Chemical composition of crustal xenoliths from southwestern Syria: Characterization of the upper part of the lower crust beneath the Arabian plate

Abu-Aljarayesh, 1993, Magnetic study on lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from northeast Jordan Abhath Al-Yarmouk, Pure Sci. Eng., 2, 41 Al-Mishwat, 2004, Composition of the lower crust of the Arabian Plate: a xenolith perspective, Lithos, 72, 45, 10.1016/j.lithos.2003.08.003 Al-Saad, 1992, Crustal structure of central Syria, the intracontinental Palymyride mountain belt, Tectonophysics, 207, 345, 10.1016/0040-1951(92)90395-M Altherr, 1990, Asthenosphere versus lithosphere as possible sources for basaltic magmas erupted during formation of the Red Sea, constraints from Sr, Rb and Nd isotopes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 96, 269, 10.1016/0012-821X(90)90007-K Baker, 1997, Petrogenesis of quaternary intraplate volcanism, Sana’a, Yemen; implications for plume–lithosphere interaction and polybaric melt hybridization, J. Petrol., 38, 1359, 10.1093/petroj/38.10.1359 1981 Barazangi, 1993, Tectonic evolution of the northern Arabian plate in western Syria, 117 Best, 1990, Bouguer gravity trends and crustal structure of the Palmyride mountain belt and surrounding northern Arabian platform in Syria, Geology, 18, 1235, 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1235:BGTACS>2.3.CO;2 Beyth, 1987, The Precambrian magmatic rocks of Timna Valley, southern Israel, Precambrian Res., 36, 21, 10.1016/0301-9268(87)90015-5 Bohannon, 1989, The timing of uplift, volcanism, and rifting peripheral to the Red Sea: a case for passive rifting?, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 1683, 10.1029/JB094iB02p01683 Camp, 1989, The Arabian continental alkali basalt province: Part I. Evolution of the Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 101, 71, 10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0071:TACABP>2.3.CO;2 Camp, 1991, The Arabian continental alkali basalt province: Part II. Evolution of the Harrats Khaybar, Ithnayn and Kura, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 103, 363, 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0363:TACABP>2.3.CO;2 Camp, 1992, The Arabian continental alkali basalt province: Part III. Evolution of the Harrat Kishb, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 104, 379, 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0379:TACABP>2.3.CO;2 Chaimov, 1990, Crustal shortening in the Palmyride fold belt, Syria and implications for movement along the Dead Sea fault system, Tectonics, 9, 1369, 10.1029/TC009i006p01369 Coleman, R.G., Gregory, R.T., Brown, G.F., 1983. Cenozoic volcanic rocks of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Minist. Mineral Res. Open File Rep. USGS-OF-O3-93, 82pp. Connolly, 1990, Multivariable phase diagrams: an algorithm based on generalized thermodynamics, Am. J. Sci., 290, 666, 10.2475/ajs.290.6.666 Connolly, 2005, Computation of phase equilibria by linear programming: a tool for geodynamic modeling and its application to subduction zone decarbonation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 236, 524, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.033 Dodge, 1986, Lower crustal xenoliths, Chinese Peak lava flow, central Sierra Nevada, J. Petrol., 27, 1277, 10.1093/petrology/27.6.1277 Dostal, 1980, Geochemistry and petrology of meta-igneous granulitic xenoliths in Neogene volcanic rocks of the Massif Central, France—implication for the lower crust, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 50, 31, 10.1016/0012-821X(80)90117-X Downes, 1990, Crustal evolution of the Hercynian belt of Western Europe: evidence from lower-crustal granulitic xenoliths (French Massif Central), Chem. Geol., 83, 209, 10.1016/0009-2541(90)90281-B El-Isa, 1987, A crustal structure study of Jordan derived from seismic refraction data, Tectonophysics, 138, 235, 10.1016/0040-1951(87)90042-4 El-Isa, 1987, Shear velocity structure of Jordan from explosion seismic data, Geophys. J. Res. Austral. Soc., 90, 265, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1987.tb00684.x Gettings, 1986, Crustal structure of southwestern Saudi Arabia, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 6491, 10.1029/JB091iB06p06491 Ghent, 1980, Ultramafic inclusions and host alkali olivine basalts of the southern coastal plain of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, Am. J. Sci., 280-A, 499 Ginzburg, 1979, A seismic study of the crust and upper mantle of the Jordan-Dead Sea Rift and their transition toward the Mediteranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 5605, 10.1029/JB084iB10p05605 Griffin, 1987, The composition of the lower crust and nature of the continental Moho-xenolith evidence, 413 Griffin, 1987, Geothermal profile and crust–mantle transition beneath the east-central Queensland: volcanology, xenolith petrology and seismic data, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 31, 177, 10.1016/0377-0273(87)90067-9 Hegner, 1989, Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic characteristics of Tertiary Red Sea Rift volcanics from the central Saudi Arabian coastal plain, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7749, 10.1029/JB094iB06p07749 Henjes-Kunst, 1990, Evolution and composition of the lithospheric mantle underneath the western Arabian Peninsula, constraints from Sr-Nd isotope systematics of mantle xenoliths, Contrib. Miner. Petrol., 105, 406, 10.1007/BF00286833 Holbrook, 1992, The seismic velocity structure of the deep continental crust, 1 Holland, 1998, An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest, J. Metamorphic Geol., 16, 309, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1998.00140.x Husseini, 1988, The Arabian Infracambrian extensional system, Tectonophysics, 148, 93, 10.1016/0040-1951(88)90163-1 Inger, 1993, Geochemical constraints on leucogranite magmatism in the Langtang valley, Nepal Himalaya, J. Petrol., 34, 345, 10.1093/petrology/34.2.345 Kay, 1981, The nature of the lower continental crust; inferences from geophysics, surface geology, and crustal xenoliths, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 19, 271, 10.1029/RG019i002p00271 Kempton, 1995, Petrology and geochemistry of xenoliths from the Northern Baltic shield; evidence for partial melting and metasomatism in the lower crust beneath an Archean Terrain, Lithos, 36, 157, 10.1016/0024-4937(95)00016-X Kempton, 1990, Petrology and geochemistry of lower crustal granulites from the Geronimo volcanic field, southeastern Arizona, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 3401, 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90294-U Krienitz, 2006, Magma genesis and crustal contamination of continental intraplate lavas in northwestern Syria, Contrib. Miner. Petrol., 151, 698, 10.1007/s00410-006-0088-1 Kröner, 1987, The Pan-African continental margin in northeastern Africa; evidence from a geochronological study of granulites at Sabaloka, Sudan, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 85, 91, 10.1016/0012-821X(87)90024-0 Kuo, 1986, Petrology of spinel harzburgite xenoliths from the Kishb Plateau, Saudi Arabia, Contrib. Miner. Petrol., 93, 335, 10.1007/BF00389392 Liu, 2001, Geochemistry of lower crust xenoliths from Neogene Hannuoba basalts, North China Craton: implications for petrogenesis and lower crust composition, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 2598, 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00609-3 Loock, 1990, Granulite facies lower crustal xenoliths from the Eifel, West Germany: petrological and geochemical aspects, Contrib. Miner. Petrol., 105, 25, 10.1007/BF00320964 Lustrino, 2006, Neogene volcanic activity of western Syria and its relationship with Arabian plate kinematics, J. Geodyn., 42, 115, 10.1016/j.jog.2006.06.003 Matviyenko, 1993, Geothermal conditions in oil- and gas-bearing regions of Syria, Int. Geol. Rev., 35, 453, 10.1080/00206819309465539 McBride, 1990, Seismic reflection structure of intracratonic Palymyride fold-thrust belt and surrounding Arabian platform, Syria, Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 74, 238 McGuire, 1988, Petrology of mantle xenoliths from Harrat al Kishb: the mantle beneath western Saudi Arabia, J. Petrol., 29, 73, 10.1093/petrology/29.1.73 McGuire, 1988, The mantle beneath the Red Sea margin: xenoliths from western Saudi Arabia, Tectonophysics, 150, 101, 10.1016/0040-1951(88)90297-1 McGuire, 1989, Timing of mantle upwelling: evidence for a passive origin for the Red Sea Rift, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 1677, 10.1029/JB094iB02p01677 McGuire, 1993, Granulite xenoliths from western Saudi Arabia: the lower crust of the Late Precambrian Arabian–Nubian Shield, Contrib. Miner. Petrol., 114, 395, 10.1007/BF01046541 McLennan, 1995, Sediments and soils: chemistry and abundances, 8 Mengel, 1991, Crustal xenoliths from Cenozoic volcanic fields of West Germany: implications for structure and composition of the continental crust, Tectonophysics, 195, 271, 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90215-E Meschede, 1986, A method of discriminating between different types of mid-ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y diagram, Chem. Geol., 56, 207, 10.1016/0009-2541(86)90004-5 Morgan, 1983, Constrains on rift thermal processes from heat flow and uplift, Tectonophysics, 94, 277, 10.1016/0040-1951(83)90021-5 Nasir, 1990, K-Ar age determination and volcanological evolution of the northwestern part of the Arabian Plate, Eur. J. Miner. 