Multidisciplinary perspectives on attention and the development of self-regulation

Progress in Neurobiology - Tập 82 - Trang 256-286 - 2007
Andrea Berger1, Ora Kofman1, Uri Livneh1, Avishai Henik1
1Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adriani, 2003, The spontaneously hypertensive-rat as an animal model of ADHD: evidence for impulsive and non-impulsive subpopulations, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 27, 639, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.007 Ainsworth, 1978 Alexander, 1990, Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, “prefrontal” and “limbic” functions, vol. 85, 119 American Psychiatric Association, 1994 Anderson, 2003, The effect of acute tryptophan depletion on probabilistic choice, J. Psychopharmacol., 17, 3, 10.1177/0269881103017001687 Auerbach, 1999, Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) and serotonin transporter promoter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphisms in the determination of temperament in 2-month-old infants, Mol. Psychiatry, 4, 369, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000531 Aylward, 1996, Basal ganglia volumes in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, J. Child Neurol., 11, 112, 10.1177/088307389601100210 Barbelivien, 2001, Metabolic alterations in the prefrontal and cingulate cortices are related to behavioral deficits in a rodent model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Cereb. Cortex, 11, 1056, 10.1093/cercor/11.11.1056 Barkley, 1981 Barkley, 1990, A critique of current diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: clinical and research implications, J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr., 11, 343, 10.1097/00004703-199012000-00014 Barkley, 1997, Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD, Psychol. Bull., 121, 65, 10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65 Barkley, 2001, Executive functioning, temporal discounting, and sense of time in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 29, 541, 10.1023/A:1012233310098 Barkley, 1990, The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria. I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study, J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 29, 546, 10.1097/00004583-199007000-00007 Barkley, 1993, Driving-related risks and outcomes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents and young adults: a 3- to 5-year follow-up survey, Pediatrics, 92, 212, 10.1542/peds.92.2.212 Barkley, 1996, Motor vehicle driving competencies and risks in teens and young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Pediatrics, 98, 1089, 10.1542/peds.98.6.1089 Bates, 1989, Concepts and measures of temperament, 3 Baumrind, 1972, The development of instrumental competence through socialization, 3 Baumrind, 1991, Effective parenting during the early adolescent transition, vol. 2, 111 Baumrind, 1991, The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use, J. Early Adolesc., 11, 56, 10.1177/0272431691111004 Baumrind, 1991, Parenting styles and adolescent development, 746 Baumrind, 1967, Socialization practices associated with dimensions of competence in preschool boys and girls, Child Dev., 38, 291, 10.2307/1127295 Beiswenger, 1968, Luria's model of the verbal control of behavior, Merrill-Palmer-Q., 14, 267 Bell, 1994, Brain development over the 1st year of life: relations between electroencephalographic frequency and coherence and cognitive and affective behaviors, 314 Bell, 2004, Emotion and cognition: an intricately bound developmental process, Child Dev., 75, 366, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00679.x Benes, 2000, Convergence and plasticity of monoaminergic systems in the medial prefrontal cortex during the postnatal period: implications for the development of psychopathology, Cereb. Cortex, 10, 1014, 10.1093/cercor/10.10.1014 Berger, A., Neuman-Ashkenazi, K., Sarig Shmuely, A., Landau, R., Aztaba-Poria, N., Arbelle, S., Auerbach, J.G. Vigilance in one-year-old infants at familial risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, submitted for publication. Berger, 2000, Pathologies of brain attentional networks, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 24, 3, 10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00046-9 Berger, 2006, Infant brains detect arithmetic errors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103, 12649, 10.1073/pnas.0605350103 Berk, 1995 Biederman, 2005, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Lancet, 366, 237, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66915-2 Biederman, 1992, Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Patterns of