Investigation of wind turbine wakes and wake recovery in a tandem configuration using actuator line model with LES

Barthelmie R, Frandsen S T, Rathmann O, Hansen K, Politis E, Prospathopoulos J, et al. Flow and wakes in large wind farms: final report for upwind WP8 2011. Kalvig, 2012, Comparing different CFD wind turbine modelling approaches with wind tunnel measurements, J Phys: Conf Ser, 555 Norkaer Sorensen, 2002, Numerical modeling of wind turbine wakes, J Fluids Eng, 124, 393, 10.1115/1.1471361 Troldborg, 2009 Schito, 2014, Actuator forces in CFD: RANS and LES modeling in OpenFOAM, J Phys Conf Ser, 524, 012160, 10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012160 Martínez-Tossas, 2017, Optimal smoothing length scale for actuator line models of wind turbine blades based on gaussian body force distribution, Wind Energy, 20, 1083, 10.1002/we.2081 Jha, 2014, Guidelines for volume force distributions within actuator line modeling of wind turbines on large-eddy simulation-type grids, J Sol Energy Eng, 136, 031003, 10.1115/1.4026252 Churchfield M, Lee S, Moriarty P, Martínez Tossas L., Leonardi S., Vijayakumar G., et al. A large-eddy simulation of wind-plant aerodynamics. ISBN 978-1-60086-936-5; 2012, 10.2514/6.2012-537. Nilsson, 2014, Validation of the actuator line method using near wake measurements of the mexico rotor, Wind Energy, 18 Draper, 2015, Evaluation of the actuator line model with coarse resolutions, J Phys: Conf Ser, 625 Troldborg, 2014, Comparison of wind turbine wake properties in non-sheared inflow predicted by different CFD rotor models, Wind Energy, 18 Nathan, 2018, Near-wake analysis of actuator line method immersed in turbulent flow using large-eddy simulations, Wind Energy Sci, 3, 905, 10.5194/wes-3-905-2018 Wu, 2020, Effects of inflow turbulence intensity and turbine arrangements on the power generation efficiency of large wind farms, Wind Energy, 23, 1640, 10.1002/we.2507 Tabor, 2010, Inlet conditions for large eddy simulation - a review, Comput Fluids, 39, 553, 10.1016/j.compfluid.2009.10.007 Weller, 1998, A tensorial approach to computational continuum mechanics using object-oriented techniques, Comput Phys, 12, 10.1063/1.168744 Bachant P., Goude A., Wosnik M., Araya D. turbinesFoam: v0.1.0, Actuator line modeling extension library for OpenFOAM10.5281/zenodo.1482561; 2016. https://zenodo.org/record/1482561, Last accessed 14 September 2019. Marten, 2013, QBLADE an open source tool for design and simulation of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines, IJETAE, 3, 264 Drela, 1989, XFOIL: an analysis and design system for low Reynolds number airfoils, 1, 10.1007/978-3-642-84010-4_1 Smagorinsky, 1963, General circulation experiments with the primitive equations, Mon Weather Rev, 91, 10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091<0099:GCEWTP>2.3.CO;2 Lilly, 1967, The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments, 195 Pope, 2000 Shen, 2005, Tip loss corrections for wind turbine computations, Wind Energy, 8, 457, 10.1002/we.153 Poletto, 2013, A new divergence free synthetic eddy method for the reproduction of inlet flow conditions for LES, Flow Turbul Combust, 91, 1, 10.1007/s10494-013-9488-2 Launder, 1974, The numerical computation of turbulent flows, Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng, 3, 269, 10.1016/0045-7825(74)90029-2 Mittelmeier, 2016, An analysis of offshore wind farm SCADA measurements to identify key parameters influencing the magnitude of wake effects, J Phys Conf Ser, 753, 10.1088/1742-6596/753/3/032052 Jonkman, 2009, Definition of a 5-mw reference wind turbine for offshore system development Dose, 2018, Fluid-structure coupled computations of the NREL 5 MW wind turbine by means of CFD, Renew Energy, 129, 10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.064 Make, 2015, Analyzing scaling effects on offshore wind turbines using CFD, Renewable Energy, 83, 1326, 10.1016/j.renene.2015.05.048 Schmitz S., Jha P. Modeling the wakes of wind turbines and rotorcraft using the actuator-line method in an OpenFOAM-LES solver. 2013,. Boudreau, 2017, Comparison of the wake recovery of the axial-flow and cross-flow turbine concepts, J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn, 165, 137, 10.1016/j.jweia.2017.03.010 Miao, 2017, Investigation of wake characteristics of a yawed HAWT and its impacts on the inline downstream wind turbine using unsteady CFD, J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn, 168, 60, 10.1016/j.jweia.2017.05.002