Carotid artery occlusive disease and ocular manifestations: Importance of identifying patients at risk

Carandang, 2006, Trends in incidence, lifetime risk, severity, and 30 day mortality of stroke over the past 50 years, JAMA, 296, 2936, 10.1001/jama.296.24.2939 Lloyd-Jones, 2009, Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update: a report from the American heart association statistics committee and stroke statistics subcommittee, Circulation, 119, 480, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191259 Bull, 1992, Correlation of ophthalmic findings with carotid artery stenosis, J Cardiovas Surg, 33, 401 Wakefield, 2003, Re-evaluation of carotid duplex for visual complaints: who really needs to be studied?, Ann Vascular Surg, 17, 635, 10.1007/s10016-003-0073-3 Marks, 1995 Klein, 1999, Retinal emboli and stroke: the beaver dam study, Arch Ophthalmol, 117, 1063, 10.1001/archopht.117.8.1063 The Amaurosis Fugax Study Group, 1990, Current management of amaurosis fugax, Stroke, 21, 201, 10.1161/01.STR.21.2.201 Bacigalupi, 2006, Amaurosis fugax-A clinical review, The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 4, 1 Donders, 2001, Dutch TMB Study Group. Clinical features of transient monocular blindness and the likelihood of atherosclerotic lesions of the internal carotid artery, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 71, 247, 10.1136/jnnp.71.2.247 Park, 2008, Recurrent transient monocular blindness with ophthalmic artery stenosis, Eur Neurol, 59, 202, 10.1159/000114047 Weinberger, 1980, Amaurosis fugax associated with ophthalmic artery stenosis: clinical simulation of carotid artery disease, Stroke, 11, 290, 10.1161/01.STR.11.3.290 Braat, 2001, Amaurosis fugax and stenosis of the ophthalmic artery—a case report, J Vasc Surg, 35, 141, 10.1177/153857440103500210 McCullough, 2004, Ocular findings as predictors of carotid artery occlusive disease: is carotid imaging justified?, J Vasc Surg, 40, 279, 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.05.004 Chawluk, 1988, Atherosclerotic carotid artery disease in patients with retinal ischemic syndromes, Neurology, 38, 858, 10.1212/WNL.38.6.858 Chen, 2009, Characteristics of carotid artery disease (CAD) and presenting cerebrovascular symptoms in an aged group, Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 25, 127, 10.1007/s10554-008-9367-4 Hoya, 2008, Common carotid artery stenosis and amaurosis fugax, J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 17, 1, 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2007.08.003 Slavin, 1997, Amaurosis fugax in the young, Surv Ophthalmol, 41, 481, 10.1016/S0039-6257(97)00020-9 Wijmin, 2004, Symptomatic and asymptomatic retinal embolism have different mechanisms, Stroke, 35, e100, 10.1161/01.STR.0000125009.05353.7c Mitchell, 2000, Risk factors and significance of finding asymptomatic retinal emboli, Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 28, 13, 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2000.00218.x Gass, 1997 O'Donnell, 1992, The clinical features and associations of retinal emboli, Aust N Z J Ophthalmol, 20, 11, 10.1111/j.1442-9071.1992.tb00697.x Lyons-Wait, 2002, Ocular and systemic findings and their correlation with hemodynamically significant carotid artery stenosis: a retrospective study, Optom Vis Sci, 79, 353, 10.1097/00006324-200206000-00008 Bruno, 1992, Concomitants of asymptomatic retinal cholesterol emboli, Stroke, 23, 900, 10.1161/01.STR.23.6.900 Ong, 2002, Retinal manifestations of ophthalmic artery hypoperfusion, Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 30, 284, 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2002.00543.x Sanborn, 1995, Arterial obstructive disease of the eye Chen, 2007, Ocular ischemic syndrome: review of clinical presentations, etiology, investigation, and management, Compr Ophthalmol Update, 8, 17 Dunlap, 2007, The fate of patients with retinal artery occlusion and Hollenhorst plaque, J Vasc Surg, 46, 1125, 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.07.054 Müller, 1993, Carotid artery disease in vascular ocular syndromes, J Clin Neuropthalmol, 13, 175 Hayreh, 2005, Prevalent misconceptions about acute retinal vascular occlusive disorders, Prog Retin Eye Res, 24, 493, 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.12.001 Boland, 2007, Risk factors and open angle glaucoma: classifications and application, J Glaucoma, 16, 406, 10.1097/IJG.0b013e31806540a1 Punjabi, 2007, Does treated systemic hypertension affect progression of optic nerve damage in glaucoma suspects?, Curr Eye Res, 32, 153, 10.1080/02713680601114955 Grieshaber, 2005, Blood flow in glaucoma, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 16, 79, 10.1097/01.icu.0000156134.38495.0b Flammer, 2002, The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma, Prog Retin Eye Res, 21, 359, 10.1016/S1350-9462(02)00008-3 Broadway, 1998, Glaucoma and vasospasm, Br J Ophthalmol, 82, 862, 10.1136/bjo.82.8.862 Bulboacă, 2003, Endothelial dysfunction in patients with open-angle glaucoma and atheromatous lesions, Oftalmologia, 58, 52 Barnett, 1998, Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators, N Engl J Med, 339, 1415, 10.1056/NEJM199811123392002 Chaturvedi, 2005, Carotid endarterectomy—an evidence based