comorbidity in probands and relatives psychiatrically and pediatrically referred samples, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 49, 728, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820090056010 Biederman, 1995, High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children of parents with childhood onset of the disorder: a pilot study, Am. J. Psychiatry, 152, 431, 10.1176/ajp.152.3.431 Bierman, K.L., Erath, S.A., 2004. Prevention and intervention programs promoting positive peer relations in early childhood. In: Tremblay, R.E., Barr, R.G., Peters R.DeV. (Eds.), Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. Available online: http://www.excellence-earlychildhood.ca/documents/Bierman-ErathANGxp.pdf. Botvinick, 2001, Conflict monitoring and cognitive control, Psychol. Rev., 108, 624, 10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624 Bowlby, 1973 Bowlby, 1980 Braaten, 2000, Self-regulation of affect in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and non-ADHD boys: differences in empathic responding, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 68, 313, 10.1037/0022-006X.68.2.313 Braw, 2006, Anxiety-like behaviors in pre-pubertal rats of the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) animal models of depression, Behav. Brain Res., 167, 261, 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.09.013 Breton, 1999, Quebec child mental health survey: prevalence of DSM-III-R mental health disorders, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 40, 375, 10.1111/1469-7610.00455 Bronson, 2000 Bunge, 2004, How we use rules to select actions: a review of evidence from cognitive neuroscience, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 4, 564, 10.3758/CABN.4.4.564 Bunge, 2002, Immature frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children: evidence from fMRI, Neuron, 33, 301, 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00583-9 Bunge, 2002, Dissociable contributions of prefrontal and parietal cortices to response selection, NeuroImage, 17, 1562, 10.1006/nimg.2002.1252 Bunge, 2001, Prefrontal regions involved in keeping information in and out of mind, Brain, 124, 2074, 10.1093/brain/124.10.2074 Bush, 1999, Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the Counting Stroop, Biol. Psychiatry, 45, 1542, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00083-9 Bush, 2000, Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex, Trends Cogn. Sciences, 4, 215, 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01483-2 Buss, 1984 Caldji, 2000, Variations in maternal care in infancy regulate the development of stress reactivity, Biol. Psychiatry, 48, 1164, 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01084-2 Calkins, 2000, Physiological and behavioral regulation in two-year-old children with aggressive/destructive behavior problems, J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 28, 103, 10.1023/A:1005112912906 Calkins, 1996, Behavioral and physiological antecedents of inhibited and uninhibited behavior, Child Dev., 67, 523, 10.2307/1131830 Calkins, 1998, Toddler regulation of distress to frustrating events: temperamental and maternal correlates, Infant Behav. Dev., 21, 379, 10.1016/S0163-6383(98)90015-7 Cardinal, 2001, Impulsive choice induced in rats by lesions of the nucleus accumbens core, Science, 292, 2499, 10.1126/science.1060818 Carlson, S.M., 1997. Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy, University of Oregon, Eugene. Carlson, 2005, Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children, Dev. Neuropsychol., 28, 595, 10.1207/s15326942dn2802_3 Carlson, 2004, Executive function and theory of mind: stability and prediction from age 2–3, Dev. Psychol., 40, 1105, 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1105 Carlson, 2001, Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind, Child Dev., 72, 1032, 10.1111/1467-8624.00333 Carmona, 2005, Global and regional gray matter reductions in ADHD: a voxel-based morphometric study, Neurosci. Lett., 389, 88, 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.07.020 Casey, 2001, Disruption of inhibitory control in developmental disorders: a mechanistic model of implicated frontostriatal circuitry Casey, 1997, The role of the anterior cingulate in automatic and controlled processes: a developmental neuroanatomical study, Dev. Psychobiol., 30, 61, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199701)30:1<61::AID-DEV6>3.0.CO;2-T Caspi, 1995, Temperamental origins of child and adolescent behavior problems: from age three to age fifteen, Child Dev., 66, 55, 10.2307/1131190 Castellanos, 1994, Quantitative morphology