Autacoids and the control of vascular tone in the human umbilical-placental circulation

Placenta - Tập 12 - Trang 453-477 - 1991
A.L.A. Boura1, W.A.W. Walters1
1Discipline of Reproductive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Newcastle, N.S.W., 2308, Australia

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abramovich, 1983, Effect of angiotensin II and 5-hydroxytryptamine on the vessels of the human foetal cotyledon, British journal of Pharmacology, 79, 53, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb10494.x Abramovich, 1984, The effect of prostaglandin D2 on the blood vessels of the perfused isolated cotyledon and the human placenta, British Journal of Pharmacology, 81, 19, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1984.tb10737.x Adaikan, 1974, Effects of prostaglandins A1, A2, B1, B2, E2 and F2 alpha on human umbilical cord vessels, Prostag1andins, 8, 411, 10.1016/0090-6980(74)90119-1 Ahmed, 1986, Opioid receptors of human placental villi modulate acetylcholine release, Life Sciences, 39, 535, 10.1016/0024-3205(86)90510-2 Ahmed, 1986, Correlation between the number of placental opioid receptors, mode of delivery, and maternal narcotic use, Membrane Biochemistry, 6, 255, 10.3109/09687688609065452 Ahmed, 1986, Human placental opioid peptides: Correlation to the route of delivery, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 155, 703, 10.1016/S0002-9378(86)80002-3 Ahmed, 1987, Identification of dynorphin 1–8 in human placenta by mass spectrometry, Life Sciences, 40, 2067, 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90099-3 Altura, 1972, Effects of vasoactive agents on isolated human umbilical arteries and veins, American Journal of Physiology, 222, 345, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1972.222.2.345 1986, Lancet, i, 18 Bandivdekar, 1985, Endocrine control of inhibin biosynthesis by human placenta, Biological Research in Pregnancy and Perinatology, 6, 128 Barcroft, 1946, Vol. 1, 190 Barcroft, 1946, Vol. 1, 192 Barcroft, 1946, Vol. 1, 250 Barnea, 1986, Effect of antihypertensive drugs on catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase activity in human term placental explants, Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 21, 124, 10.1159/000298941 Beaufils, 1985, Prevention of pre-eclampsia by early antiplatelet therapy, Lancet, i, 840, 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92207-X Benedetto, 1987, Production of prostacyclin, 6-keto-PGF1αI, and thromboxane B2 by human umbilical vessels increases from the placenta towards the fetus, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 94, 1165, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1987.tb02317.x Benedetto, 1984, Production of prostacyclin, 6-keto-PGF1α and thromboxane B2 incubated samples of umbilical vessels: a comparison of methods for expressing the results on dry weight, protein or DNA bases, Prostaglandins, 28, 195, 10.1016/0090-6980(84)90056-X Bengini, 1989, Effect of low-dose aspirin on fetal and maternal generation of thromboxane by platelets in women at risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension, The New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 356 Bersinger, 1986, Synthesis of placental proteins by the human placenta perfused in vitro, Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 22, 47, 10.1159/000298889 Bjøro, 1985, Effects of angiotensin I and II and their interactions with some prostanoids in perfused human umbilical arteries, Prostaglandins, 30, 989, 10.1016/0090-6980(85)90171-6 Bjøro, 1986, Prostacyclin and thromboxane formation in human umbilical arteries following stimulation with vasoactive autacoids, Prostaglandins, 31, 699, 10.1016/0090-6980(86)90175-9 Bjøro, 1986, Characterization of the responses to serotonin and prostanoids in human umbilical arteries perfused in vitro, Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 46, 85 Bjøro, 1986, In vitro perfusion studies on human umbilical arteries. I. Vasoactive effects of serotonin, PGF2α and PGE2, Acta Obsteerica et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 65, 351, 10.3109/00016348609157359 Bjøro, 1986, In vitro perfusion studies on human umbilical arteries. II. Effects of prostacyclin and a thromboxane A2 mimetic, Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 65, 467, 10.3109/00016348609157387 Bjøro, 1986, Effects of vasoactive autacoids on different segments of human umbilicoplacental vessels, Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 22, 1, 10.1159/000298881 Bjøro, 1986, Altered angiotensin-prostanoid interactions in umbilical arteries in pregnancy-induced hypertension, Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 46, 91 Bjurö, 1961, Observations on histamine in pregnancy and the puerperium, Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 40, 152, 10.3109/00016346109157856 Blatchley, 1972, The release of prostaglandins and progestin into the utero-ovarian venous blood of guinea-pigs during the oestrus cycle and following oestrogen treatment, Journal of Physiology, 223, 69, 10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009835 Bloxam, 1986, Condition and performance of the perfused human placental cotyledon, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 155, 382, 10.1016/0002-9378(86)90835-5 Boddy, 1979, Fetal blood flow to and from the placenta, 45 Bonnar, 1976, The role of coagulation and fibrinolysis in preeclampsia, 85 Boura, 1979, Release of prostaglandins during contraction of the human umbilical