Aspiration pneumonia

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The role of gastric colonisation, New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1376, 10.1056/NEJM198711263172204 Du Moulin, 1982, Aspiration of gastric bacteria in antacid treated patients: a frequent cause of postoperative colonisation of the airway, Lancet, ii, 242, 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)90974-6 Escolano, 1989, Comparison of the effects of famotidine and ranitidine on gastric secretion in patients undergoing elective surgery, Anaesthesia, 44, 212, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1989.tb11225.x Ewart, 1990, A comparison of the effects of omeprazole and ranitidine on gastric secretion in women undergoing elective caesarean section, Anesthesia, 45, 527, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14823.x Fauré, 1987, Sodium bicarbonate buffers gastric acid during surgery in obstetric and gynaecologic patients, Anesthesiology, 67, 274, 10.1097/00000542-198708000-00026 Flynn, 1989, Does pretreatment with cimetidine and ranitidine affect the disposition of bupivacaine?, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 62, 87, 10.1093/bja/62.1.87 Garvey, 1989, Effects of gastric alkalization on bacterial colonisation in critically ill patients, Critical Care Medicine, 17, 211, 10.1097/00003246-198903000-00002 Gates, 1983, Effects of methylprednisolone on resolution of acid aspiration pneumonitis, Archives of Surgery, 118, 1262, 10.1001/archsurg.1983.01390110020005 Gibbs, 1979, Antacid pulmonary aspiration in the dog, Anesthesiology, 51, 380, 10.1097/00000542-197911000-00003 Graft, 1964, Baltimore Anesthesia Study Committee: factors in pediatric anesthesia mortality, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 43, 408 Greenfield, 1969, Pulmonary effects of experimental graded aspiration of hydrochloric acid, Annals of Surgery, 170, 74, 10.1097/00000658-196907000-00009 Guay, 1989, Effects of oral cimetidine and ranitidine on gastric pH and residual volume in children, Anesthesiology, 71, 547, 10.1097/00000542-198910000-00011 Hamelberg, 1964, Aspiration pneumonitis: experimental studies and clinical observations, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 43, 669, 10.1213/00000539-196411000-00011 Harbord, 1970, Microscopic changes in living lung after fluid aspiration, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 49, 835, 10.1213/00000539-197009000-00035 Hardy, 1988, Large volume gastro-esophageal reflux: a rationale for risk reduction in the perioperative period, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 35, 162, 10.1007/BF03010658 Heijke, 1991, The effect of the Trendelenburg position on lower oesophageal sphincter tone, Anaesthesia, 46, 185, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09405.x Hickling, 1988, A retrospective survey of treatment and mortality in aspiration pneumonia, Intensive Care Medicine, 14, 617, 10.1007/BF00256765 Hood, 1988, Obstetric anaesthesia Huxley, 1978, Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness, American Journal of Medicine, 64, 564, 10.1016/0002-9343(78)90574-0 James, 1984, Pulmonary aspiration effects of volume and pH in the rat, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 63, 665, 10.1213/00000539-198407000-00007 James, 1990, Complications associated with obstetric anesthesia, 1 Jasson, 1989, Ingestion de citrate de sodium avant l'anesthésie générale pour césarienne programmée. Effet sur le pH et le volume du contenu gastrique, Annales Françaises Anesthesie Réanimation, 8, 12, 10.1016/S0750-7658(89)80136-4 Johanson, 1969, Changing pharyngeal bacterial flora of hospital patients. Emergence of gram-negative bacilli, New England Journal of Medicine, 281, 1137, 10.1056/NEJM196911202812101 Johanson, 1980, Aspiration pneumonia, anaerobic infections and lung abscess, Medical Clinics of North America, 64, 385, 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)31599-1 Johanson, 1980, Bacterial adherence to epithelial cells in bacillary colonisation of the respiratory tract, American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 121, 55 Keenan, 1989, Anesthetic disasters and their prevention, 1 Kennedy, 1989, Acute acid aspiration lung injury in the rat: biphasic pathogenesis, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 69, 87, 10.1213/00000539-198907000-00017 Laforce, 1976, Human oral defenses against gramnegative rods, American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 114, 929 Landay, 1978, Pulmonary manifestations of acute aspiration of gastric contents, American Journal of