of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Am. J. Psychiatry, 151, 1791, 10.1176/ajp.151.12.1791 Chae, 2001, Attention deficit hyperactivty disorder in Korean juvenile delinquents, Adolescence, 36, 707 Chudasama, 2003, Dissociable aspects of performance on the 5-choice serial reaction time task following lesions of the dorsal anterior cingulate, infralimbic and orbitofrontal cortex in the rat: differential effects on selectivity, impulsivity and compulsivity, Behav. Brain Res., 146, 105, 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.09.020 Chugani, 1986, Maturational changes in cerebral function in infants determined by 18FDG positron emission tomography, Science, 231, 840, 10.1126/science.3945811 Clohessy, 2001, Development of the functional visual field, Acta Psychol. (Amst.), 106, 51, 10.1016/S0001-6918(00)00026-3 Cohen, 1997, Perceptual dimensional constraints on response selection processes, Cognit. Psychol., 32, 128, 10.1006/cogp.1997.0648 Cook, 1995, Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 56, 993 Corbetta, 2000, Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex, Nat. Neurosci., 3, 292, 10.1038/73009 Crean, 2002, Effect of tryptophan depletion on impulsive behavior in men with or without a family history of alcoholism, Behav. Brain Res., 136, 349, 10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00132-8 Crone, 2003, Sensitivity to interference and response contingencies in attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 44, 214, 10.1111/1469-7610.00115 Crottaz-Herbette, 2006, Where and when the anterior cingulate cortex modulates attentional response: combined fMRI and ERP evidence, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 18, 766, 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.5.766 Cunningham, 1979, The interactions of normal and hyperactive children with their mothers in free play and structured tasks, Child Dev., 50, 217, 10.2307/1129059 Dalley, 2002, Deficits in impulse control associated with tonically-elevated serotonergic function in rat prefrontal cortex, Neuropsychopharmacology, 26, 716, 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00412-2 Dalley, 2002, Specific abnormalities in serotonin release in the prefrontal cortex of isolation-reared rats measured during behavioural performance of a task assessing visuospatial attention and impulsivity, Psychopharmacology, 164, 329, 10.1007/s00213-002-1215-y Damasio, 2003, The frontal lobes, 404 Davids, 2003, Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Brain Res. Rev., 42, 1, 10.1016/S0165-0173(02)00274-6 Davidson, 2006, Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching, Neuropsychologia, 44, 2037, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.006 Davidson, 2000, Local infusion of scopolamine into intraparietal cortex slows covert orienting in rhesus monkeys, J. Neurophysiol., 83, 1536, 10.1152/jn.2000.83.3.1536 Dawson, 1994, Frontal electroencephalographic correlates of individual differences in emotion expression in infants: a brain systems perspective on emotion, Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev., 59, 135, 10.2307/1166142 deBeus, 2004, Attention training with ADHD children: preliminary findings in a double-blind placebo-controlled study, J. Neurotherapy, 8, 145 Dellu-Hagedorn, 2006, Relationship between impulsivity, hyperactivity and working memory: a differential analysis in the rat, Behav. Brain Funct., 2, 10, 10.1186/1744-9081-2-10 Denham, 1998 Denham, 2003, Preschool emotional competence: pathway to social competence?, Child Dev., 74, 238, 10.1111/1467-8624.00533 Diamond, 1991, Neuropsychological insights into the meaning of object concept development, 67 Diamond, 2002, Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birth to young adulthood: cognitive functions, anatomy, and biochemistry, 466 Diamond, 2005, Attention-deficit disorder (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without hyperactivity): a neurobiologically and behaviorally distinct disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (with hyperactivity), Dev. Psychopathol., 17, 807, 10.1017/S0954579405050388 Diamond, 2006, Bootstrapping conceptual deduction using physical connection: rethinking frontal cortex, Trends Cogn. Sci., 10, 212, 10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.003 Diamond, 2005, Preschool children's performance in task switching on the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task: separating the dimensions aids the ability to switch, Dev. Neuropsychol., 28, 689, 10.1207/s15326942dn2802_7 Diamond, 2007, Helping children become masters of their own behavior: a preschool curriculum that improves executive functions Diamond, 1997, Prefrontal