The enzymatic and antioxidative stress response of Lemna minor to copper and a chloroacetamide herbicide
Tóm tắt
Lemna minor L., a widely used model plant for toxicity tests has raised interest for its application to phytoremediation due to its rapid growth and ubiquitous occurrence. In rural areas, the pollution of water bodies with heavy metals and agrochemicals poses a problem to surface water quality. Among problematic compounds, heavy metals (copper) and pesticides are frequently found in water bodies. To establish duckweed as a potential plant for phytoremediation, enzymatic and antioxidative stress responses of Lemna minor during exposure to copper and a chloroacetamide herbicide were investigated in laboratory studies. The present study aimed at evaluating growth and the antioxidative and glutathione-dependent enzyme activity of Lemna plants and its performance in a scenario for phytoremediation of copper and a chloroacetamide herbicide. Lemna minor was grown in Steinberg medium under controlled conditions. Plants were treated with CuSO4 (ion conc. 50 and 100 μg/L) and pethoxamide (1.25 and 2.5 μg/L). Measurements following published methods focused on plant growth, oxidative stress, and basic detoxification enzymes. Duckweed proved to survive treatment with the respective concentrations of both pollutants very well. Its growth was inhibited scarcely, and no visible symptoms occurred. On the cellular basis, accumulation of O2
− and H2O2 were detected, as well as stress reactions of antioxidative enzymes. Duckweed detoxification potential for organic pollutants was high and increased significantly with incubation. Pethoxamide was found to be conjugated with glutathione. Copper was accumulated in the fronds at high levels, and transient oxidative defense reactions were triggered. This work confirms the significance of L. minor for the removal of copper from water and the conjugation of the selective herbicide pethoxamide. Both organic and inorganic xenobiotics induced different trends of enzymatic and antioxidative stress response. The strong increase of stress responses following copper exposure is well known as oxidative burst, which is probably different from the much more long-lasting responses found in plants exposed to pethoxamide. Lemna sp. might be used as a tool for phytoremediation of low-level contamination with metals and organic xenobiotics, however the authors recommend a more detailed analysis of the development of the oxidative burst following copper exposure and of the enzymatic metabolism of pethoxamide in order to elucidate the extent of its removal from water.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:373–399. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
Böger P, Mathes B, Schmalfuss J (2000) Towards the primary target of chloroacetamides—new findings pave the way. Pest Manag Sci 56(6):497–508. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1526
Cheng T (2012) The toxic effects of diethyl phthalate on the activity of glutamine synthetase in greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L.). Aquat Toxicol 125:171–178. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.08.014
Cuypers A, Keunen E, Bohler S, Jozefczak M, Opdenakker K, Gielen H, Vercampt H, Bielen A, Schellingen K, Vangronsveld J, Remans T (2011) Cadmium and copper stress induce a cellular oxidative challenge leading to damage versus signalling. In: Gupta D, Sandalios L (eds) Metal toxicity in plants: perception, signaling and remediation. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 65–90
Díaz-Vivancos P, Clemente-Moreno MJ, Rubio M, Olmos E, García JA, Martínez-Gómez P, Hernández JA (2008) Alteration in the chloroplastic metabolism leads to ROS accumulation in pea plants in response to plum pox virus. J Exp Bot 59:2147–2160. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern082
Dixon DP, Skipsey M, Edwards R (2010) Roles for glutathione transferases in plant secondary metabolism. Phytochemistry 71:338–350. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.12.012
ECCO-Team (2003) Full report on pethoxamid. Pesticides Safety Directorate (PSD),York
Fernandes JC, Henriques FS (1991) Biochemical, physiological, and structural effects of excess copper in plants. Bot Rev 57:246–273. doi:10.1007/BF02858564
Foyer CH (1993) Ascorbic acid. In: Alscher RG, Hess JL (eds) Antioxidants in higher plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 31–58, ISBN 0-8493-6328-4
Foyer CH, Noctor G (2011) Ascorbate and glutathione: the heart of the redox hub. Plant Physiol 155:2–18. doi:10.1104/pp. 110.167569
Fuerst EP (1987) Understanding the mode of action of the chloroacetamide and thiocarbamate herbicides. Weed Technol 1:270–277
Gobas FAPC, Morrison HA (2000) Biococentration and biomagnification in the aquatic environment. In: Boethling RS, Mackay D (eds) Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals: Environmental and Health Sciences. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 189–231
Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB (1974) Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 249:7130–7139
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1986) Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine: Some problems and concepts. Arch Biochem Biophys 246:501–514. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(86)90305-X
