Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Mapping Human Health Risk in Central Ganga Alluvial Plain, Northern India
Tóm tắt
The present paper deals with the assessment of hydrogeochemical processes controlling groundwater quality in Lucknow urban area located in an alluvial plain of Ganga-Gomti interfluve, India. Physico-chemical data were derived from 42 groundwater samples, and were further used to map human health risk in Lucknow monitoring area. The analysis reveals that the carbonate and silicate weathering along with reverse ion exchange, cation exchange, sulphide oxidation, dissociation of residual halides are the major solute processes controlling the ionic concentration of groundwater in Lucknow. Groundwater is predominantly of Na+-Ca2+-HCO3
− type having all cations and anions within prescribed WHO limits except for Fe2+ and NO3
−. Ionic concentrations of groundwater were combined to derive a Water Quality Index (WQI) using spatial overlay in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). WQI reveals that about 47.8% of the total 133.52 km2 area covering Cis-Gomti localities of the city has nearly poor water quality for drinking use which is possibly due to high Fe2+ and NO3
− influx in shallow unconfined aquifers. WQI is integrated with urban population density index data to map spatial distribution of human health risk due to consumption of poor water quality. Results reveal that the sites located in and around the vicinity of Alambagh, Kaiserbagh and Hazratganj, covering 9.81% of the total area, are potential ‘hot spot’ at moderate to high health risk, and require substantial remediation measures to control the anthropogenic influx on a long-term basis.
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