cortex cognitive deficits in children treated early and continuously for PKU, Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev., 62, 1, 10.2307/1166208 Diamond, 1996, Development of an aspect of executive control: development of the abilities to remember what I said and to “do as I say, not as I do”, Dev. Psychobiol., 29, 315, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199605)29:4<315::AID-DEV2>3.0.CO;2-T Diamond, 1994, Toward understanding commonalities in the development of object search, detour navigation, categorization, and speech perception, 380 Diamond, 1964, The effects of an enriched environment on the histology of the rat cerebral cortex, J. Comparative Neurol., 123, 111, 10.1002/cne.901230110 Diamond, 1966, Increases in cortical depth and glia numbers in rats subjected to enriched environment, J. Comp. Neurol., 128, 117, 10.1002/cne.901280110 Dimoska, 2003, Inhibitory motor control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: event-related potentials in the stop-signal paradigm, Biol. Psychiatry, 54, 1345, 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00703-0 Douglas, 1972, Stop, look and listen: the problem of sustained attention and impluse control in hyperactive and normal children, Can. J. Behav. Sci., 4, 259, 10.1037/h0082313 Douglas, 1983, Attentional and cognitive problems, 280 Douglas, 1985, The response of ADD children to reinforcement: theoretical and clinical implications, 49 Douglas, 1994, Effects of reward and nonreward on frustration and attention in attention deficit disorder, J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 22, 281, 10.1007/BF02168075 Duncan, 2000, A neural basis for general intelligence, Science, 289, 457, 10.1126/science.289.5478.457 Durig, 2000, Neonatal serotonin depletion affects developing and mature mouse cortical neurons, NeuroReport, 11, 833, 10.1097/00001756-200003200-00035 Durston, 2006, What have we learned about cognitive development from neuroimaging?, Neuropsychologia, 44, 2149, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.010 Durston, 2002, A neural basis for the development of inhibitory control, Dev. Sci., 5, 9, 10.1111/1467-7687.00235 Durston, 2003, Differential patterns of striatal activation in young children with and without ADHD, Biol. Psychiatry, 53, 871, 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01904-2 Eaton, 1986, Sex differences in human motor activity level, Psychol. Bull., 100, 19, 10.1037/0033-2909.100.1.19 Ebstein, 1996, Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of Novelty Seeking, Nat. Genet., 12, 78, 10.1038/ng0196-78 Eisenberg, 2001, The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior, Child Dev., 72, 1112, 10.1111/1467-8624.00337 Eisenberg, 1993, The relations of emotionality and regulation to preschoolers’ social skills and sociometric status, Child Dev., 64, 1418, 10.2307/1131543 Eisenberg, 1996, The relations of regulation and emotionality to problem behavior in elementary school children, Dev. Psychopathol, 8, 141, 10.1017/S095457940000701X Eisenberg, 2000, Dispositional emotionality and regulation: their role in predicting quality of social functioning, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 78, 136, 10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.136 Eisenberg, 1994, The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 66, 776, 10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.776 Eisenberg, 1995, The role of emotionality and regulation in children's social functioning: a longitudinal study, Child Dev., 66, 1360, 10.2307/1131652 Eisenberg, 1997, Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of children's social functioning from regulation and emotionality, Child Dev., 68, 642, 10.2307/1132116 Eisenberg, 2004, Emotion-related regulation: sharpening the definition, Child Dev., 75, 334, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00674.x Epstein, 1997, The effects of anxiety on continuous performance test functioning in an ADHD clinic sample, J. Atten. Disord., 2, 45, 10.1177/108705479700200106 Eriksen, 1974, Effect of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a non-search task, Percept & Psychophys, 16, 43, 10.3758/BF03203267 Ernst, 1999, High midbrain [18F]DOPA accumulation in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Am. J. Psychiatry, 156, 1209 Espy, 2005, Inhibitory processes in young children and individual variation in short-term memory, Dev. Neuropsychol., 28, 669, 10.1207/s15326942dn2802_6 Etkin, 2006, Resolving emotional conflict: a role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala, Neuron, 51, 871, 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.029 Evenden, 2005, The psychopharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats VIII: effects of amphetamine, methylphenidate, and other drugs on responding maintained by a fixed consecutive number avoidance schedule, Psychopharmacology, 180, 294, 10.1007/s00213-005-2163-0 Evenden, 1999, Varieties of impulsivity, Psychopharmacology, 146, 348, 10.1007/PL00005481 Fan, 2001, Assessing the heritability of attentional networks, BioMed Cent. Neurosci., 2, 14 Faraone, 1998, Neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Biol. Psychiatry, 44, 951, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00240-6 Feingold, 1994, Gender differences in personality: a meta-analysis, Psychol. Bull., 116, 429, 10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.429 Feldman, 1999, Mother-infant affect synchrony as an antecedent of the emergence of self-control, Dev. Psychol., 35, 223, 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.223 Feldman, 2003, Toddlers’ self-regulated compliance with mother, caregiver, and father: implications for theories of socialization, Dev. Psychol., 39, 680, 10.1037/0012-1649.39.4.680 Fellows, 2005, Is anterior cingulate cortex necessary for cognitive control?, Brain, 128, 788, 10.1093/brain/awh405 Filipek, 1997, Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls, Neurology, 48, 589, 10.1212/WNL.48.3.589 Fonagy, 2002, Early intervention and the development of self-regulation, Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 22, 307, 10.1080/07351692209348990 Fox, 1994, Dynamic cerebral process underlying emotion regulation Fox, 2003, The development of self-control of emotion: intrinsic and extrinsic influences, Motiv. Emot., 27, 7, 10.1023/A:1023622324898 Fox, 1994, Neural plasticity and development in the first two years of life: evidence from cognitive and socio-emotional domains of research, Dev. Psychopathol., 6, 677, 10.1017/S0954579400004739 Fox, 2001, Continuity and discontinuity of behavioral inhibition and exuberance: psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life, Child Dev., 72, 1, 10.1111/1467-8624.00262 Friedrich, 1998, Spatial attention deficits in humans: a comparison of superior parietal and temporal-parietal junction lesions, Neuropsychology, 12, 193, 10.1037/0894-4105.12.2.193 Frye, 1995, Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning, Cogn. Dev., 10, 483, 10.1016/0885-2014(95)90024-1 Gainetdinov, 1999, Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity, Science, 283, 397, 10.1126/science.283.5400.397 Gerardi, G., 1997. Development of executive attention and self-regulation in the third year of life. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy, University of Oregon, Eugene. Gerardi-Caulton, 2000, Sensitivity to spatial conflict and the development of self-regulation in children 2436 months of age, Dev. Sci., 3, 397, 10.1111/1467-7687.00134 Gerstadt, 1994, The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 3 1/2-7 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test, Cognition, 53, 129, 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90068-X Giedd, 1999, Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study, Nat. Neurosci., 2, 861, 10.1038/13158 Gill, 1997, Confirmation of association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a dopamine transporter polymorphism, Mol. Psychiatry, 2, 311, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000290 Gilliom, 2002, Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control, Dev. Psychol., 38, 222, 10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.222 Goldberg, 2000 Goldsmith, 1987, Roundtable: what is temperament? Four approaches, Child Dev., 58, 505, 10.2307/1130527 Goldsmith, 1997, Toddler and childhood temperament: expanded content, stronger genetic evidence, new evidence for the importance of environment, Dev. Psychol., 33, 891, 10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.891 Goldsmith, 2004, Disambiguating the components of emotion regulation, Child Dev., 75, 361, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00678.x Goldsmith, 1996 Goodman, 1989, A twin study of hyperactivity. Part II. The aetiological role of genes, family relationships and perinatal adversity, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 30, 691, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00782.x Greco, 2006, Reduced attention and increased impulsivity in mice lacking NPY Y2 receptors: relation to anxiolytic-like phenotype, Behav. Brain Res., 169, 325, 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.02.002 Greengough, 1973, Effects of rearing complexity on dendritic branching in frontolateral and temporal cortex of the rat, Exp. Neurol., 41, 371, 10.1016/0014-4886(73)90278-1 