Cognitive ability, parental socioeconomic position and internalising and externalising problems in adolescence: Findings from two European cohort studies
Tóm tắt
We investigated whether cognitive ability (CA) may be a moderator of the relationship of parental socioeconomic position (SEP) with internalising and externalising problems in adolescents. We used data from two longitudinal cohort studies; the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and the Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Indicators of SEP were mother’s education and household income. CA was estimated with IQ scores, derived from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Internalising and externalising problems were measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in ALSPAC and with the Child Behavior Checklist in TRAILS. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the relative index of inequality (RII) for each outcome; the RII provides the odds ratio comparing the most to least deprived for each measure of SEP. In fully adjusted models an association of mother’s education with externalising problems was observed [ALSPAC RII 1.42 (95%CI: 1.01–1.99); TRAILS RII 2.21 (95%CI: 1.37–3.54)], and of household income with internalising and externalising problems [pooled ALSPAC & TRAILS internalising RII 1.30 (95%CI: 0.99–1.71); pooled ALSPAC & TRAILS externalising RII 1.38 (95%CI: 1.03–1.84)]. No consistent associations were observed between mother’s education and internalising problems. Results of stratified analyses and interaction-terms showed no evidence that CA moderated the association of SEP with internalising or externalising problems.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Amone-P’Olak K, Burger H, Ormel J, Huisman M, Verhulst FC, Oldehinkel AJ. Socioeconomic position and mental health problems in pre- and early-adolescents: the TRAILS study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2009;44:231–8.
Ashford J, Smit F, Van Lier PAC, Cuijpers P, Koot H. Early risk indicators of internalizing problems in late childhood: a 9-year longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49:774–80.
Sund AM, Larsson B, Wichstrom L. Psychosocial correlates of depressive symptoms among 12–14-year-old Norwegian adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003;44:588–97.
Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpelä M, Rantanen P, Laippala P. Adolescent depression: the role of discontinuities in life course and social support. J Affect Disord. 2001;64:155–66.
Goodman E. The role of socio-economic status gradients in explaining differences in US adolescent health. Am J Public Health. 2001;89:1522–7.
McLoyd VC. Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. Am Psychol. 1998;53:185–204.
McCleod JD, Shanahan MJ. Trajectories of poverty and children’s mental health. J Health Soc Behav. 1996;37:207–20.
Einfeld SL, Piccinin AM, Mackinnon A, Hofer SM, Taffe J, Gray KM, Bontempo DE, Hoffman LR, Parmenter T, Tonge BJ. Psychopathology in young people with intellectual disability. J Am Med Assoc. 2006;296:1981–9.
Chadwick O, Kusel Y, Cuddy M, Taylor E. Psychiatric diagnoses and behaviour problems from childhood to early adolescence in young people with severe intellectual disabilities. Psychol Med. 2005;35:751–60.
Koskentausta T, Iivanainen M, Almqvist F. CBCL in the assessment of psychopathology in Finnish children with intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil. 2004;25:341–54.
Emerson E. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2003;47:51–8.
Dekker MC, Koot HM, Van der Ende J, Verhulst FJ. Emotional and behavioural problems in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002;43:1087–98.
Dekker MC, Koot HM. DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability, II: child and family predictors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:923–31.
Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Ridder EM. Show me the child at seven II: childhood intelligence and later outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46:850–8.
Bradley RH, Corwyn RF. Socioeconomic status and child development. Annu Rev Psychol. 2002;53:371–99.
Bolger KE, Patterson CJ, Thompson WW, Kupersmidt JB. Psychosocial adjustment among children experiencing persistent and intermittent family economic hardship. Child Dev. 1995;66:1107–29.
Caspi A, Taylor A, Moffit TE, Plomin R. Neighborhood deprivation affects children’s mental health: environmental risks identified in a genetic design. Psychol Sci. 2000;11:338–42.
Feinberg ME, Button TMM, Neiderhiser JM, Reiss D, Hetherington EM. Parenting and adolescent antisocial behaviour and depression: evidence of genotype x parenting environment interaction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:457–65.
Reijneveld SA, Brugman E, Verhulst FC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Area deprivation and child psychosocial problems: a national cross-sectional study among school-aged children. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2005;40:18–23.
Schneiders J, Drukker M, Van der Ende J, Verhulst FC, Van Os J, Nicolson NA. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and behavioral problems from late childhood into early adolescence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:699–703.
Zwaanswijk M, Verhaak PFM, Bensing JM, Van der Ende J, Verhulst FC. Help seeking for emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents: a review of recent literature. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;12:153–61.