vein on reduction of temperature, British Journal of Pharmacology, 65, 360, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1979.tb07838.x Boura, 1986, Acetylcholine output and fetal vascular resistance of human perfused placental cotyleda, British Journal of Pharmacology, 88, 301, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb10205.x Brennecke, 1988, Human placental acetylcholine content and release at parturition, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 15, 715, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1988.tb01131.x Broughton Pipkin, 1975, Blood pressure and angiotensin II in the newborn, Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 50, 330, 10.1136/adc.50.4.330 Broughton Pipkin, 1977, Factors affecting angiotensin II concentrations in the human infant at birth, Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine, 52, 449 Burnard, 1972, Foetal cardio-respiratory physiology, 376 Campbell, 1968, The release of a bradykinin-like pulmonary vasodilator substance in foetal and new-born lambs, Journal of Physiology, 195, 83, 10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008447 Challier, 1985, Clearance of compounds of different molecular size in the human placenta in vitro, Biology of the Neonate, 48, 143, 10.1159/000242165 Challis, 1974, Maternal and fetal plasma prostaglandin levels at vaginal delivery and cesarean section, Prostaglandins, 6, 281, 10.1016/S0090-6980(74)80002-X Chang, 1936, Liberation of acetylcholine from the perfused human placenta, 34, 665 Chang, 1933, Choline esters in tissue extracts, Journal ofPhysiology, 79, 255, 10.1113/jphysiol.1933.sp003049 Chard, 1972, The posterior pituitary in human and animal parturition, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 16, 121 Chard, 1971, Release of oxytocin and vasopressin by the human foetus during labour, Nature, 234, 352, 10.1038/234352a0 Chen, 1986, Expression and regulation of propriomelanocortin-like gene in the ovary and placenta: comparison with the testis, Endocrinology, 118, 2382, 10.1210/endo-118-6-2382 Chesebro, 1982, A platelet-inhibitor-trial in coronary-artery bypass operations, New England Journal of Medicine, 307, 73, 10.1056/NEJM198207083070201 Chesley, 1978, Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, 455 Ciuchta, 1964, Effect of certain drugs on perfused human placenta. III. Sympathomimetics, acetylcholine and histamine, Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 53, 184, 10.1002/jps.2600530216 CLASP, 1988 Cohn, 1974, Cardiovascular responses to hypoxia and acidemia in fetal lambs, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 120, 817, 10.1016/0002-9378(74)90587-0 Collier, 1989, Second messenger role for NO widens to nervous and immune systems, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 10, 427, 10.1016/S0165-6147(89)80001-X Comline, 1946, Synthesis of acetylcholine by non-nervous tissue, 105, 6P Cooper, 1987, Evidence that bradykinin stimulates renal prostaglandin synthesis by a mechanism distinct from that of other vasoactive substances, Circulation Research, 60, 914, 10.1161/01.RES.60.6.914 Copas, 1987, Permeability of the human placenta: a comparison of in vitro and in vivo data, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 94, 488 Craft, 1973, Prostaglandin F2-alpha levels in the maternal and fetal circulations in late pregnancy, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 80, 616, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1973.tb16036.x Dadak, 1982, Reduced umbilical artery prostacyclin formation in complicated pregnancies, American Journal of Obstetrus and Gynecology, 144, 792, 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90354-4 Dancis, 1986, Establishment of gradients of riboflavin, l-Lysine and α-aminoisobutyric acid across the perfused human placenta, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 31, 293 David, 1989, 17α-ethinylestradiol decreases production and release of prostacyclin in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Prostaglandins, 34, 431, 10.1016/0090-6980(89)90125-1 Davignon, 1965, Responses of human umbilical artery to changes in transmural pressure, American Journal of Physiology, 209, 51, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1965.209.1.51 Dawes, 1971 Dawes, 1973 Defendini, 1983, Angiotensinconverting enzyme in epithelial and neuroepithelial cells, Neuroendoerinology, 37, 32, 10.1159/000123512 Dembélé-Duchesne, 1982, The human placental anti-aggregating factor is neither prostacyclin, nor a prostacyclin metabolite, Prostaglandins, 24, 701, 10.1016/0090-6980(82)90038-7 Diczfalusy, 1964, Endocrine functions of the human fetoplacental unit, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 23, 791 Douglas, 1985, 639 Downing, 1980, Reduced prostacyclin production in pre-eclampsia, Lancet, ii, 1374, 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92443-5 Downing, 1982, Kinetics of prostacyclin synthetase in umbilical artery microsomes from normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 13, 195, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01355.x Dubbin, 1990, Inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide biosynthesis by N-nitro-L-arginine, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 17, 281, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1990.tb01321.x Duchesne, 1978, Prostaglandin synthesis inhuman placenta and fetal membranes, Prostaglandins, 15, 19, 10.1016/S0090-6980(78)80003-3 Ekblad, 1984, Metabolism of