Population Biology of Parasitic Nematodes: Applications of Genetic Markers

Aho, 1992, Genetic differentiation among congeneric acanthocephalans in the yellow-bellied slider turtle, Journal Of Parasitology, 78, 974, 10.2307/3283216 Amos, 1993, Male mating success and paternity in the grey seal, Halichoerus grypus: a study using DNA fingerprinting, Proceedings Of The Royal Society Of London Series B Biological Sciences, 252, 199, 10.1098/rspb.1993.0066 Anderson, 1982, Coevolution of hosts and parasites, Parasitology, 85, 411, 10.1017/S0031182000055360 Anderson, 1995, Ascaris infections in humans from North America: Molecular evidence for cross-infection, Parasitology, 110, 215, 10.1017/S0031182000063988 Anderson, 1997, Host specificity, evolutionary relationships and macrogeographic differentiation among Ascaris populations from humans and pigs, Parasitology, 155, 325, 10.1017/S0031182097001339 Anderson, 1993, Genetic structure and epidemiology of Ascaris populations: Patterns of host affiliation in Guatemala, Parasitology, 107, 319, 10.1017/S0031182000079294 Anderson, 1995, Are mitochondria inherited paternally in Ascaris?, International Journal for Parasitology, 25, 1001, 10.1016/0020-7519(95)00007-O Anderson, 1995, Mitochondrial DNA and Ascaris microepidemiology: The composition of parasite populations from individual hosts, families and villages, Parasitology, 110, 221, 10.1017/S003118200006399X Andrews, 1990, Apparent absence of genetic differences among species of Teladorsagia (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae), Journal Of Helminthology, 64, 290, 10.1017/S0022149X00012311 Andrews, 1988, Identification of life cycles stages of the nematode Echinocephalus overstreeti by allozyme electrophoresis, Journal Of Helminthology, 62, 153, 10.1017/S0022149X0001141X Andrews, 1989, Genetic characterization of three species of Onchocerca at 23 enzyme loci, Journal Of Helminthology, 63, 87, 10.1017/S0022149X00008828 Arena, 1995, The mechanism of action of avermectins in Caenorhabditis elegans: Correlation between activation of glutamate-sensitive chloride current, membrane binding, and biological activity, Journal of Parasitology, 81, 286, 10.2307/3283936 Arnheim, 1983, Concerted evolution of multigene families, 1 Atkinson, 1984, Aggregation of larval Diptera over discrete and ephemeral breeding sites: The implications for coexistence, American Naturalist, 124, 336, 10.1086/284277 Austin, 1996, Immunodominance, competition and evolution in immunological responses to helminth parasite antigens, Parasitology, 113, 157, 10.1017/S0031182000066403 Avise, 1994, 1 Back, 1984, Chromosomal arrangement of the two main rDNA size classes of Ascaris lumbricoides, Nucleic Acids Research, 12, 1333, 10.1093/nar/12.3.1333 Back, 1984, Intervening sequences in the ribosomal RNA genes of Ascaris lumbricoides: DNA sequences at junctions and genomic organization, Embo Journal, 3, 2523, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02167.x Beech, 1994, Genetic variability of the betatubulin genes in benzimidazole-susceptible and -resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus, Genetics, 138, 103, 10.1093/genetics/138.1.103 Beveridge, 1993, Sibling species within Macropostrongyloides baylisi (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from macropodid marsupials, International Journal for Parasitology, 23, 21, 10.1016/0020-7519(93)90094-F Beveridge, 1995, Relationships within the Rugopharynx delta species complex (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from Australian marsupials inferred from allozyme electrophoretic data, Systematic Parasitology, 32, 149, 10.1007/BF00009514 Birkhead, 1995, Extra-pair copulation and extra-pair paternity in birds, Animal Behaviour, 49, 843, 10.1016/0003-3472(95)90059-4 Birky, 1989, Organelle gene diversity under migration, mutation, and drift: Equilibrium expectations, approach to equilibrium, effects of heteroplasmic cells, and comparison to nuclear genes, Genetics, 121, 613, 10.1093/genetics/121.3.613 Blouin, 1992, Unusual population genetics of a parasitic nematode; mtDNA variation within and among populations, Evolution, 46, 470, 10.2307/2409865 Blouin, 1995, Host movement and the genetic structure of populations of parasitic nematodes, Genetics, 141, 1007, 10.1093/genetics/141.3.1007 Bonhoeffer, 1994, Intra-host versus inter-host selection: Viral strategies of immune function impairment, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 8062, 10.1073/pnas.91.17.8062 Brattey, 1995, Identification of larval Contracaecum osculatum s.l. and Phocascaris