01164a005 Seewald, 1990, The effect of temperature on metal mobility in subseafloor hydrothermal systems: constraints from basalt alteration experiments, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 101, 388 Seyfried, 1981, Experimental seawater-basalt interaction at 300 °C, 500 bars, chemical exchange, secondary mineral formation and implications for the transport of heavy metals, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 45, 135, 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90157-5 Seyfried, 2003, Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: geochemical controls in the aftermath of June 1999 seismic events, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1, 10.1029/2002JB001957 Shanks, 2001, Stable isotopes in seafloor hydrothermal systems: vent fluids, hydrothermal deposits, hydrothermal alteration, and microbial processes, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 43, 469, 10.2138/gsrmg.43.1.469 Shanks, 1987, Stable isotope studies of vent fluids and chimney minerals, southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: sodium metasomatism and seawater sulfate reduction, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 11387, 10.1029/JB092iB11p11387 Shanks, 1981, Seawater sulfate reduction and sulfur isotope fractionation in basaltic systems: interaction of seawater with fayalite and magnetite at 200 ± 350 °C, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 45, 1977, 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90054-5 Shvarov, 1999, HCh: a software package for geochemical equilibrium modelling Tivey, 2007, Generation of seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids and associated mineral deposits, Oceanography, 20, 50, 10.5670/oceanog.2007.80 Tsierkezos, 2000, Limiting molar conductances and thermodynamic association constants for nickel (II), cadmium (II), magnesium (II), and copper (II) sulfates in mixtures of methanol and water at 293.15 K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 819, 10.1021/je990336s Wan, 2015, Raman spectroscopic observations of the ion association between Mg2+ and SO42- in MgSO4-saturated droplets at temperatures of ≤380 °C, J. Phys. Chem., 119, 9027, 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02938 Wan, 2017, In situ optical and Raman spectroscopic observations of the effects of pressure and fluid composition on liquid–liquid phase separation in aqueous cadmium sulfate solutions (≤400 °C, 50 MPa) with geological and geochemical implications, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 211, 133, 10.1016/j.gca.2017.05.020 Wang, 2011, Raman spectroscopic measurements of CO2 density: experimental calibration with high-pressure optical cell (HPOC) and fused silica capillary capsule (FSCC) with application to fluid inclusion observations, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 4080, 10.1016/j.gca.2011.04.028 Wang, 2013, In situ observations of liquid–liquid phase separation in aqueous MgSO4 solutions: geological and geochemical Implications, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 103, 1, 10.1016/j.gca.2012.10.044 Wang, 2016, In situ observations of liquid–liquid phase separation in aqueous ZnSO4 solutions at temperatures up to 400 °C: implications for Zn2+–SO42- association and evolution of submarine hydrothermal fluids, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 181, 126, 10.1016/j.gca.2016.03.001 Wang, 2016, Visual and in situ Raman spectroscopic observations of theliquid–liquid immiscibility in aqueous uranyl sulfate solutions at temperatures up to 420 °C, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 112, 95, 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.03.005 Wang, 2017, Properties of lithium under hydrothermal conditions revealed by in situ Raman spectroscopic characterization of Li2O-SO3-H2O (D2O) systems at temperatures up to 420 °C, Chem. Geol., 451, 104, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.01.013 Wang, 2020, In situ Raman spectroscopic investigation of the hydrothermal speciation of tungsten: implications for the ore-forming process, Chem. Geol., 532, 119299, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119299 Webber, 2015, Geology, sulfide geochemistry and supercritical venting at the Beebe hydrothermal vent field, Cayman Trough, G-cubed, 16, 2661 Weingärtner, 1991, On coulombic and solvophobic liquid–liquid phase–separation in electrolyte solutions, Ber. Bunsen. Phys. Chem., 95, 1579, 10.1002/bbpc.19910951201 Woodruff, 1988, Sulfur isotope study of chimney minerals and vent fluids from 21°N, East Pacific Rise: hydrothermal sulfur sources and disequilibrium sulfate reduction, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 4562, 10.1029/JB093iB05p04562 Xu, 2017, Raman spectroscopic study of cracking and hydrolysis of propane in fused silica capillary capsules between 300 and 400 °C, J. Raman Spectrosc., 48, 1420, 10.1002/jrs.5093 Zeng, 2011, 1 Zhang, 2002, Understanding the hygroscopic properties of supersaturated droplets of metal and ammonium sulfate solutions using Raman spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem., 106, 285, 10.1021/jp012694j Zhang, 2002, Ab initio studies on the chain of contact ion pairs of magnesium sulfate in supersaturated state of aqueous solution, J. Mol. Struct., 594, 19, 10.1016/S0166-1280(02)00260-9