prostaglandin F2α in the fetal circulation of the human term placenta in vitro, Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 18, 306, 10.1159/000299098 Ekblad, 1987, The effect of acute hypoxia on prostaglandin release in perfused human fetal placenta, Prostaglandins, 33, 553, 10.1016/0090-6980(87)90278-4 Eltherington, 1968, Constriction of human umbilical arteries. Interaction between oxygen and bradykinin, Circulation Research, 22, 747, 10.1161/01.RES.22.6.747 Erspamer, 1954, Pharmacology of indolealkylamines, Pharmacological Reviews, 6, 425 Facchinetti, 1983, Fetomaternal opioid levels and parturition, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 62, 764 Falconer, 1982, Circumstances influencing umbilical-cord plasma catecholamines at delivery, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 89, 44, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1982.tb04633.x Fant, 1981, Syncytiotrophoblast membrane vesicles: a model for examining the human placental cholinergic system, Teratology, 24, 187, 10.1002/tera.1420240210 Ferreira, 1967, Prostaglandins: their disappearance from and release into the circulation, Nature, 216, 868, 10.1038/216868a0 Fischi, 1989, Specific receptors for endothelin on membranes from human placenta. Characterization and use in a binding assay, Life Sciences, 44, 1429, 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90321-4 Fitzgerald, 1990, Thromboxane A2 synthesis in pregnancy-induced hypertension, Lancet, 335, 751, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90869-7 Fox, 1966, Thrombosis of foetal arteries in the human placenta, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 73, 961, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1966.tb06120.x Fox, 1990, Lack of innervation of human umbilical cord. An immunohistological and histochemical study, Placenta, 11, 59, 10.1016/S0143-4004(05)80443-6 Gautieri, 1972, Pharmacological aspects of placental gas exchange, 419 Gautieri, 1962, Effect of certain drugs on perfused human placenta: I. Narcotic analgesics, serotonin and relaxin, Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 51, 55, 10.1002/jps.2600510109 Glance, 1984, The effects of the components of the reninangiotensin system on the isolated perfused human placental cotyledon, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 149, 450, 10.1016/0002-9378(84)90161-3 Glance, 1986, The actions of prostaglandins and their interactions with angiotensin II in the isolated perfused human placental cotyledon, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecolgqy, 93, 488, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1986.tb08659.x Glance, 1986, Uptake, transfer and metabolism of prostaglandin E2 in the isolated perfused human placental cotyledon, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Medicine, 21, 1, 10.1016/0262-1746(86)90157-5 Godard, 1976, The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in mother and fetus at term, Nephron, 17, 353, 10.1159/000180741 Goland, 1981, Human plasma β-endorphin during pregnancy, labor and delivery, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 52, 74, 10.1210/jcem-52-1-74 Goodlin, 1981, Naloxone and its possible relationship to fetal endorphin levels and fetal distress, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 139, 16, 10.1016/0002-9378(81)90403-8 Grino, 1987, The corticotropin releasing hormone gene is expressed in human placenta, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 148, 1208, 10.1016/S0006-291X(87)80261-9 Gude, 1990, Analysis of the responses of the fetal vessels of human perfused placental lobules to acute infusions of arachidonic acid, Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 2, 591, 10.1071/RD9900591 Haegerstrand, 1989, Endothelin: presence in human umbilical vessels, high levels in fetal blood and potent constrictor effect, Acta Physiologica Scandinavia, 137, 541, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08791.x Hansen, 1988, Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P on human intramyometrial arteries and stem villous arteries in term pregnancy, Placenta, 9, 501, 10.1016/0143-4004(88)90022-7 Hedberg, 1989, Evidence for functional thromboxane A2-prostaglandin H2 receptors in human placenta, American Journal of Physiology, 256, E256 Hertelendy, 1973, Prostaglandin E levels in peripheral blood during labour, Prostaglandins, 3, 223, 10.1016/0090-6980(73)90090-7 Hillier, 1968, Effects of prostaglandins E1 E2, F1 alpha, F2 alpha, on isolated human umbilical and placental blood vessels, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 75, 667, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1968.tb00178.x Horovitz, 1981, Angintensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Mechanisms of action and clinical implications, 451 Hosokawa, 1985, Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the human foetoplacental vascular bed, British Journal of Pharmacology, 84, 237 Howard, 1986, Pressor and depressor actions of prostanoids in the intact human fetoplacental vascular bed, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes andMedicine, 21, 323, 10.1016/0262-1746(86)90053-3 Howard, 1987, Hypoxia-induced fetoplacental vasoconstriction in perfused human placental cotyledons, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 157, 1261, 10.1016/S0002-9378(87)80307-1 Husslein, 1985, Prostacyclin does not influence placental blood pool in vivo, Gynecological and Obstetrical Investigation, 19, 78, 10.1159/000299012 Ihara, 