sp. (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) from marine fishes by allozyme electrophoresis and discriminant function analysis of morphometric data, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52, 116, 10.1139/f95-517 Brattey, 1996, Genetic variation within Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) from Canadian Atlantic marine fishes and seals: Characterization by RFLP analysis of genomic DNA, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53, 333, 10.1139/f95-196 Bullini, 1978, Ricerche cariologiche ed electroforetiche se Parascaris univalens e Parascaris equorum, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti Classe Scienze Fisiche Matamatiche e Naturali, Serie VIII, 65, 151 Bullini, 1981, Nuovi dati sulla divergenza e sulla variabilita genetica delle specie gemelle Ascaris lumbricoides - A. suum e Parascaris univalens - P. equorum, Parassitologia, 23, 139 Bullini, 1986, Genetic variation of ascaridoid worms with different life cycles, Evolution, 40, 437, 10.2307/2408826 Bundy, 1997, Better health, nutrition and education for the school-aged child, Transactions of the Royal Society of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 91, 1, 10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90370-9 Burke, 1995, R4, a non-LTR retrotransposon specific to the large subunit rRNA genes of nematodes, Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 4628, 10.1093/nar/23.22.4628 Burt, 1996, Molecular markers reveal cryptic sex in the human pathogen Coccidioides immitis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 770, 10.1073/pnas.93.2.770 Cancrini, 1989, Genetic characterization of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis by electrophoretic analysis of gene-enzyme systems, Parassitologia, 31, 189 Castagnone Sereno, 1993, Phylogenetic relationships between amphimictic and parthenogenetic nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne as inferred from repetitive DNA analysis, Heredity, 70, 195, 10.1038/hdy.1993.29 Caswell Chen, 1992, Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Heterodera cruciferae and Heterodera schachtii populations, Journal Of Nematology, 24, 343 Chehresa, 1997, Changes in life history traits in Heligosomoides polygyrus bakeri associated with development of drug resistance, International Journal for Parasitology. Chehresa, 1997, Life history variation among lines isolated from a laboratory population of Heligosomoides polygyrus bakeri, International Journal for Parasitology, 27, 541, 10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00005-2 Chilton, 1992, Detection by allozyme electrophoresis of cryptic species of Hypodontus macropi (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from macropodid marsupials, International Journal For Parasitology, 22, 271, 10.1016/S0020-7519(05)80004-9 Chilton, 1993, Electrophoretic and morphological analysis of Paramacropostrongylus typicus (Nematoda: Strongyloidea), with the description of a new species, Paramacropostrongylus iugalis new species, from the eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus, Systematic Parasitology, 24, 35, 10.1007/BF00006943 Chilton, 1993, Electrophoretic comparison of Rugopharynx longiburasaris Kung and R. omega Beveridge (Nematoda: Strongyloidea), with the description of R. sigma n. sp. from pademelons, Thylogale spp. (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), Systematic Parasitology, 26, 159, 10.1007/BF00009723 Chilton, 1995, Differences in a ribosomal DNA sequence of morphologically indistinguishable species within the Hypodontus macropi complex (Nematoda: Strongyloidea), International Journal for Parasitology, 25, 647, 10.1016/0020-7519(94)00171-J Cianchi, 1985, Preliminary data on the genetic differentiation of Onchocerca volvulus in Africa (Nematoda: Filarioidea), Acta Tropica, 42, 341 Coles, 1989, The molecular biology of drug resistance in parasitic helminths, 125 Comins, 1977, The development of insecticide resistance in the presence of migration, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 64 Comins, 1977, The management of pesticide resistance, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 65, 399, 10.1016/0022-5193(77)90206-5 Comins, 1979, Analytic methods for the management of pesticide resistance, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 77, 171, 10.1016/0022-5193(79)90305-9 Coyne, 1989, Patterns of speciation in Drosophila, Evolution, 43, 362, 10.2307/2409213 Cully, 1993, Characterization and attempts to expression clone and avermectin and glutamate-sensitive chloride channel from Caenorhabditis