review: report and Therapeutics and Technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, Neurology, 65, 794, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000176036.07558.82 Titi, 2007, Comparison of carotid Doppler ultrasound and computerised tomographic angiography in the evaluation of carotid artery stenosis, Surgeon, 5, 132, 10.1016/S1479-666X(07)80039-4 Strandness, 2001, Screening for carotid disease and surveillance for carotid restenosis, Semin Vasc Surg, 14, 200, 10.1053/svas.2001.25496 Ross, 1999, Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease, N Engl J Med, 340, 115, 10.1056/NEJM199901143400207 Kharbanda, 2001, Functions of the healthy endothelium, Coron Artery Dis, 12, 485, 10.1097/00019501-200109000-00007 Kuvin, 2003, Clinical utility of endothelial function testing: ready for prime time?, Circulation, 107, 3243, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000075928.54461.33 Guerci, 2001, Endothelial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Part 1: physiology and methods for exploring the endothelial function, Diabetes Metab, 27, 425 Gordon, 2008, Health behaviors and endothelial function, J Behav Med, 31, 5, 10.1007/s10865-007-9129-0 Celermajer, 1997, Endothelial dysfunction: does it matter? is it reversible?, J Am Coll Cardiol, 30, 325, 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00189-7 Laughlin, 2004, Wolfe Memorial Lecture. Physical activity in prevention and treatment of coronary disease: the battle line is in exercise vascular cell biology, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36, 352, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000117114.02875.5C Pohl, 1986, Crucial role of endothelium in the vasodilator response to increased flow in vivo, Hypertension, 8, 37, 10.1161/01.HYP.8.1.37 Celermajer, 1992, Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis, Lancet, 340, 1111, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93147-F Corretti, 2002, Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force, J Am Coll Cardiol, 39, 257, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01746-6 Rossi, 2008, Prognostic role of flow-mediated dilation and cardiac risk factors in post-menopausal women, J Am Coll Cardiol, 51, 997, 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.044 Minson, 2008, Measures of vascular reactivity: prognostic crystal ball or Pandora's box?, J Appl Physiol, 105, 398, 10.1152/japplphysiol.90741.2008 Anderson, 1995, Close relationship of endothelial function in the human coronary and peripheral circulations, J Am Coll Cardiol, 26, 1235, 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00327-4 Takase, 1998, Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation in coronary and brachial arteries in suspected coronary artery disease, Am J Cardiol, 82, 1535, 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00702-4 Brevetti, 2003, Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk prediction in peripheral arterial disease: additive value of flow-mediated dilation to ankle-brachial pressure index, Circulation, 108, 2093, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000095273.92468.D9 Widlansky, 2003, The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 42, 1149, 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00994-X Hu, 2008, Gender differences on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and carotid intima-media thickness for prediction of spontaneous cardiovascular events, Clin Cardiol, 31, 525, 10.1002/clc.20314 Yan, 2005, Relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in middle-aged healthy men, J Am Coll Cardiol, 45, 1980, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.079 Yeboah, 2008, Association between brachial artery reactivity and cardiovascular disease status in an elderly cohort: the cardiovascular health study, Atherosclerosis, 197, 768, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.013 Halcox, 2009, Endothelial function predicts progression of carotid intima-media thickness, Circulation, 119, 1005, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.765701 Irace, 2006, Flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery and intima-media thickness of carotid artery in never-treated subjects, Int Angiol, 25, 274 Kocak, 2009, Relationship between carotid artery intima-media thickness and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in peritoneal dialysis patients, Int Urol Nephrol, 41, 409, 10.1007/s11255-008-9504-y Padilla, 2009, Adjusting flow-mediated dilation for shear stress stimulus allows demonstration of endothelial dysfunction in a population with moderate cardiovascular risk, J Vasc Res, 46, 592, 10.1159/000226227 Pyke, 2007, Peak vs. total reactive hyperemia: which determines the magnitude of flow-mediated dilation?, J Appl Physiol, 102, 1510, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01024.2006 Black, 2008, Importance of measuring the time-course of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in humans, Hypertension, 51, 203, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.101014 Woodman, 2001, Improved analysis of brachial ultrasound images using a novel edge-detection software system, J Appl Physiol, 91, 929, 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.929