1987, Expression of renin and angiotensinogen genes in the human placental tissues, Endocrinologia Japonica, 34, 887, 10.1507/endocrj1954.34.887 Irestedt, 1989, Adenosine concentration in umbilical cord blood of newborn infants after vaginal delivery and cesarean section, Pediatric Research, 26, 106, 10.1203/00006450-198908000-00007 Ito, 1989, Purification and properties of microsomal carboxypeptidase N (kininase I) in human placenta, Enzyme, 42, 8, 10.1159/000469001 Jarabak, 1987, In vitro activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenases in placentas from normotensive and pre-eclamptic/eclamptic pregnancies, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 80, 936, 10.1172/JCI113185 Jeremy, 1985, Does human placenta produce prostacyclin?, Placenta, 6, 45, 10.1016/S0143-4004(85)80031-X Jogee, 1983, Decreased prostacyclin production by placental cells in culture from pregnancies complicated by fetal growth retardation, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 90, 247, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1983.tb08618.x Johnstone, 1987, Umbilical artery reactivity and ultrastructural changes in pregnancy-induced hypertension and other complicated pregnancies, Clinical Physiology, 7, 493, 10.1111/j.1475-097X.1987.tb00191.x Jones, 1973, Fetal 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in late pregnancy, The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 80, 687, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1973.tb16050.x Jouppila, 1985, Failure of exogenous prostacyclin to change placental and fetal blood flow in pre-eclampsia, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 151, 661, 10.1016/0002-9378(85)90160-7 Juchau, 1972, Pharmacology of the placenta, Pediatric Clinics of North America, 19, 65, 10.1016/S0031-3955(16)32667-0 Jungmannova, 1972, The effect of prostaglandin F2α. on the placental vessels in vitro, Journal of Reproduaive Medicine, 9, 79 Karim, 1967, The identification of prostaglandins in human umbilical cord, British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, 29, 230, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1967.tb01955.x Kawano, 1983, Prostacyclin producing activity of human umbilical, placental and uterine vessels, Prostaglandins, 26, 645, 10.1016/0090-6980(83)90201-0 Keirse, 1986, Does or can human placenta produce prostacyclin?, Placenta, 7, 37, 10.1016/S0143-4004(86)80015-7 Kitagawa, 1987, Ischemia-induced vasoconstriction and adenosine release in perfused human placental cotyledons, Pharmacologist, 29, 197 Krygicz, 1978, Influence of adenosine on contractility of isolated vessels of human placenta, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 131, 587, 10.1016/0002-9378(78)90126-6 Kuhn, 1990, Eicosanoid production and transfer in the placenta of the diabetic pregnancy, Prostaglandins, 40, 205, 10.1016/0090-6980(90)90084-9 Kuhn, 1987, Cyclo-oxygenase inhibition reduces placental transfer: Reversal by carbacyclin, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 157, 194, 10.1016/S0002-9378(87)80379-4 Kuhn, 1988, Aspects of in vitro placental perfusion: Effects of hypoxia and phenol red, Placenta, 9, 201, 10.1016/0143-4004(88)90017-3 Las Heras, 1985, Morphometric studies of fetal placental stem arteries in hypertensive disorders (‘toxemia’) of pregnancy, Placenta, 6, 217, 10.1016/S0143-4004(85)80051-5 Lemaire, 1983, Le follicule lutéinsé non rompu. Dosage de l'estradiol et de la progestérone dans le liquide péritonéeal, Journal de Gynecologie Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, 12, 711 Lenz, 1989, Tissue levels of active and total renin, angiotensin, human chodionic gonadotropin, estradiol, and progesterone in human placentas from different methods of delivery, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 69, 31, 10.1210/jcem-69-1-31 Lewis, 1983, Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina, New England Journal of Medicine, 309, 396, 10.1056/NEJM198308183090703 Lewis, 1980, Prostacyclin in pregnancy, British Medical Journal, 280, 1581, 10.1136/bmj.280.6231.1581 Lindheimer, 1985, Hypertension in pregnancy, The New England Journal of Medicine, 313, 675, 10.1056/NEJM198509123131107 Liotta, 1977, Presence of corticotropin in human placenta: demonstration of in vitro synthesis, Endocrinology, 101, 1552, 10.1210/endo-101-5-1552 Litorowiez, 1978, Kininases and converting enzyme in human placenta, Biochemical Pharmacology, 27, 2829, 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90197-1 Lorenz, 1984, Improved aortocoronary bypass patency by low-dose aspirin (100 mg daily), Lancet, i, 1261, 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92446-2 Lüseher, 1988, Endothelial vasoactive substances and cardiovascular disease, 101 Mackenzie, 1980, Prostaglandins in the human fetal circulation in mid-trimester and term pregnancy, Prostaglandins, 20, 649, 10.1016/0090-6980(80)90105-7 MacLennan, 1988, Inhibition of the oxygen-induced contraction of the isolated human umbilical artery by indomethacin, flurbiprofen, aspirin and drugs modifying Ca 2+ disposition, Prostaglandins, 36, 711, 10.1016/0090-6980(88)90015-9 MacLennan, 1989, 5-HT1-like receptors requiring functional cyclooxygenase and 5-HT2 receptors independent of cyclo-oxygenase mediate contraction of the human umbilical artery, British Journal of Pharmacology, 97, 921, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb12033.x Maguire, 1985, Autacoid receptors in the human fetoplacental vasculature, Contributions to Gynecology and