Huber C, Bartha B, Schröder P (2012) Metabolism of diclofenac in plants—hydroxylation is followed by glucose conjugation. J Hazard Mater 243:250–256
Jursik M, Kocarek M, Hamouzova K, Soukup J, Venclova V (2013) Effect of precipitation on the dissipation, efficacy and selectivity of three chloroacetamide herbicides in sunflower. Plant Soil Environ 59:175–182
Kato S, Kitajima T, Okamoto H, Kobutani T (2001) Pethoxamid—a novel selective herbicide for maize and soybean. BCPC Conf. Weeds, 2001, Vol. 1 Vol. 2. Proc. Int. Conf. Bright. UK. British Crop Protection Council, pp 23–28
Kirkham M, Zhang J (1996) Antioxidant responses to drought in sunflower and sorghum seedlings. New Phytol 132:361–373
Levine A, Tenhaken R, Dixon R, Lamb C (1994) H2O2 from the oxidative burst orchestrates the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response. Cell 79:583–593
Lichtenthaler HK (2014) Fifty-five years of research on photosynthesis, chloroplasts and stress physiology of plants: 1958–2013. In: Lüttge U, Beyschlag W (eds) Progress in botany: genetics – physiology – systematics – ecology, vol 76. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 3–42
Lichtenthaler H, Buschman C (2001) Chlorophylls and carotenoids: measurement and characterization by UV–VIS spectroscopy. In: Wrolstad RE, Acree TE, Decker EA, Penner MH, Reid DS, Schwartz SJ, Shoemaker CF, Smith D, Sporns P (eds) Handbook of Food Analytical Chemistry. Wiley, New York, pp 1–8
Lyubenova L, Schröder P (2011) Plants for waste water treatment—effects of heavy metals on the detoxification system of Typha latifolia. Bioresour Technol 102:996–1004
Marrs K (1996) Functions and regulation of glutathione S-transferases in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 47:127–158. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.47.1.127
Marschner H (1995) Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 206–213
McCutcheon S, Schnoor J (2003) Overview of phytotransformation and control of wastes. Phytoremediation Transform. Control Contam. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, pp 3–58
Mench M, Lepp N, Bert V, Schwitzguébel J-P, Gawronski SW, Schröder P, Vangronsveld J (2010) Successes and limitations of phytotechnologies at field scale: outcomes, assessment and outlook from COST Action 859. J Soils Sediments 10:1039–1070. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0190-x
Mkandawire M, Dudel EG (2007) Are Lemna spp. effective phytoremediation agents. Bioremediation. Biodivers Bioavailab 1:56–71
OECD (2006) Test No. 221: Lemna spp. growth inhibition test. OECD Guidel. Test. Chem. Sect. 2. OECD Publishing, Paris, pp 1–22
Perales-Vela HV, González-Moreno S, Montes-Horcasitas C, Cañizares-Villanueva RO (2007) Growth, photosynthetic and respiratory responses to sub-lethal copper concentrations in Scenedesmus incrassatulus (Chlorophyceae). Chemosphere 67:2274–2281. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.036
Pilon-Smits E (2005) Phytoremediation. Annu Rev Plant Biol 56:15–29
Putter J (1975) Peroxidases. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Academic, New York, pp 685–690
Reemtsma T, Weiss S, Mueller J, Petrovic M, González S, Barcelo D, Ventura F, Knepper TP (2006) Polar pollutants entry into the water cycle by municipal wastewater: a European perspective. Environ Sci Technol 40:5451–5458
Ruiz-Sola M, Rodríguez-Concepción M (2012) Carotenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis: a colorful pathway. The Arabidopsis Book. Am Soc Plant Biologist 10:e0158. doi:10.1199/tab.0158
Sandermann H (1992) Plant metabolism of xenobiotics. Trends Biochem Sci 17:82–84. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90507-6
Schröder P, Daubner D, Maier H, Neustifter J, Debus R (2008) Phytoremediation of organic xenobiotics—glutathione dependent detoxification in Phragmites plants from European treatment sites. Bioresour Technol 99:7183–7191
Schröder P, Maier H, Debus R (2005) Detoxification of herbicides in Phragmites australis. Z Naturforsch 60:317–324
Schröder P, Juuti S, Roy S, Sandermann H, Sutinen S (1997) Exposure to chlorinated acetic acids: responses of peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity in pine needles. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 4:163–171
Schröder P, Weiss A (1991) Uptake and detoxification of chlorinated hydrocarbons by spruce trees. In: Schwartz SE, Slinn GWN (eds) Precipitation Scavenging and Atmosphere Surface Exchange. Hemisphere Publ, New York, pp 1011–1021
Shimabukuro RH (1976) Glutathione conjugation of herbicides in plants and animals and its role in herbicidal selectivity. Asian-Pacific Weed Sci Soc 183–186
Teisseire H, Couderchet M, Vernet G (1998) Toxic responses and catalase activity of Lemna minor L. exposed to Folpet, copper, and their combination. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 40:194–200
Torres MA, Jones JDG, Dangl JL (2006) Reactive oxygen species signaling in response to pathogens. Plant Physiol 141:373–378. doi:10.1104/pp. 106.079467
Trenkamp S, Martin W, Tietjen K (2004) Specific and differential inhibition of very-long-chain fatty acid elongases from Arabidopsis thaliana by different herbicides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:11903–11908. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404600101
Yruela I (2005) Copper in plants. Braz J Plant Physiol 17:145–156. doi:10.1590/S1677-04202005000100012