A theoretical analysis of nonlinearities and feedbacks in soil carbon and nitrogen cycles

Agren, 2001, Combining theory and experiment to understand effects of inorganic nitrogen on litter decomposition, Oecologia, 128, 94, 10.1007/s004420100646 Andrén, 1987, Barley straw decomposition in the field: a comparison of models, Ecology, 68, 1190, 10.2307/1939203 Argyris, 1994 Baisden, 2003, An analytical approach to ecosystem biogeochemistry modeling, Ecological Applications, 13, 649, 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0649:AAATEB]2.0.CO;2 Barak, 1990, Mineralization of amino acids and evidence of direct assimilation of organic nitrogen, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 54, 769, 10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400030024x Barraclough, 1997, The direct or MIT route for nitrogen immobilization: a 15N mirror image study with leucine and glycine, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 29, 101, 10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00241-6 Benbi, 2002, A critical review of some approaches to modelling nitrogen mineralization, Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35, 168, 10.1007/s00374-002-0456-6 Berg, 1983, Nitrogen immobilization in decomposing needle litter at variable carbon:nitrgen ratios, Ecology, 64, 63, 10.2307/1937329 Blagodatsky, 1998, Microbial growth in soil and nitrogen turnover: a theoretical model considering the activity state of microorganisms, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 30, 1743, 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00028-5 Bolker, 1998, Linear analysis of soil decomposition: insights from the century model, Ecological Applications, 8, 425, 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0425:LAOSDI]2.0.CO;2 Bosatta, 1985, Theoretical analysis of decomposition of heterogeneous substrates, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 17, 601, 10.1016/0038-0717(85)90035-5 Bosatta, 1994, Theoretical analysis of microbial biomass dynamics in soils, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 26, 143, 10.1016/0038-0717(94)90206-2 Bosatta, 1984, Energy or nutrient regulation of decomposition: implications for mineralization–immobilization response to perturbations, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 16, 63, 10.1016/0038-0717(84)90127-5 Brady, 1996 Clarke, 1968, The uptake of nitrogen from soils in relation to solute diffusion, Australian Journal of Soil Research, 6, 75, 10.1071/SR9680075 de Willigen, 1991, Nitrogen turnover in the soil-crop system; comparison of fourteen simulation models, Fertilizer Research, 27, 141, 10.1007/BF01051122 D’Odorico, 2003, Hydrologic control on soil carbon and nitrogen cycles II a case study, Advances in Water Resources, 26, 59, 10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00095-7 Drury, 1991, Availability of NH4+–N to microorganisms and the internal N cycle, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 23, 165, 10.1016/0038-0717(91)90130-C Fang, 2005, The variation of soil microbial respiration with depth in relation to soil carbon composition, Plant and Soil, 268, 243, 10.1007/s11104-004-0278-4 Fang, 2005, Incorporating microorganisms as decomposers into models to simulate soil organic matter decomposition, Geoderma, 129, 139, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.12.038 Fierer, 2001, Influence of balsam poplar tannin fractions on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Alaskan taiga floodplain soils, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 33, 1827, 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00111-0 Finzi, 2002, The nitrogen budget of a pine forest under free CO2 enrichment, Oecologia, 132, 567, 10.1007/s00442-002-0996-3 Fisk, 2001, Microbial biomass and nitrogen cycling responses to fertilization and litter removal in young northern hardwood forests, Biogeochemistry, 53, 201, 10.1023/A:1010693614196 Fog, 1988, The effect of added nitrogen on the rate of decomposition of organic matter, Biologial Review, 63, 433, 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1988.tb00725.x Freckman, 1986, The ecology of dehydration in soil organisms, 157 Garnier, 2001, Evaluation of a nitrogen transport and transformation model in a bare soil, European Journal of Soil Science, 52, 253, 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00374.x Garnier, 2003, Modelling carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a bare soil with and without straw incorporation, European Journal of Soil Science, 54, 555, 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00499.x Griffin, 1980, Water potential as a selective factor in the microbial ecology of soils, 141 Gusman, 1999, Analytical modeling of nitrogen dynamics in soils and ground water, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 125, 330, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1999)125:6(330) Hacke, 2000, Influence of soil porosity on water use in pinus Taeda, Oecologia, 124, 495, 10.1007/PL00008875 Hadas, 1987, Simulation of nitrogen-15 immobilization by the model NCSOIL, Soil Society of America Journal, 51, 102, 10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100010022x Hadas, 1992, Factors affecting nitrogen immobilization in soil as estimates by simulation models, Soil Society of America Journal, 56, 1481, 10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600050024x Hadas, 1992, Assimilation of nitrogen by soil microbial population: NH4 versus organic N, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 24, 137, 10.1016/0038-0717(92)90269-4 Hansen, 1991, Simulation of nitrogen dynamics and biomass production in winter wheat using the Danish simulation model DAISY, Fertilizer Research, 27, 245, 10.1007/BF01051131 Hansen, 1995, Developments in modeling nitrogen transformation in soils Hart, 1994, Dynamics of gross nitrogen transformations in an old growth forest: the carbon connection, Ecology, 75, 880, 10.2307/1939413 Harte, 1993, Mutualism and competition between plants and decomposers: implications for nutrient allocations in ecosystems, The American Naturalist, 141, 829, 10.1086/285511 Hatch, 2000, Nitrogen mineralization and microbial activity in permanent pastures amended with nitrogen fertilizer or dung, Biology and Fertility of Soils, 30, 288, 10.1007/s003740050005 Jansson, 1958, Tracer studies on nitrogen transformations in soils with special attention to mineralization–immobilization relationships, Annals of the Royal Agriculture College of Sweden, 24, 105 Katterer, 2001, The ICBM family of analytically solved models of soil carbon, nitrogen and microbial biomass dynamics—description and application examples, Ecological Modelling, 136, 191, 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00420-8 Kaye, 1997, Competition for nitrogen between plants and soil microorganisms, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 12, 139, 10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01001-X Laio, 2001, Plants in water-controlled ecosystems. Active role in hydrological processes and response to water stress. II Probabilistic soil moisture dynamics, Advances in Water Resources, 24, 707, 10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00005-7 Luxøi, 2006, Prediction of gross and net mineralization–immobilization-turnover from respiration, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70, 1121, 10.2136/sssaj2005.0133 Manzoni, 2004, Soil nutrient cycles as a nonlinear dynamical system, Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 11, 589, 10.5194/npg-11-589-2004 Mary, 1996, Interactions between decomposition of plant residues and nitrogen cycling in soil, Plant and Soil, 181, 71, 10.1007/BF00011294 Mary, 1998, A model for calculating nitrogen fluxes in soil using 15N tracing, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 30, 1963, 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00068-6 McGill, W.B., 1996. Review and classification of ten soil organic matter (SOM) models. In: Powlson, D.S., Smith, P., Smith, J.U. (Eds.), Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models. Using Existing Long Term Datasets. NATO ASI Series, Series I: Global Environmental Change, Vol. 38, pp. 111–132. McGill, 1981, PHOENIX, a model of the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in grassland soils, 49 Molina, 1998, Modeling carbon and nitrogen processes in soils, Advances in Agronomy, 62, 253, 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60570-2 Molina, 1983, NCSOIL, a model of nitrogen and carbon transformations in soils: description, calibration and behavior, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47, 85, 10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700010017x Murray, 2002 Neill, 2006, Soil organic matter decomposition driven by microbial growth: a simple model for a complex network of interactions, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 38, 803, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.07.007 Panikov, 1996, A kinetic method for estimating the biomass of microbial functional groups in soil, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 24, 219, 10.1016/0167-7012(95)00074-7 Parnas, 1975, Model for decomposition of organic material by microorganisms, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 7, 161, 10.1016/0038-0717(75)90014-0 Parton, 1987, Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 51, 1173, 10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100050015x Paustian, 1994, Modelling soil biology and biochemical processes for sustainable agriculture research Porporato, 2003, Hydrologic controls on Soil carbon and nitrogen cycle I: Modelling scheme, Advances in Water Resources, 26, 45, 10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00094-5 