Gu, 2002, Neuromodulatory transmitter systems in the cortex and their role in cortical plasticity, Neuroscience, 111, 815, 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00026-X Haber, 2003, The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks, J. Chem. Neuroanat., 26, 317, 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.10.003 Hariri, 2000, Modulating emotional responses: effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system, NeuroReport, 11, 43, 10.1097/00001756-200001170-00009 Harman, 1997, Distress and attention interactions in early infancy, Motiv. Emot., 21, 27 Hebb, 1947, The effects of early experience on problem solving at maturity, Am. Psychol., 2, 306 Henik, 1994, Endogenously generated and visually guided saccades after lesions of the human frontal eye fields, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 6, 400, 10.1162/jocn.1994.6.4.400 Henik, 1999, Interaction between color and word processing in a flanker task, J. Exp. Psychol.Hum. Percept. Perform., 25, 198, 10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.198 Hinshaw, 1987, On the distinction between attentional deficits/hyperactivity and conduct problems/aggression in child psychopathology, Psychol. Bull., 101, 443, 10.1037/0033-2909.101.3.443 Hinshaw, 1992, Academic underachievement, attention deficits, and aggression: comorbidity and implications for intervention, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 60, 893, 10.1037/0022-006X.60.6.893 Hinshaw, 1994 Ho, 1999, Theory and method in the quantitative analysis of “impulsive choice” behaviour: implications for psychopharmacology, Psychopharmacology, 146, 362, 10.1007/PL00005482 Hofer, 1995, Hidden regulators: implications for a new understanding of attachment, separation, and loss, 203 Hofer, 1996, Multiple regulators of ultrasonic vocalization in the infant rat, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 21, 203, 10.1016/0306-4530(95)00042-9 Hohmann, 2003, A morphogenetic role for acetylcholine in mouse cerebral neocortex, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 27, 351, 10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00066-6 Holroyd, 2002, The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity, Psychol. Review, 109, 679, 10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.679 Hooks, 2006, Distinct roles for spontaneous and visual activity in remodeling of the retinogeniculate synapse, Neuron, 52, 281, 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.007 Hubel, 1965, Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint, J. Neurophysiol., 28, 1041, 10.1152/jn.1965.28.6.1041 Hughes, 2005, Executive function and theory of mind in 2 year olds: a family affair?, Dev. Neuropsychol., 28, 645, 10.1207/s15326942dn2802_5 Huttenlocher, 1994, Synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex, 139 Huttenlocher, 1997, Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex, J. Comp. Neurol., 387, 167, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<167::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-Z Iaboni, 1997, Psychophysiological response of ADHD children to reward and extinction, Psychophysiology, 34, 116, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02422.x Isles, 2004, Common genetic effects on variation in impulsivity and activity in mice, J. Neurosci., 24, 6733, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1650-04.2004 Isles, 2003, Measuring impulsivity in mice using a novel operant delayed reinforcement task: effects of behavioural manipulations and d-amphetamine, Psychopharmacology, 170, 376, 10.1007/s00213-003-1551-6 Jacobvitz, 1987, The early caregiver-child relationship and attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity in kindergarten: a prospective study, Child Dev., 58, 1496 Jerger, 1988, A developmental study of the auditory Stroop effect, Brain and Lang., 35, 86, 10.1016/0093-934X(88)90102-2 Johansen, 2005, Effects of delayed reinforcers on the behavior of an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Behav. Brain Res., 162, 47, 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.02.034 Johnson, 1999, Cognitive science: into the minds of babes, Science, 286, 247, 10.1126/science.286.5438.247 Johnson, 2003, Development of human brain functions, Biol. Psychiatry, 54, 1312, 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00426-8 Johnson, 1991, Components of visual orienting in early infancy: contingency learning, anticipatory looking and disengaging, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 3, 335, 10.1162/jocn.1991.3.4.335 Jones, 2003, Development of executive attention in preschool children, Dev. Sci., 6, 498, 