Obstetrics, 13, 170, 10.1159/000410694 Maigaard, 1987, Contraction and relaxation of human uterine and placental smooth muscle. Endogenous control and calcium activation mechanisms, Acta Obstetrrca et Gynecologica Scandinavica, Supp., 143, 9 Maigaard, 1986, Differential effects of angiotensin, vasopressin and oxytocin on various smooth muscle tissues within the human uteroplacental unit, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 128, 23, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1986.tb07945.x Majkić-Singh, 1982, Oxytocinase (CAP) activity in serum during normal pregnancy, Clinical Biochemistry, 15, 152, 10.1016/S0009-9120(82)90608-7 Mak, 1984, Effects of vasoactive autacoids on the human umbilical-fetal placental vasculature, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 91, 99, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1984.tb05890.x Mäkilä, 1983, Relation between umbilical prostacyclin production and blood flow in the fetus, Lancet, i, 728, 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92024-X Mïla, 1984, Increased thromboxane A2 production but normal prostacyclin by the placenta in hypertensive pregnancies, Prostaglandins, 27, 87, 10.1016/0090-6980(84)90222-3 Mäkilä, 1984, Evidence that prostacyclin deficiency is a specific feature in preeclampsia, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 148, 772, 10.1016/0002-9378(84)90564-7 Mäkilä, 1982, Regulation of prostacyclin and thromboxane production by human umbilical vessels: the effect of estradiol and progesterone in a superfusion model, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Medicine, 8, 115, 10.1016/S0262-1746(82)80003-6 McGrath, 1986, Contraction of human umbilical artery, but not vein, by oxygen, Journal of Physiology, 380, 513, 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016299 McGrath, 1988, Comparison of the effects of oxygen, 5-hydroxynyptamine, bradykinin and adrenaline in isolated human umbilical artery smooth muscle, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 73, 547, 10.1113/expphysiol.1988.sp003175 Mehta, 1982, Comparison of umbilical vein models for measurement of relative prostacyclin and thromboxane production, Prostaglandins,, 24, 743, 10.1016/0090-6980(82)90055-7 Melmon, 1968, Kinins: possible mediators of neonatal circulatory changes in man, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 27, 1295, 10.1172/JCI105821 Meschia, 1983, Circulation to female reproductive organs, 241 Mierelles, 1977, In-vitro contractility of human umbilical artery, European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology, 7, 219, 10.1016/0028-2243(77)90073-9 Mitchell, 1978, Thromboxane B2 and human parturition: concentrations in the plasma and production in vitro, Journal of Endocrinology, 78, 435, 10.1677/joe.0.0780435 Mitchell, 1982, The human placenta: a major source of prostaglandin D2, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes Medicine, 8, 383, 10.1016/0262-1746(82)90061-0 Mitchell, 1981, 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1α and thromboxane B2 in the human umbilical and neonatal circulations, International Research Communications System Medical Science Library Compendium, 9, 222 Mitchell, 1959, Histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the blood of infants and children, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 38, 595, 10.1172/JCI103837 Mitchell, 1970, Histamine and granulocytes in the umbilical cord blood of infants at birth, British Journal of Pharmacology, 40, 310, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb09923.x Mizutani, 1985, In vitro degradation of angiotensin II (A-II) by human placental subcellular fractions, pregnancy sera and purified placental aminopeptidases, Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen), 110, 135, 10.1530/acta.0.1100135 Moncada, 1985, Prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxane A2 and leukotrienes, 660 Mott, 1983, Neural and endocrine regulation of circulation in the fetus and newborn, 837 Murthy, 1985, In vitro human placental perfusion studies: Cholinergic activity in normal subjects and in toxaemia of pregnancy, West Indian Medical Journal, 34, 257 Nakai, 1978, Presence of immunoreactive Beta-endorphin in plasma of patients with Nelson's syndrome and Addison's disease, Life Sciences, 32, 2293, 10.1016/0024-3205(78)90194-7 Needleman, 1982, Catechol estrogens and thrombosis: differential effect of 2-hydroxyestradiol and estradiol on prostacyclin release, Contraception, 26, 317, 10.1016/0010-7824(82)90079-8 Neelsen-Kudsk, 1985, Enprofylline and theophylline on small human placental arteries: in vitro effects and mode of action, Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 56, 176, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1985.tb01272.x Novy, 1975, Fetal hemodynamic changes during graded reductions in uterine blood flow, Physiologist, 18, 335 O'Brien, 1987, Endothelial cells in culture produce a vasoconstrictor substance, Journal of Cellular Physiology, 132, 263, 10.1002/jcp.1041320210 O'Brien, 1988, Serum prostacyclin binding and half-life in the umbilical circulation, Prostaglandins, 35, 185, 10.1016/0090-6980(88)90086-X O'Connor, 1981, The measurement of hypoxanthine, xanthine, inosine and uridine in umbilical cord blood and fetal scalp blood samples as a measure of fetal hypoxia, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 88, 381, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1981.tb01001.x Odagiri, 1982, The changes of human