elegans, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 17C, 115 Cully, 1994, Cloning of an avermectin-sensitive glutamate-gated chloride channel from Caenorhabditis elegans, Nature, 371, 707, 10.1038/371707a0 Dobson, 1996, Management of anthelmintic resistance - inheritance of resistance and selection with persistent drugs, International Journal for Parasitology, 26, 993, 10.1016/S0020-7519(96)80078-6 Eriksen, 1992, Response to repeated inoculations with Ascaris suum eggs in pigs during the fattening period: I. Studies on worm population kinetics, Parasitology Research, 78, 241, 10.1007/BF00931733 Esbenshade, 1987, Enzymatic relationships and evolution in the genus Meloidogyne (Nematoda: Tylenchida), Journal Of Nematology, 19, 8 Felder, 1994, Tas, a retrotransposon from the parasitic nematode Ascaris lumbricoides, Gene, 149, 219, 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90153-8 Ferris, 1994, The future of nematode systematics, Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 17, 97 Fisher, 1997 Fisher, 1996, Microsatellites of the parasitic nematode Strongyloides ratti, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 80, 221, 10.1016/0166-6851(96)02699-0 Fitch, 1995, 18S Ribosomal RNA gene phylogeny for some Rhabditidae related to Caenorhabditis, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12, 346 Flockhart, 1986, Onchocerca volvulus: enzyme polymorphism in relation to the differentiation of forest and savannah strains of this parasite, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 80, 285, 10.1016/0035-9203(86)90037-4 Folkertsma, 1994, Inter- and intraspecific variation between populations of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA, Phytopathology, 84, 807, 10.1094/Phyto-84-807 Frank, 1988, Additional investigations of hypobiosis of Ostertagia ostertagi after transfer between northern and southern USA, International Journal for Parasitology, 18, 171, 10.1016/0020-7519(88)90057-4 Gasnier, 1996, Evidence for the existence of a sheep and a goat line of Teladorsagia circumcincta (Nematoda), Parasitology Research, 82, 546, 10.1007/s004360050160 Gasser, 1995, Genetic markers for closely-related parasitic nematodes, Molecular and Cellular Probes, 9, 315, 10.1016/S0890-8508(95)91588-5 Gasser, 1993, Rapid sequencing of rDNA from single worms and eggs of parasitic helminths, Nucleic Acids Research, 21, 2525, 10.1093/nar/21.10.2525 Geary, 1992, Three beta-tubulin cDNAs from the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 50, 295, 10.1016/0166-6851(92)90227-B Geerts, 1997, Anthelmintic resistance in human helminths: learning from problems with worm control in livestock, Parasitology Today, 13, 149, 10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01024-7 Grant, 1994, Genetic variation in parasitic nematodes and its implications, International Journal for Parasitology, 24, 821, 10.1016/0020-7519(94)90008-6 Grant, 1994, Extensive DNA polymorphism within and between two strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, International Journal for Parasitology, 24, 719, 10.1016/0020-7519(94)90126-0 Grosberg, 1996, Characterization of genetic structure and genealogies using RAPD-PCR markers: a random primer for the novice and nervous, 65 Hadrys, 1992, Applications of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in molecular ecology, Molecular Ecology, 1, 55, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00155.x Hafner, 1994, Disparate rates of molecular evolution in cospeciating hosts and parasites, Science, 265, 1087, 10.1126/science.8066445 Hahn, 1994, Molecular diversity amongst Radopholus similis populations from Sri Lanka detected by RAPD analysis, Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 17, 275 Hartl, 1989 Haukisalmi, 1996, Variability of sex ratio, mating probability and egg production in an intestinal nematode in its fluctuating host population, International Journal for Parasitology, 26, 755, 10.1016/0020-7519(96)00058-6 Herlich, 1981, Inheritance of cambendazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 42, 1342 Hillis, 1991, Ribosomal DNA: molecular evolution and phylogenetic inference, Quarterly Review of Biology, 66, 411, 10.1086/417338 Hillis, 1990 Hoeh, 1996, Cytochrome c oxidase sequences comparisons suggest an unusually high rate of mitochondrial DNA evolution in Mytilus (Mollusca: Bivalvia), Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13, 418, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025600 Hoekstra, 1997, Characterization of an acetylcholine receptor gene of Haemonchus contortus in relation to levamisole