1996 Ratkowsky, 1982, Relationship between temperature and growth rate of bacterial cultures, Journal of Bacteriology, 149, 1, 10.1128/JB.149.1.1-5.1982 Recous, 1995, Soil inorganic N availability: effect on maize residue decomposition, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 27, 1529, 10.1016/0038-0717(95)00096-W Rodrigo, 1997, Modelling temperature and moisture effects on C–N transformations in soils: comparison of nine models, Ecological Modelling, 102, 325, 10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00067-7 Saetre, 2005, Microbial dynamics and carbon and nitrogen cycling following re-wetting of soils beneath two semi-arid plant species, Oecologia, 142, 247, 10.1007/s00442-004-1718-9 Schimel, 2004, Nitrogen mineralization: challenges of a changing paradigm, Ecology, 85, 591, 10.1890/03-8002 Schimel, 2003, The implications of exoenzyme activity on microbial carbon and nitrogen limitation in soil: a theoretical model, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 35, 549, 10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00015-4 Schimel, 1989, Spatial and temporal effects on plant–microbial competition for inorganic nitrogen in a California annual grassland, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 21, 1059, 10.1016/0038-0717(89)90044-8 Schjonning, 2003, Linking soil microbial activity to water- and air-phase contents and diffusivities, Soil Society of America Journal, 67, 156, 10.2136/sssaj2003.0156 Schwinning, 2004, Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semiarid ecosystems, Oecologia, 141, 211, 10.1007/s00442-004-1520-8 Semenov, 1999, Moving waves of bacterial populations and total organic carbon along roots of wheat, Microbial Ecology, 37, 116, 10.1007/s002489900136 Shi, 2006, Soil microbial biomass, activity and nitrogen transformations in a turfgrass chronosequence, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 38, 311, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.05.008 Skopp, 1990, Steady-state aerobic activity as a function of soil water content, Soil Science Society of American Journal, 54, 1619, 10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400060018x Smith, 1997, A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments, Geoderma, 81, 153, 10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00087-6 Smith, 1998, Soil biota and global change at the ecosystem level: describing soil biota in mathematical models, Global Change Biology, 4, 773, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00193.x Stark, 1995, Mechanisms for soil moisture effects on activity of nitrifying bacteria, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 218, 10.1128/AEM.61.1.218-221.1995 Swift, 1979 Van Veen, 1985, Turnover of carbon and nitrogen through the microbial biomass in a sandy loam and a clay soil incubated with [14C(U)]glucose and [15N](NH4)2SO4 under different moisture regimes, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 17, 747, 10.1016/0038-0717(85)90128-2 1995, Vegetation ecosystem modeling and analysis project—comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO2 doubling, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9, 407, 10.1029/95GB02746 Vinolas, 2001, Kinetics of soil microbial uptake of free amino acids, Biology and Fertility of Soils, 33, 67, 10.1007/s003740000291 Whitmore, 1996, Describing the mineralization of carbon added to soil in crop residues using second-order kinetics, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 28, 1435, 10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00153-8 Whitmore, 1996, Alternative kinetic laws to describe the turnover of the microbial biomass, Plant and Soil, 181, 169, 10.1007/BF00011304 Wu, 1998, A review of carbon and nitrogen processes in four soil nitrogen dynamics models, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 69, 279, 10.1006/jaer.1997.0250 Zak, 1990, The vernal dam: plant–microbe competition for nitrogen in northern hardwood forests, Ecology, 7, 651, 10.2307/1940319 Zak, 1999, Soil temperature, matric potential, and the kinetics of microbial respiration and nitrogen mineralization, Soil Society of America Journal, 63, 575, 10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300030021x Zelenev, 2000, “BACWAVE,” a spatial–temporal model for traveling waves of bacterial populations in response to a moving carbon source in soil, Microbial Ecology, 40, 260, 10.1007/s002480000029 Zelenev, 2005, Modeling wave-like dynamics of oligotrophic and copiotrophic bacteria along wheat roots in response to nutrient input from a growing root tip, Ecological Modelling, 188, 404, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.046 Zelenev, 2005, Short-term wavelike dynamics of bacterial populations in response to nutrient input from fresh plant residues, Microbial Ecology, 49, 83, 10.1007/s00248-003-1054-3