Treating implicit trauma: a quasi-experimental study comparing the EMDR Therapy Standard Protocol with a ‘Blind 2 Therapist’ version within a trauma capacity building project in Northern Iraq

Adúriz ME, Bluthgen C, Knopfler C (2009) Helping child flood victims using group EMDR intervention in Argentina: treatment outcome and gender differences. Int J Stress Manag 16(2):138 Ahmad, S. (2016) Jiyan Foundation for Human Rights Annual Report 2015/2016 - https://www.jiyan-foundation.org/images/pdf/jiyan_foundation_annual_report1516.pdf (page accessed 27-04-2019) American Psychiatric Association (2013) In: American Psychiatric Pub (ed) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®) Arnberg FK, Johannesson KB, Michel PO (2013) Prevalence and duration of PTSD in survivors 6 years after a natural disaster. J Anxiety Dis 27(3):347–352 Bisson JI, Berliner L, Cloitre M, Forbes D, Jensen TK, Lewis C et al (2019) The international society for traumatic stress studies new guidelines for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: methodology and development process. J Traum Stress 32(4):475–483 Blore DC (1997) Use of EMDR to treat morbid jealousy: a case study. Br J Nursing 6(17):984–988 Blore DC, Holmshaw EM, Swift A, Standart S, Fish DM (2013) The development and uses of the “blind to therapist” EMDR protocol. J EMDR Prac Res 7(2):95 Blore DC, Holmshaw M (2009) EMDR “blind to therapist protocol.”. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: EMDR scripted protocols basic and special situations, pp 233–240 Brown LA, Belli GM, Asnaani A, Foa EB (2019) A review of the role of negative cognitions about oneself, others, and the world in the treatment of PTSD. Cog Ther Res 43(1):143–173 Bunting BP, Murphy SD, O'neill SM, Ferry FR (2012) Lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders and delay in treatment following initial onset: evidence from the Northern Ireland Study of Health and Stress. Psychol Med 42(8):1727–1739 Byman D (2016) Understanding the Islamic state—a review essay. Int Security 40(4):127–165 Carriere RC (2014) Scaling up what works: using EMDR to help confront the world’s burden of traumatic stress. J EMDR Prac Res 8(4):187 Centonze D, Siracusano A, Calabresi P, Bernardi G (2005) Removing pathogenic memories. Mol Neurobiol 32(2):123–132 Ceri V, Özlü-Erkilic Z, Özer Ü, Yalcin M, Popow C, Akkaya-Kalayci T (2016) Psychiatric symptoms and disorders among Yazidi children and adolescents immediately after forced migration following ISIS attacks. Neuropsychiatrie 30(3):145–150 Cetorelli V, Sasson I, Shabila N, Burnham G (2017) Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey. PLoS Med 14(5):e1002297 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297 Chessen CE, Comtois KA, Landes SJ (2011) Untreated posttraumatic stress among persons with severe mental illness despite marked trauma and symptomatology. Psychiatric Serv 62(10):1201–1206 Courtois CA, Ford JD (2009) Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: an evidence-based guide. Guilford Press, New York Dakhil V, Zammit Borda A, Murray AR (2017) ‘Calling ISIL atrocities against the Yezidis by their rightful name’: do they constitute the crime of genocide? Human Rights Law Review 17(2):261–283 De Jongh A, Ernst R, Marques L, Hornsveld H (2013) The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories of patients with PTSD and other mental disorders. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 44:447–483 Eichfeld C, Farrell D, Mattheß M, Bumke P, Sodemann U, Ean N, Mattheß H (2019). Trauma stabilisation as a sole treatment intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder in Southeast Asia. Psychiatr Q 90(1), 63–88. Farhood L, Dimassi H, Lehtinen T (2006) Exposure to war-related traumatic events, prevalence of PTSD, and general psychiatric morbidity in a civilian population from southern Lebanon. J Transcult Nurs 17(4):333–340 Farhood LF, Dimassi H (2012) Prevalence and predictors for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and general health in a population from six villages in South Lebanon. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol 47(4):639–649 Farrell D (2014) Developing EMDR therapy in Pakistan as part of a humanitarian endeavour. J EMDR Prac Res 8(4):233–239 Farrell D (2018) EMDR therapy in the treatment of a Hillsborough survivor with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Personal Injury Law (JPIL), Issue 2, 2018 Farrell D, Keenan P (2013) Participants’ experiences of EMDR training. J EMDR Prac Res 7(1):2–16 Farrell D, Reid K (2019) 6 EMDR therapy with a head and neck cancer client group. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy Scripted Protocols and Summary Sheets: Treating Trauma in Somatic and Medical Related Conditions, p 253 Farrell DP (2016a) Trans-generational trauma and EMDR therapy, Winter edn. BACP Journal – Private Practice Farrell DP (2016b) Refugee populations: narratives from the Yezidi. Keynote address presented 19th June 2016 EMDR Europe Conference, Den Hague Farrell DP, Keenan PS, Ali MW, Bilal S, Tareen SM, Keenan L, Rana MH (2011) Training Pakistani mental health workers in EMDR in the aftermath of the 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan. Counsell Psychol Quart 24(2):127–137 Fernandez I, Callerame C, Maslovaric G, Wheeler K (2014) EMDR Europe humanitarian programs: development, current status, and future challenges. J EMDR Prac Res 8(4):215–224 Gelbach R, Davis K (2007) Disaster response: EMDR and family systems therapy under communitywide stress. Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes, 387–406. Hasanović M, Morgan S, Oakley S, Richman A, Pajević I Šabanović Š (2016) EMDR training for Bosnia-Herzegovina mental health workers resulted with the founding of Bosnia-Herezegovina EMDR association, which became a full member of EMDR Europe in 2015. European Psychiatry 33:S694 Hase M, Balmaceda UM, Ostacoli L, Liebermann P, Hofmann A (2017) The AIP model of EMDR therapy and pathogenic memories. Front Psychol 8:1578 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. ISTSS prevention and treatment guidelines (2018). Retrieved from https://www.istss.org/treating-trauma/new-istss-prevention-and-treatment-guidelines.aspx: Google Scholar Jarero I, Artigas L, Montero M, Lena L (2008) The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: application with child victims of a mass disaster. J EMDR Prac Res 2(2):97 Kemmis S, McTaggart R (1988) Action research-some ideas from the action research planner, ed. Deakin University Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS, Milanak ME, Miller MW, Keyes KM, Friedman MJ (2013) National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. J Traum Stress 26(5):537–547 Konuk E, Zat Z (2015) Humanitarian programs and interventions in Turkey. J EMDR Prac Res 9(2):106–113 Lobo MA, Moeyaert M, Cunha AB, Babik I (2017) Single-case design, analysis, and quality assessment for intervention research. J Neurologic Phys Ther 41(3):187 Mattheß C, Farrell D, Mattheß M, Bumke P, Sodemann U, Mattheß H (2019) The therapeutic value of trauma stabilisation in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder–a Southeast Asian study. Asian J Psychiatry Maxfield L (2014) Commemorating EMDR’s 25th anniversary by highlighting EMDR humanitarian projects. J EMDR Prac Res 8(4):179 McKnight PE, Najab J (2010) Mann-Whitney U test. Corsini Encyclopedia Psychol:1–1 Mehrotra S (2014) Humanitarian projects and growth of EMDR therapy in Asia. J EMDR Prac Res 8(4):252–259 Mohammadi D (2016) Help for Yazidi survivors of sexual violence. Lancet Psychiatry 3(5):409–410 Naseh M, Macgowan MJ, Wagner EF, Abtahi Z, Potocky M, Stuart PH (2019) Cultural adaptations in psychosocial interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder among refugees: a systematic review. J Ethnic Cult Div Social Work 28(1):76–97 Nicolaus P, Yuce S (2017) Sex-slavery: one aspect of the Yezidi genocide. Iran Caucasus 21(2):196–229 Priebe S, Matanov A, Janković Gavrilović J, McCrone P, Ljubotina D, Knežević G et al (2009) Consequences of untreated posttraumatic stress disorder following war in former Yugoslavia: morbidity, subjective quality of life, and care costs. Croatian Med J 50(5):465–475 Qouta S, Punamäki RL, El Sarraj E (2003) Prevalence and determinants of PTSD among Palestinian children exposed to military violence. Eur Child Adol Psychiatry 12(6):265–272 Shapiro E (2012) EMDR and early psychological intervention following trauma. Eur Rev Appl Psychol 62(4):241–251 Shapiro F (1989) Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. J Traum Stress Stud 2:199–223 Shapiro F (1995) EMDR: basic principles, protocols, and procedures. Guilford, New York Shapiro F (2001) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: basic principles. Prot Proc 2 Shapiro F (2014a) The role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in medicine: addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse life experiences. Permanente J 18(1):71 Shapiro F (2014b) EMDR therapy humanitarian assistance programs: treating the psychological, physical, and societal effects of adverse experiences worldwide. J EMDR Prac Res 8(4):181 Shapiro, F., (2016). Clinician’s Corner: EMDR therapy. Stress Points: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Shapiro, F (2018) Definition of EMDR Therapy in https://www.istss.org/getattachment/Treating-Trauma/New-ISTSS-Prevention-and-Treatment-Guidelines/ISTSS_PreventionTreatmentGuidelines_FNL-March-19-2019.pdf.aspx Page 21. (Accessed 27-04-2019) Silver SM, Rogers S, Knipe J, Colelli G (2005) EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: a community-based intervention project in New York City. Int J Stress Manag 12(1):29 Stringer ET (2013) Action research. Sage publications Tekin A, Karadağ H, Süleymanoğlu M, Tekin M, Kayran Y, Alpak G, Şar V (2016) Prevalence and gender differences in symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among Iraqi Yazidis displaced into Turkey. Eur J Psychotraumatol 7:28556 Tol WA, Barbui C, van Ommeren M (2013) Management of acute stress, PTSD and bereavement: WHO recommendations. J Am Med Assoc 310(5):477–447 Van der Kolk BA (2015) The body keeps the score: brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Penguin Books Wolpe J, Lazarus AA (1966) Behaviour therapy techniques: a guide to the treatment of neuroses Womersley G, Arikut-Treece Y (2019) Collective trauma among displaced populations in Northern Iraq: a case study evaluating the therapeutic interventions of the Free Yezidi Foundation. Intervention 17(1):3 World Health Organization (2013) Guidelines for the management of conditions that are specifically related to stress. World Health Organization World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th Revision). Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en