plasma ACTH, immunoreactive- beta-endorphin and cortisol during pregnancy, labor and delivery, Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Japonica, 34, 920 Ogburn, 1980, Levels of free fatty acids and arachidonic acid in pregnancy and labor, Journal of Laboratory Clinical Medicine, 95, 943 Ogburn, 1984, Serum arachidonic acid levels in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 148, 5, 10.1016/S0002-9378(84)80023-X Ogino, 1986, Comparison of plasma prostanoid levels in the human cord artery in normal and fetal distressed deliveries, Endocrinologia Japonica, 33, 75, 10.1507/endocrj1954.33.75 Owens, 1984, Effect of hypoglycemic stress on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive β-endorphin in conscious sheep, Neuroscience Letters, 49, 1, 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90126-5 Ozaki, 1981, A comparative study of the relaxing effect of nitroprusside and verapamil on human umbilical vessels, Blood Vessels, 18, 321 Palmer, 1988, Vascular endothelial cells synthesise nitric oxide from l-arginine, Nature, 333, 664, 10.1038/333664a0 Palmer, 1987, Nitric oxide accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, Nature, 327, 524, 10.1038/327524a0 Panigel, 1959, Observations on the vasomotricity of the arteries in the umbilical cord, Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de ses filiales, 153, 1441 Panigel, 1962, Placental perfusion experiments, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 84, 1664, 10.1016/0002-9378(62)90009-1 Panigel, 1986, The human placenta anatomy and morphology, Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 13, 421, 10.1016/S0306-3356(21)00027-3 Panizza, 1981, The in vitro contractility of the human placental chorial vessels, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 26, 478 Parisi, 1986, Arachidonic acid metabolites and the regulation of placental and other vascular tone during pregnancy, Seminars in Perinatology, 10, 288 Parsons, 1988, Prostaglandin production and contractile response of umbilical arteries in preeclamptic pregnancies with and without intrauterine growth retardation, American Journal of Perinatology, 5, 220, 10.1055/s-2007-999689 Patrono, 1989, Aspirin and human platelets: from clinical trials to acetylation of cyclooxygenase and back, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 10, 453, 10.1016/S0165-6147(89)80010-0 Penfold, 1981, Studies of a single placental cotyledon in vitro: I. The preparation and its viability, Placenta, 2, 149, 10.1016/S0143-4004(81)80018-5 Pettay, 1950, Investigations into the histamine content of umbilical blood, Acta Paediaoica, 39, 283, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1950.tb08529.x Piper, 1987, Human umbilical arteries and veins: generation of leukotrienes and response to exogenous leukotrienes, Biology of the Neonate, 52, 9, 10.1159/000242678 Plagemann, 1974, Transport of nucleosides, nucleic acid bases, choline and glucose by animal cells in culture, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 344, 263, 10.1016/0304-4157(74)90010-0 Poisner, 1982, Renin and inactive response in human amnion at term pregnancy, 169, 4 Prentice, 1987, Changes in the biological activity of autacoids during passage through the human perfused fetoplacental lobule, European Journal of Pharmacology, 141, 79, 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90412-2 Ramwell, 1977, Regulation of the arachidonic acid cascade, Biology of Reproduction, 16, 70, 10.1095/biolreprod16.1.70 Rankin, 1976, A role for prostaglandins in the regulation of the placental blood flows, Prostaglandins, 11, 343, 10.1016/0090-6980(76)90156-8 Rankin, 1978, Role of prostaglandins in the maintenance of the placental circulation, Advances in Prostaglandin and Thromboxane Research, 4, 261 Redman, 1978, Early platelet consumption in pre-eclampsia, British Medical Journal, 1, 467, 10.1136/bmj.1.6111.467 Redman, 1977, Factor-VIII consumption in pre-eclampsia, Lancet, ii, 1249, 10.1016/S0140-6736(77)92661-7 Rees, 1989, Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure, 86, 3375 Remuzzi, 1980, Reduced umbilical and placental vascular prostacyclin in severe preeclampsia, Prostaglandins, 20, 105, 10.1016/0090-6980(80)90010-6 Reviriego, 1989, Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on human isolated placental chorionic arteries and veins, British Journal of Pharmacology, 96, 961, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11908.x Ritter, 1987, Low dose aspirin treatment in late pregnancy differentially inhibits cyclo-oxygenase in matemal platelets, Prostaglandins, 34, 717, 10.1016/0090-6980(87)90294-2 Roach, 1973, A biophysical look at the relationship of structure and function in the umbilical artery, 141 Roach, 1976, The umbilical vessels. In Perinatal Medicine-the basic science underlying clinical practice, 134 Rowell, 1981, Human placental cholinergic system: Depression of the uptake of a-aminoisobutyric acid in isolated human placental villi by choline acetyltransferase inhibitors, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 216, 232 Ruch, 1976, The acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase content of human placenta at term, Journal of Neurochemistry, 26, 1189, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb07005.x Ruckrich, 1976, Molecular and kinetic properties of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PG-15-HDH) from human placenta, Vol. 1, 153 Sandford, 1981, On the mechanism underlying closure of the human umbilical vein