resistance, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 84, 179, 10.1016/S0166-6851(96)02793-4 Hoekstra, 1997, Microsatellites of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus: polymorphism and linkage with a direct repeat, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 89, 97, 10.1016/S0166-6851(97)00108-4 Hoste, 1995, Differences in the second internal transcribed spacer (ribosomal DNA) between five species of Trichostrongylus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae), International Journal for Parasitology, 25, 75, 10.1016/0020-7519(94)00085-3 Hudson, 1987, A test of neutral molecular evolution based on nucleotide data, Genetics, 116, 153, 10.1093/genetics/116.1.153 Hugall, 1994, Low, but strongly structured mitochondrial DNA diversity in root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne), Genetics, 136, 903, 10.1093/genetics/136.3.903 Hugall, 1997, Evolution of the AT-rich mitochondrial DNA of the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14, 40, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025700 Hughes, 1995, Natural selection on Plasmodium surface proteins, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 71, 99, 10.1016/0166-6851(95)00037-2 Hyman, 1996, Molecular systematics and population biology of phytonematodes: some unifying principles, Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 19, 309 Hyman, 1996, Similar evolutionary patterning among repeated and single copy nematode mitochondrial genes, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13, 221, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025559 Hyman, 1990, Recent appearance and molecular characterization of mitochondrial DNA deletions within a defined nematode pedigree, Genetics, 124, 845, 10.1093/genetics/124.4.845 Hyman, 1996, Application of mitochondrial DNA polymorphism to Meloidogyne molecular population biology, Journal of Nematology, 28, 268 Ibrahim, 1994, Enzyme polymorphisms in Ascaris lumbricoides in Bangladesh, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88, 600, 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90180-5 Ibrahim, 1997, Genetic variation in Nacobbus aberrans: an approach towards taxonomic resolution, Journal of Nematology, 29, 241 Jaenike, 1992, Mycophagous Drosophila and their nematode parasites, American Naturalist, 139, 893, 10.1086/285365 Jaenike, 1993, Rapid evolution of host specificity in a parasitic nematode, Evolutionary Ecology, 7, 103, 10.1007/BF01237736 Jaenike, 1996, Rapid evolution of parasitic nematodes: not, Evolutionary Ecology, 10, 565, 10.1007/BF01237886 Jasmer, 1996, Haemonchus contortus GA1 antigens: Related, phospholipase C-sensitive, apical gut membrane proteins encoded as a polyprotein and released from the nematode during infection, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 8642, 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8642 Jermiin, 1995, Evidence from analyses of intergenic regions for strand-specific directional mutation pressure in Metazoan Mitochondrial DNA, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12, 558 Jungersen, 1996, Experimental transfer of Ascaris suum from donor pigs to helminth naive pigs, Journal of Parasitology, 82, 752, 10.2307/3283887 Kaplan, 1996, Molecular polymorphisms associated with host range in the highly conserved genomes of burrowing nematodes, Radopholus spp, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 9, 32, 10.1094/MPMI-9-0032 Karl, 1992, Balancing selection at allozyme loci in oysters: Implications from nuclear RFLPs, Science, 256, 100, 10.1126/science.1348870 Karl, 1992, Global population genetic structure and male-mediated gene flow in the green turtle (Chelonia mydas): RFLP analyses of anonymous nuclear loci, Genetics, 131, 163, 10.1093/genetics/131.1.163 Keymer, 1986, Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda): The dynamics of primary and repeated infection in outbred mice, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, 229, 47, 10.1098/rspb.1986.0074 Kimura, 1983 Kwa, 1993, Effect of selection for benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus on beta-tubulin isotype 1 and isotype-2 genes, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 191, 413, 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1233 Kwa, 1993, Molecular characterisation of beta-tubulin genes present in benzimidazole-resistant populations of Haemonchus contortus, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 60, 133, 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90036-W Kwa, 1994, Benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus is correlated with a conserved mutation at amino acid 200 in beta-tubulin isotype 1, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 63, 299, 10.1016/0166-6851(94)90066-3 Kwa, 1995, Beta-tubulin genes from the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus modulate drug resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans, Journal of Molecular Biology, 246, 500, 10.1006/jmbi.1994.0102 Lasserre, 1996, Genetic variation in natural populations of the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) submitted to resistant and susceptible cultivars of cereals, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 93, 1, 10.1007/BF00225719 le Jambre, 1979, The inheritance of thiabendazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus, Parasitology, 78, 107, 10.1017/S0031182000049179 Leslie, 1982, Enzyme polymorphism in Ascaris suum (Nematoda), Journal of Parasitology, 68, 576, 10.2307/3280913 Lewontin, 1973, Distribution of gene frequency as a test of the theory of the selective neutrality of polymorphisms, Genetics, 74, 175, 10.1093/genetics/74.1.175 Lockhart, 1994, Recovering evolutionary trees under a more realistic model of sequence evolution, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11, 605 Lubega, 1991, Beta-tubulin and benzimidazole resistance in the sheep nematode Haemonchus contortus, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 47, 129, 10.1016/0166-6851(91)90155-Y Lubega, 1991, Interaction of benzimidazole anthelmintics with Haemonchus contortus tubulin: binding affinity and anthelmintic efficacy, Experimental Parasitology, 73, 203, 10.1016/0014-4894(91)90023-P Lubega, 1991, Specific interaction of benzimidazole anthelmintics with tubulin from developing stages of thiabendazole-susceptible and -resistant Haemonchus contortus, Biochemical Pharmacology, 41, 93, 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90015-W Lubega, 1993, Expression of cloned beta-tubulin genes of Haemonchus contortus in Escherichia coli: Interaction of recombinant beta-tubulin with native tubulin and mebendazole, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 62, 281, 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90117-G Lubega, 1994, Haemonchus contortus: The role of two beta-tubulin gene subfamilies in the resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics, Biochemical Pharmacology, 47, 1705, 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90551-7 Lunt, 1997, End products of animal mitochondrial DNA recombination, Nature, 387, 247, 10.1038/387247a0 Lynch, 1990, The analysis of population survey data on DNA sequence variation, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 7, 377 Lynch, 1994, Analysis of population genetic structure with RAPD markers, Molecular Ecology, 3, 91, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00109.x Maizels, 1993, Immunological modulation and evasion by helminth parasites in human populations, Nature, 365, 797, 10.1038/365797a0 Martin, 1995, Metabolic rate and directional nucleotide substitution in animal mitochondrial DNA, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12, 1124 Martin, 1993, Body size, metabolic rate, generation time, and the molecular clock, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90, 4087, 10.1073/pnas.90.9.4087 Martin, 1990, Levamisol resistance in Trichostrongylus colubriformis: a sex linked character, International Journal for Parasitology, 20, 867, 10.1016/0020-7519(90)90024-H May, 1993, Resisting resistance, Nature, 361, 593, 10.1038/361593a0 May, 1993, Biased sex ratios and parasite mating probabilities, Parasitology, 107, 287, 10.1017/S0031182000079269 McDonald, 1994, Detecting natural selection by comparing geographical variation in protein and DNA sequences, 88 McDonald, 1991, Adaptive protein evolution at the Adh locus in Drosophila, Nature, 351, 652, 10.1038/351652a0 Melnick, 1992, Differences in male and female dispersal lead to contrasting distributions of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variation, International Journal of Primatology, 13, 379, 10.1007/BF02547824 Meredith, 1991, Onchocerca volvulus: Application of the polymerase chain reaction to identification and strain differentiation of the parasite, Experimental Parasitology, 73, 335, 10.1016/0014-4894(91)90105-6 Moran, 1995, Faster evolutionary rates in endosymbiotic bacteria than in cospeciating insect hosts, Journal of Molecular Evolution, 41, 727, 10.1007/BF00173152 Moriyama, 1996, Intraspecific nuclear DNA variation in Drosophila, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13, 261, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025563 Nadler, 1986, Biochemical polymorphism in Parascaris equorum, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 18, 45, 10.1016/0166-6851(86)90049-6 Nadler, 1990, Molecular approaches to studying helminth population genetics and phylogeny, International Journal for Parasitology, 20, 11, 10.1016/0020-7519(90)90168-M Nadler, 1995, Microevolution and the genetic structure of parasite populations, Journal of Parasitology, 81, 395, 10.2307/3283821 Nadler, 1995, Genetic structure of midwestern Ascaris suum populations: A comparison of isoenzyme and RAPD markers, Journal of Parasitology, 81, 385, 10.2307/3283820 Nascetti, 1979, Ricerche sul differenziamento genetico di Ascaris lumbricoides e Ascaris suum, Atti Della Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei Rendiconti Classe Di Scienze Fisiche Matematiche E Naturali, 67, 457 Nei, 1973, Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 70, 3321, 10.1073/pnas.70.12.3321 Norman, 1994, An electrophoretic comparison of Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1819 (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) from two species of Australian bandicoot (Marsupialia: Peramelidae), Systematic Parasitology, 29, 223, 10.1007/BF00009677 Okimoto, 1991, Repeated sequence sets in mitochondrial DNA molecules of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne): Nucleotide sequences, genome location and potential for hostrace identification, Nucleic Acids Research, 19, 1619, 10.1093/nar/19.7.1619 Okimoto, 1992, The mitochondrial genomes of two nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris suum, Genetics, 130, 471, 10.1093/genetics/130.3.471 Okimoto, 1994, The mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes of the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris suum: Consensus secondary-structure models and conserved nucleotide sets for phylogenetic analysis, Journal of Molecular Evolution, 39, 598, 10.1007/BF00160405 Orrechia, 1986, Electrophoretic identification of larvae and adults of Anisakis (Ascaridida: Anisakidae), Journal Of Helminthology, 60, 331, 10.1017/S0022149X00008580 Orecchia, 1994, Two new members in the Contracaecum osculatum complex (Nematoda, Ascaridoidea) from the Antarctic, International Journal for Parasitology, 24, 367, 10.1016/0020-7519(94)90084-1 Paggi, 1991, Genetic evidence for three species within Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda, Ascaridida, Ascaridoidea) in the North Atlantic and Norwegian and Barents Seas, International Journal for Parasitology, 21, 195, 10.1016/0020-7519(91)90010-5 Palumbi, 1994, Contrasting population structure from nuclear intron sequences and mtDNA of humpback whales, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11, 426 Paran, 1993, Development of reliable PCR-based markers linked to downy mildew resistance genes in lettuce, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 85, 985, 10.1007/BF00215038 Philippe, 1994, Can the Cambrian explosion be inferred through molecular phylogeny?, Development, 15, 10.1242/dev.1994.Supplement.15 Poinar, 1983 Powers, 1993, Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence among Meloidogyne incognita, Romanomermis culicivorax, Ascaris suum and Caenorhabditis elegans, Journal of Nematology, 25, 564 Prichard, 1990, Anthelmintic resistance in nematodes: extent, recent understanding and future directions for control and research, International Journal for Parasitology, 20, 515, 10.1016/0020-7519(90)90199-W Rand, 1996, Excess amino acid polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA: Contrasts among genes from Drosophila, mice, and humans, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13, 737, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025634 Rand, 1994, Neutral and non-neutral evolution of Drosophila mitochondrial DNA, Genetics, 138, 741, 10.1093/genetics/138.3.741 Remme, 1995, The African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: Preparing to launch, Parasitology Today, 11, 403, 10.1016/0169-4758(95)80017-4 Richardson, 1986 Roepstorff, 1996, Experimental Oesophagostomum dentatum infections in the pig: Worm populations resulting from trickle infections with three dose levels of larvae, International Journal for Parasitology, 26, 399, 10.1016/0020-7519(96)00006-9 Roos, 1990, Molecular analysis of selection for benzimidazole resistance in the sheep parasite Haemonchus contortus, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 43, 77, 10.1016/0166-6851(90)90132-6 Schierwater, 1994, 1 Schinkel, 1994, Disruption of the mouse mdrla