Masten AD, Coatsworth JD. The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments. Am Psychol. 1998;53:205–20.
Garmezy N. Children in poverty: resilience despite risk. Psychiatry. 1993;56:127–36.
Gottfredson LS. Mainstream science on intelligence: an editorial with 53 signatories, history, and bibliography. Intelligence. 1997;24:13–23.
Luthar SS. Vulnerability and resilience: a study of high-risk adolescents. Child Dev. 1991;62:600–16.
Masten AS, Hubbard JJ, Gest S, Tellegen A, Garmezy N, Ramirez M. Competence in the context of adversity: pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence. Dev Psychopathol. 1999;11:143–69.
Buckner JC, Mezzacappa E, Bearslee WR. Characteristics of resilient youths living in poverty: the role of self-regulatory processes. Dev Psychopathol. 2003;15:139–62.
Golding J, Pembrey M, Jones R. ALSPAC—the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. I. Study methodology. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2001;15:74–87.
Huisman M, Oldehinkel AJ, De Winter AF, Minderaa RB, De Bildt A, Huizink AC, Verhulst FC, Ormel J. Cohort profile: The Dutch ‘TRacking Adolescents’ individual lives’ survey; TRAILS. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37:1227–35.
De Winter AF, Oldehinkel AJ, Veenstra R, Brunnekreef JA, Verhulst FC, Ormel J. Evaluation of non-respons bias in mental health determinants and outcomes in a large sample of Dutch pre-adolescents. Eur J Epidemiol. 2001;20:173–81.
Wechsler D, Golombok S, Rust J. WISC-III UK Wechsler intelligence scale for children. UK Manual. 3rd ed. Sidcup: The Psychological Corporation; 1992.
Wechsler D. Wechsler intelligence scale for children-revised. New York: Psychological Corporation; 1974.
Sattler JM. Assessment of children (revised and updated 3rd edn.). San Diego: Jerome Sattler; 1992.
Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Development of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782–6.
Kovacs M, Devlin B. Internalising disorders in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39:47–63.
Goodman R. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38:581–6.
Achenbach TM. Manual for the child behaviour checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont; 1991.
Goodman R, Scott S. Comparing the strengths and difficulties questionnaire and the child behavior checklist: is small beautiful? J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1999;27:17–24.
Mackenbach JP, Kunst AE. Measuring the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health: an overview of available measures illustrated with two examples from Europe. Soc Sci Med. 1997;44:757–71.
Harper S, Lynch J. Measuring health inequalities. In: Oakes JM, Kaufman JS, editors. Methods in social epidemiology. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass; 2006. p. 134–68.
Araya R, Lewis G, Rojas G, Fritsch R. Education and income: which is more important for mental health? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:501–5.
Lahelma E, Laaksonen M, Martikainen P, Rahkonen O, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S. Multiple measures of socioeconomic circumstances and common mental disorders. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63:1383–99.
Bartley M, Sacker A, Firth D, Fitzpatrick R. Understanding social variation in cardiovascular risk factors in women and men: the advantage of theoretically based measures. Soc Sci Med. 1999;49:831–45.
Conger RD, Donnellan MB. An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:175–99.
Miech RA, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Wright BRE, Silva PA. Low socioeconomic status and mental disorders: a longitudinal study of selection and causation during young adulthood. Am J Sociol. 1999;104:1096–131.
Strohschein L. Household income histories and child mental health trajectories. J Health Soc Behav. 2005;46:359–67.
Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ. Maternal age and educational and psychosocial outcomes in early adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999;43:479–89.
Goodman E, Slap GB, Huang B. The public health impact of socioeconomic status on adolescent depression and obesity. Am J Public Health. 2003;V93:1844–50.
Wickrama KAS, Bryant CM. Community context of social resources and adolescent mental health. J Marriage Fam. 2003;65:850–66.
Kraemer HC, Measelle JR, Ablow JC, Essex MJ, Boyce T, Kupfer DJ. A new approach to integrating data from multiple informants in psychiatric assessment and research: mixing and matching contexts and perspectives. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1566–77.
Noordhof A, Oldehinkel AJ, Verhulst FC, Ormel J. Optimal use of multi-informant data on co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing problems: the TRAILS study. Int J Methods Psychiatric Res. 2008;17:174–83.
Essex MJ, Kraemer HC, Armstrong JM, Boyce T, Goldsmith HH, Klein MH, Woodward H, Kupfer DJ. Exploring risk factors for the emergence of children’s mental health problems. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:1246–56.