induced by cooling, 415 Sastry, 1979, Cholinergic systems in non-nervous tissues, Pharmacological Reviews, 30, 65 Sastry, 1981, Peptides from human placenta: Methionine enkephalin and substance P, Placenta, 327 Satyanarayana, 1986, A correlative review of acetylcholine synthesis in relation to histopathology of the human syncytiotrophoblast, Acta Obstetrrca et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 65, 567, 10.3109/00016348609158388 Saugstad, 1975, Hypoxanthine as a measurement of hypoxia, Pediatric Research, 9, 158, 10.1203/00006450-197504000-00002 Schneider, 1984, Modified double-circuit in vitro perfusion of placenta, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 148, 636, 10.1016/0002-9378(84)90591-X Schneider, 1985, Dual in vitro perfusion of an isolated lobe of human placenta: method and instrumentation, Contributions to Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 13, 40, 10.1159/000410668 Seki, 1987, A study on the activity of the PGI2 producing enzyme system derived from maternal and fetal vessels of toxemia of pregnancies, Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi, Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Japonica, 39, 905 Shaaban, 1982, β-Endorphin and β-lipotropin concentrations in umbilical cord blood, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 144, 560, 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90228-9 Sharma, 1982, Levels of total ascorbic acid, histamine and prostaglandins E2 and F2α in the maternal antecubital and foetal umbilical vein blood immediately following the normal human delivery, International Journal of Nutrition Research, 52, 320 Shimizu, 1972, Adenosine kinase of mammalian brain: partial purification and its role for the uptake of adenosine, Journal of Neurochemistry, 19, 687, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01384.x Slegel, 1988, Determination of adenosine in fetal perfusates of human placental cotyledons using fluorescence derivatization and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, Analytical Biochemistry, 171, 124, 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90132-7 Smith, 1951, Reactions of the surviving human umbilical arteries to l-epinephrine, l-norepinephrine, acetylcholine and histamine, American Journal of Physiology, 164, 86, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1950.164.1.86 Soares de Moura, 1981, Effect of terbutaline on the human fetal placental circulation, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 88, 730, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1981.tb01274.x Soares de Moura, 1987, Effect of prostacyclin on the perfusion pressure and on the vasoconstrictor response of angiotensin II in the human isolated foetal placental circulation, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 23, 765, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03113.x Soares de Moura, 1986, Effect of captopril on bradykinin inactivation by human foetal placental circulation, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 21, 143, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb05168.x Spivack, 1943, On the presence or absence of nerves in the umbilical blood vessels of man and guinea pig, The Anatomical Record, 85, 85, 10.1002/ar.1090850107 Spivack, 1946, The anatomic peculiarities of the human umbilical cord and their clinical significance, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 52, 387, 10.1016/S0002-9378(15)30251-9 Stabile, 1989, Role of cholinergic and carnitinergic systems in placental toxicology, Contemporary Review of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1, 253 Stock, 1980, Vascular response of the fetal placenta to local occlusion of the maternal placental vasculature, Journal of Developmental Physiology, 2, 339 Stuart, 1981, Decreased prostacyclin production: a characteristic of chronic placental insufficiency syndromes, Lancet, i, 1126, 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92298-4 Sullivan, 1982, The hypertensioe diseases of pregnancy and their management, 27, 407 Symonds, 1979, The placenta and the renin-angiotensin system, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 23, 129 Symonds, 1984, The fetal renin-angiotensin system in pregnancy-induced hypertension, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 91, 3, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1984.tb05270.x Tencé, 1989, Characterization of angiotensin II binding sites in the human term placenta, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 63, 111, 10.1016/0303-7207(89)90087-7 Terragno, 1979, Prostaglandin metabolism in the fetal and maternal vasculature, 38, 75 Thaler-Dao, 1974, Purification of the human placental 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase: properties of the purified enzyme, Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters, 48, 204, 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80468-0 Thompson, 1949, Observation on the mono-amine oxidase activity of placenta and uterus, Biochemical Journal, 45, 125, 10.1042/bj0450125 Thomson, 1988, Secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone by superfused human placental fragments, Gynecological Endocrinology, 2, 87, 10.3109/09513598809023617 Thorp, 1988, Comparison of the vasoactive effects of leukotrienes with thromboxane mimic in the perfused human placenta, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 159, 1376, 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90559-5 Trudinger, 1989, The