Roentgenology, 131, 587, 10.2214/ajr.131.4.587 Lansing, 1963, Mechanisms of fever in pulmonary atelectasis, Archives of Surgery, 87, 184, 10.1001/archsurg.1963.01310130170021 Lewis, 1987, Can one risk fasting the obstetric patient for less than 4 hours?, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 59, 312, 10.1093/bja/59.3.312 Maltby, 1986, Preoperative oral fluids: is a five-hour fast justified prior to elective surgery?, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 65, 1112, 10.1213/00000539-198611000-00003 Manchikanti, 1982, Cimetidine and related drugs in anesthesia, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 61, 595, 10.1213/00000539-198207000-00008 Manchikanti, 1984, Ranitidine and metoclopramide for prophylaxis of aspiration pneumonitis in elective surgery, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 63, 903, 10.1213/00000539-198410000-00006 Manny, 1986, Pulmonary and systemic consequences of localised acid aspiration, Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 162, 259 Martling, 1988, Capsaicin sensitive afferents contribute to acute airway edema following tracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid or gastric juice in the rat, Anesthesiology, 68, 350, 10.1097/00000542-198803000-00005 Meakin, 1990, Preoperative fasting of children, Anesthesiology, 72, 579, 10.1097/00000542-199003000-00039 Mendelson, 1946, The aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs during obstetric anaesthesia, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 52, 191, 10.1016/S0002-9378(16)39829-5 Modell, 1989, Drowning and near-drowning, 1288 Moir, 1983, Cimetidine, antacids and pulmonary aspiration, Anesthesiology, 59, 81, 10.1097/00000542-198308000-00001 Morgan, 1977, Pathophysiology of gastric aspiration, International Anesthesiology Clinics, 15, 1, 10.1097/00004311-197715010-00001 Morgan, 1987, Anaesthetic contribution to maternal mortality, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 59, 842, 10.1093/bja/59.7.842 Nimmo, 1985, Aspiration of gastric contents, British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 34, 176 Nimmo, 1989, Gastric emptying and anaesthesia, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 36, S45, 10.1007/BF03005327 Olsson, 1986, Aspiration during anesthesia: a computer-aided study of 185 358 anesthetics, 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Salem, 1985, Cricoid compression is effective in obliterating the esophageal lumen in the presence of a nasogastric tube, Anesthesiology, 63, 443, 10.1097/00000542-198510000-00016 Sandhar, 1989, Effect of oral liquids and ranitidine on gastric fluid volume and pH in children undergoing outpatient surgery, Anesthesiology, 71, 327, 10.1097/00000542-198909000-00001 Sarwar, 1978, Laryngospasm as an early indicator of aspiration, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 57, 119, 10.1213/00000539-197801000-00025 Sax, 1987, Clinically important adverse effects and drug interactions with H2 receptor antagonists: an update, Pharmacotherapy, 7, 110, 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1987.tb03534.x Schreiner, 1990, Oral fluids compared to preoperative fasting in pediatric outpatients, Anesthesiology, 72, 593, 10.1097/00000542-199004000-00002 Schwartz, 1980, The pulmonary consequences of aspiration of gastric contents at pH values greater than 2.5, American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 121, 119 Sellick, 1961, Cricoid pressure to control regurgitation of stomach contents during induction of anaesthesia, Lancet, ii, 404, 10.1016/S0140-6736(61)92485-0 Simmons, 1987, Fluid balance and the adult respiratory distress syndrome, American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 135, 924, 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.4.924 Simpson, 1848, The alleged case of death from the action of chloroform, Lancet, i, 175, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)59384-2 Snow, 1858, 74 Splinter, 1990, Clear fluids three hours before surgery do not affect the gastric fluid contents of children, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 37, 498, 10.1007/BF03006315 Spray, 1976, Aspiration pneumonia: incidence of aspiration with endotracheal tubes, American Journal of Surgery, 131, 701, 10.1016/0002-9610(76)90181-1 Steiner, 1974, Recovery from aspiration pneumonitis, Pneumologie, 151, 127, 10.1007/BF02097159 Stoutenbeek, 1984, The effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on colonisation and infection rate in multiple trauma patients, Intensive Care 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