10.1111/1467-7687.00307 Jucaite, 2005, Reduced midbrain dopamine transporter binding in male adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: association between striatal dopamine markers and motor hyperactivity, Biol. Psychiatry, 57, 229, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.009 Kalenscher, 2005, Single units in the pigeon brain integrate reward amount and time-to-reward in an impulsive choice task, Curr. Biol., 15, 594, 10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.052 Kaler, 1990, Compliance and comprehension in very young toddlers, Child Dev., 61, 1997, 10.2307/1130853 Kam, 2004, Sustained Effects of the PATHS Curriculum on the Social and Psychological Adjustment of Children in Special Education, J. Emot. Behav. Disord., 12, 66, 10.1177/10634266040120020101 Karnath, 2001, Spatial awareness is a function of the temporal not the posterior parietal lobe, Nature, 411, 950, 10.1038/35082075 Kates, 2002, MRI parcellation of the frontal lobe in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or Tourette syndrome, Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, 116, 63, 10.1016/S0925-4927(02)00066-5 Katz, 1996, Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits, Science, 274, 1133, 10.1126/science.274.5290.1133 Kheramin, 2003, Role of the orbital prefrontal cortex in choice between delayed and uncertain reinforcers: a quantitative analysis, Behav. Process., 64, 239, 10.1016/S0376-6357(03)00142-6 Kheramin, 2004, Effects of orbital prefrontal cortex dopamine depletion on inter-temporal choice: a quantitative analysis, Psychopharmacology, 175, 206, 10.1007/s00213-004-1813-y Kirkham, 2003, Helping children apply their knowledge to their behavior on a dimension-switching task, Dev. Sci., 6, 449, 10.1111/1467-7687.00300 Kochanska, 1993, Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in early development of conscience, Child Dev., 64, 325, 10.2307/1131254 Kochanska, 2001, Emotional development in children with different attachment histories: the first three years, Child Dev., 72, 474, 10.1111/1467-8624.00291 Kochanska, 1995, Mother-child mutually positive affect, the quality of child compliance to requests and prohibitions, and maternal control as correlates of early internalization, Child Dev., 66, 236, 10.2307/1131203 Kochanska, 2001, The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life, Child Dev., 72, 1091, 10.1111/1467-8624.00336 Kochanska, 1997, Inhibitory control as a contributor to conscience in childhood: from toddler to early school age, Child Dev., 68, 263, 10.2307/1131849 Kochanska, 1996, Inhibitory control in young children and its role in emerging internalization, Child Dev., 67, 490, 10.2307/1131828 Kochanska, 2000, Effortful control in early childhood: continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development, Dev. Psychol., 36, 220, 10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220 Kochanska, 1998, Children's emerging regulation of conduct: restraint, compliance, and internalization from infancy to the second year, Child Dev., 69, 1378, 10.2307/1132272 Kolb, 2003, Environmental complexity has different effects on the structure of neurons in the prefrontal cortex versus the parietal cortex or nucleus accumbens, Synapse, 48, 149, 10.1002/syn.10196 Kolb, 2001 Kopp, 1982, Antecedents of self-regulation: a developmental perspective, Dev. Psychol., 18, 199, 10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199 Kopp, 1989, Regulation of distress and negative emotions: a developmental view, Dev. Psychol., 25, 343, 10.1037/0012-1649.25.3.343 Kopp, 1992, Emotional distress and control in young children, 41 Krain, 2006, Brain development and ADHD, Clin. Psychol. Rev., 26, 433, 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.005 Kuntsi, 2001, Psychological mechanisms in hyperactivity. Part I. Response inhibition deficit, working memory impairment, delay aversion, or something else?, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 42, 199, 10.1111/1469-7610.00711 LaHoste, 1996, Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Mol. Psychiatry, 1, 121 Larsson, 2004, Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change of ADHD symptoms between 8 and 13 years of age: a longitudinal twin study, J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 43, 1267, 10.1097/01.chi.0000135622.05219.bf Le Pen, 2003, Phencyclidine exacerbates attentional deficits in a neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia, Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1799, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300208 Lemery, 2002, Revealing the relation between temperament and behavior problem symptoms by eliminating