effects of prostacyclin and thromboxane analogue (U46619) on the fetal circulation and umbilical flow velocity waveforms, Journal of Developmental Physiology, 11, 179 Tulenko, 1981, The actions of prostaglandins and cyclo-oxygenase inhibition on the resistance vessels supplying the human fetal placenta, Prostaglandins, 21, 1033, 10.1016/0090-6980(81)90171-4 Tuvemo, 1980, Role of prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxanes in the control of the umbilical-placental circulation, Seminars in Perinatology, 4, 91 Tuvemo, 1976, Maintenance of tone of the human umbilical artery by prostaglandin and thromboxane formation, Vol. 1, 425 Uszynski, 1971, Kininase activity in the human placenta, Biochemical Pharmacology, 20, 3211, 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90126-2 Vallance, 1989, Effects of endothelium-derived nitric oxide on peripheral arteriolar tone in man, Lancet, ii, 997, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91013-1 Vane, 1969, The release and fate of vaso-active hormones in the circulation, British Journal of Pharmacology, 35, 209, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1969.tb07982.x Vanhoutte, 1988, Relaxing and Contracting Factors Vanhoutte, 1986, Modulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction by the endothelium, Annual Reviews of Physiology, 48, 307, 10.1146/annurev.ph.48.030186.001515 von Euler, 1938, Action of adrenaline, acetylcholine and other substances on nerve-free vessels (human placenta), Journal of Physiology, 93, 129, 10.1113/jphysiol.1938.sp003631 Walker, 1971, Absence of adrenergic nerves inhuman placenta, Nature, 229, 344, 10.1038/229344a0 Wallenburg, 1982, Enhanced reactivity of the platelet thromboxane pathway in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies with insufficient fetal growth, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 144, 523, 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90220-4 Wallenburg, 1986, Low-dose aspirin prevents pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia in angiotensin-sensitive primigravidae, Lancet, i, 1, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91891-X Walsh, 1985, Preeelampsia: an imbalance in placental prostacyclin and thromboxane production, American Journtal of Obstetries and Gynecology, 152, 335, 10.1016/S0002-9378(85)80223-4 Walsh, 1988, Progesterone and estradiol production by normal and preeclamptic placentas, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 71, 222 Walsh, 1985, Placental prostacyclin production in normal and toxemic pregnancies, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 151, 110, 10.1016/0002-9378(85)90435-1 Walsh, 1989, Increased placental progesterone may cause decreased placental prostacyclin production in preeclampsia, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 161, 1586, 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90931-9 Walsh, 1974, The human and neonatal circulation, 351 Walsh, 1986, The role of arachidonic acid metabolites in preeclampsia, 10, 334 Wardlaw, 1979, Plasma β-endorphin and β-lipotropin in the human fetus at delivers: Correlation with arterial pH and pO2, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 49, 888, 10.1210/jcem-49-6-888 White, 1988, Comparison of vasorelaxants in human basilar arteries and umbilical arteries, European Journal of Pharmacology, 155, 109, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90408-6 White, 1989, Pharmacodynamic study of maturation and closure of human umbilical arteries, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 160, 229, 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90127-0 Wilkening, 1983, Fetal oxygen uptake, oxygenation, and acid-base balance as a function of uterine blood flow, American Journal of Physiology, 244, H749 Wilkes, 1988, Bradykinin-induced vasoconstriction and thromboxane release in perfused human placenta, American Journal of Physiology, 254, E681 Wilkes, 1985, Evidence for a functional renin-angiotensin system in full-term fetoplacental unit, American, Journal of Physiology, 249, E366 Work, 1989, Characteristics of an adenosine A1 binding site in human placental membranes, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 268, 191, 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90579-1 Yamaguchi, 1985, 6-Keto prostaglandin Flα thromboxane B2, and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F concentrations of normotensive and preeclamptic patients during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 151, 121, 10.1016/0002-9378(85)90437-5 Yanagisawa, 1989, Endothelin, a novel endothelium-derived peptide. Pharmacological activities, regulation and possible roles in cardiovascular control, Biochemical Pharmacology, 38, 1877, 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90484-X Yanagisawa, 1988, A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells, Nature, 332, 411, 10.1038/332411a0 Yang, 1970, A dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that converts angiotensin I and inactivates bradykinin, Biochimica et Bioplhysica Acta, 214, 374, 10.1016/0005-2795(70)90017-6 Yang, 1971, Characterization of a dipeptide hydrolase (kininase II: angiotensin I converting enzyme), Journal of Pharmarology and Experimental Therapeutics, 177, 291 Ylikorkala, 1986, Maternal ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid inhibits letal and neonatal prostacyclin and thromboxane in humans, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 155, 345, 10.1016/0002-9378(86)90823-9