2, Beiheft, 1, 188 Nasir, 1992, The lithosphere beneath the northwestern part of the Arabian plate, Jordan: evidence from xenoliths and geophysics, Tectonophysics, 201, 357, 10.1016/0040-1951(92)90242-X Nasir, 1994, Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Cenozoic volcanic rocks from the northwestern part of the Arabian continental alkali basalt province, Jordan, Afr. Geosci. Rev., 1, 455 Nasir, 1995, Cr-poor megacrysts from the Shamah volcanic field, northwestern part of the Arabian plate, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 21, 349, 10.1016/0899-5362(95)00078-8 Nasir, 1995, Mafic lower crustal xenoliths from the northwestern part of the Arabian Plate, Eur. J. Miner., 7, 217, 10.1127/ejm/7/1/0217 Nasir, 1988, Spinel lherzolite xenoliths from the Aritain volcano, NE-Jordan, Miner. Petrol., 38, 127, 10.1007/BF01164317 Nasir, 1991, Oxidation of olivine in lherzolitic xenoliths from NE-Jordan., Mu’tah J. Res. Stud., 6, 171 Nasir, S., Safarjalani, A., 1995. Tectonic evolution of the Shamah Volcanic Field, northwestern part of the Arabian plate (Syria and Jordan): megacrysts–xenoliths–host basalt relationship. In: Thirty-fifth Science Week, Lattakia, Syria, book, 2, part 2, pp. 321–347. Nasir, 2000, Lithospheric petrology and geochemistry beneath the northern part of the Arabian Plate (Syria), J. Afr. Earth Sci., 34, 223 Nasir, 1992, Oxidation state of the upper mantle beneath the northwestern part of the Arabian lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 213, 359, 10.1016/0040-1951(92)90464-H Nasir, 1993, Ferric iron in upper mantle Cr-spinel, a Mössbauer spectroscopic study, Chem. Erde, 53, 265 Nasir, 2006, Geochemistry and petrology of Tertiary volcanic rocks and related ultramafic xenoliths from the central and eastern Oman Mountains, Lithos, 90, 249, 10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.002 Okrusch, 1979, Granulite-facies metabasite ejecta in the Laacher See area, Eifel, West Germany, Lithos, 12, 251, 10.1016/0024-4937(79)90017-3 Pearce, 1973, Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 19, 290, 10.1016/0012-821X(73)90129-5 Prodehl, 1991, Crustal thinning in relation to the evolution of the Afro-Arabian rift system: a review of seismic-refraction data, Tectonophysics, 198, 311, 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90158-O Rudnick, 1992, Xenoliths-samples of the lower continental crust, 269 Rudnick, 2005, Composition of the continental crust, vol. 3, 1 Rudnick, 1986, Crustal thinning in relationship to the evolution of the Afro-Arabian rift system; a review of seismic-refraction data. In: Makris, J., Mohr, P., Rihm, R. (Eds.), Birth and Early History of a New Oceanic Basin, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 50, 1099, 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90391-1 Safarjalani, A., Nasir, S., 1996. Petrographical, geochemical and petrological study of the xenoliths associating the basalt of southwest Syria. Final Report on Scientific Field Study, Department of Geology and Nuclear Ores (AECS), Damascus, 48pp. Safarjalani, 2002, Petrographic and geochemichal study of the basic and ultrabasic xenoliths rocks at Tell Habran (southwest Syria), Egypt. J. Appl. Sci., 17, 387 Sawaf, 1993, Stratigraphy and structure of eastern Syria across the Euphrates depression, Tectonophysics, 230, 267, 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90235-C Seber, 1993, Upper crustal velocity structure and basement morphology beneath the intracontinental Palmyride fold-thrust belt and north Arabian platform in Syria, Geophys. J. Int., 113, 752, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb04666.x Selverstone, 1983, Petrochemistry and recrystallization of granulite xenoliths from the Pali-Aike volcanic field, Chile, Am. Miner., 68, 1192 Skjerlie, 2002, The fluid-absent partial melting of a zoisite-bearing quartz eclogite from 1.0 to 3.2GPa: implications for melting in thickened continental crust and for subduction-zone processes, J. Petrol., 43, 291, 10.1093/petrology/43.2.291 Snyder, 1993, Petrogenesis of garnet pyroxenite and spinel peridotite xenoliths of the Tell-Danun alkali basalt volcano, Harrat As Shama, Syria, Int. Geol. Rev., 35, 1104, 10.1080/00206819309465579 Stein, 1989, The composition of the subcontinental lithosphere beneath Israel: inferences from peridotitic xenoliths, Israel J. Earth Sci., 38, 75 Stein, 1993, Chronothermometry of peridotitic and pyroxenitic xenoliths: implications for the thermal evolution of the Arabian lithosphere, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 1325, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90069-9 Stern, R.J., Johnson, P.R., 2008. Do variations in Arabian plate lithospheric structure control deformation in the Arabian–Eurasian convergence zone? D.D. Harrington Symposium, Geology of the Aegean, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 2, pp. 1–7. Stoeser, 1985, Pan-African microplate accretion of the Arabian Shield, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 96, 817, 10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<817:PMAOTA>2.0.CO;2 Stosch, 1986, Geochemistry of granulite-facies lower crustal xenoliths: implications for the geological history of the lower continental crust below the Eifel, West Germany, vol. 24, 309 Taylor, 1985 Thornber, 1985, Mantle xenoliths from northern Saudi Arabia, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 66, 393 Zhou, 2002, Continental crust and lithospheric mantle interaction beneath North China: isotopic evidence from granulite xenoliths in Hannuoba, Sino-Korean craton, Lithos, 62, 111, 10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00110-X