P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood-brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs, Cell, 77, 491, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90212-7 Shorrocks, 1990, Competition on a divided and ephemeral resource: Testing the assumptions: II. Association, Journal of Animal Ecology, 59, 1003, 10.2307/5027 Sironi, 1995, Molecular evidence for a close relative of the arthropod endosymbiont Wolbachia in a filarial worm, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 74, 223, 10.1016/0166-6851(95)02494-8 Slade, 1994, Multiple nuclear-gene phylogenies: Application to pinnipeds and comparison with a mitochondrial DNA gene phylogeny, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11, 341 Smith, 1995, Sequence Evolution of the porB Gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis: Evidence of Positive Darwinian Selection, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12, 363 Stevenson, 1996, The ITS-2 rDNA of Teladorsagia circumcincta, T. trifurcata and T. davtiani (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) indicates that these taxa are one species, International Journal for Parasitology, 26, 1123, 10.1016/S0020-7519(96)80013-0 Tajima, 1989, Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism, Genetics, 123, 585, 10.1093/genetics/123.3.585 Taylor, 1995, A population genetic test of selection at the molecular level, Science, 270, 1497, 10.1126/science.270.5241.1497 Thomas, 1991, Mode and tempo of molecular evolution in the nematode Caenorhabditis: Cytochrome oxidase II and calmodulin sequences, Genetics, 128, 269, 10.1093/genetics/128.2.269 Toe, 1994, DNA probe-based classification of Simulium damnosum S. L.-borne and human-derived filarial parasites in the onchocerciasis control program area, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 51, 676, 10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.676 Toe, 1997, Vector-parasite transmission complexes for onchocerciasis in West Africa, Lancet, 349, 163, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)05265-8 Triantaphyllou, 1990, Demonstration of multiple mating in Heterodera glycines with biochemical markers, Journal of Nematology, 22, 452 Vanfleteren, 1994, Molecular genealogy of some nematode taxa as based on cytochrome c and globin amino acid sequence, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 3, 92, 10.1006/mpev.1994.1012 Viney, 1994, A genetic analysis of reproduction in Strongyloides ratti, Parasitology, 109, 511, 10.1017/S0031182000080768 Viney, 1992, On the biological and biochemical nature of cloned populations of Strongyloides ratti, Journal of Helminthology, 66, 45, 10.1017/S0022149X00012554 Viney, 1993, Mating in the nematode parasite Strongyloides ratti: Proof of genetic exchange, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, 254, 213, 10.1098/rspb.1993.0148 Vrijenhoek, 1978, Genetic differentiation among larval nematodes infecting fishes, Journal of Parasitology, 64, 790, 10.2307/3279502 Wakelin, 1995, Vaccines against intestinal helminths, 287 Ward, 1992, Protein heterozygosity, protein structure and taxonomic differentiation, 73 Weir, 1984, Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure, Evolution, 38, 1358, 10.2307/2408641 Werren, 1997, Biology of Wolbachia, Annual Review of Entomology, 42, 587, 10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.587 Werren, 1997, Wolbachia and speciation Wright, 1951, The genetical structure of populations, Annals of Eugenics, 15, 323, 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x Zarlenga, 1996, Variations in Mricrosatellite sequences provide evidence for population differences and multiple ribosomal gene repeats within Trichinella pseudospiralis, Journal of Parasitology, 82, 534, 10.2307/3283777 Zimmerman, 1992, Onchocerca volvulus DNA probe classification correlates with epidemiologic patterns of blindness, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 165, 964, 10.1093/infdis/165.5.964 Zimmerman, 1993, Design of Onchocerca DNA probes based upon analysis of a repeated sequence family, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 58, 259, 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90047-2 Zimmerman, 1994, Recent evolutionary history of American Onchocerca volvulus, based on analysis of a tandemly repeated DNA sequence family, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11, 384 Zvelebil, 1993, Molecular modelling and epitope prediction of gp29 from lymphatic filariae, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 58, 145, 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90098-I