measurement confounding: expert ratings and factor analyses, Child Dev., 73, 867, 10.1111/1467-8624.00444 Lengua, 2002, The contribution of emotionality and self-regulation to the understanding of children's response to multiple risk, Child Dev., 73, 144, 10.1111/1467-8624.00397 Leo, 2003, Altered midbrain dopaminergic neurotransmission during development in an animal model of ADHD, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 27, 661, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.009 Levy, 1997, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a category or a continuum? Genetic analysis of a large-scale twin study, J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 36, 737, 10.1097/00004583-199706000-00009 Lewis, 1997, The self in self-conscious emotions, vol. 818, 119 Lewis, 1998, The development and structure of emotions, 29 Lewis, 1992 Liston, 2006, Frontostriatal microstructure modulates efficient recruitment of cognitive control, Cereb. Cortex, 16, 553, 10.1093/cercor/bhj003 Liu, 2000, Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats, Nat. Neurosci., 3, 799, 10.1038/77702 Loeber, 1990, Disruptive and antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence: development and risk factors, vol. 8, 233 Lu, 2007, Normal developmental changes in inferior frontal gray matter are associated with improvement in phonological processing: a longitudinal MRI analysis, Cereb. Cortex, 17, 1092, 10.1093/cercor/bhl019 Luciana, 2003, The neural and functional development of human prefrontal cortex, 157 Luman, 2005, The impact of reinforcement contingencies on AD/HD: a review and theoretical appraisal, Clin. Psychol. Rev., 25, 183, 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.11.001 Luria, 1961 Luria, 1966 Luu, 2000, Mood, personality, and self-monitoring: negative affect and emotionality in relation to frontal lobe mechanisms of error monitoring, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 129, 43, 10.1037/0096-3445.129.1.43 Maccoby, 1974 MacLeod, 1991, Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review, Psychol. Bull., 109, 163, 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 Madras, 2005, The dopamine transporter and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Biol. Psychiatry, 57, 1397, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.011 Main, 1990, Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth strange situation, 121 Marcovitch, 1999, The A-not-B error: results from a logistic meta-analysis, Child Dev., 70, 1297, 10.1111/1467-8624.00095 Marrocco, 1998, Neurochemistry of attention, 35 Matsugami, 2006, Indispensability of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT1 to brain development, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103, 12161, 10.1073/pnas.0509144103 Maurer, 1999, Rapid improvement in the acuity of infants after visual input, Science, 286, 108, 10.1126/science.286.5437.108 Mazur, 1988, Estimation of indifference points with an adjusting-delay procedure, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 49, 37, 10.1901/jeab.1988.49-37 Mazur, 2000, Tradeoffs among delay, rate, and amount of reinforcement, Behav. Process., 49, 1, 10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00070-X McBurnett, 1992, Psychobiological approaches to personality and their applications to child psychopathy., vol. 14, 107 McClure, 2004, Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards, Science, 306, 503, 10.1126/science.1100907 McDonald, 2000, Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control, Science, 288, 1835, 10.1126/science.288.5472.1835 Meador-Woodruff, 1996, Dopamine receptor mRNA expression in human striatum and neocortex, Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 17, 10.1016/0893-133X(95)00150-C Mill, 2005, Sequence analysis of Drd2, Drd4, and Dat1 in SHR and WKY rat strains, Behav. Brain Funct., 1, 24, 10.1186/1744-9081-1-24 Miller, 1991, The flanker compatibility effect as a function of visual angle, attentional focus, visual transients, and perceptual load: a search for boundary conditions, Percept. Psychophys., 49, 270, 10.3758/BF03214311 Miller, 1970, A test of Luria's hypotheses concerning the development of verbal self-regulation, Child Dev., 41, 651, 10.2307/1127214 Mirescu, 2004, Early life experience alters response of adult neurogenesis to stress, Nat. Neurosci., 7, 841, 10.1038/nn1290 Mischel, 1993, Alternatives in the pursuit of the predictability and consistency of persons: stable data that yield unstable interpretations, J. Pers., 51, 578, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00346.x Mobini, 2002, Effects of lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex on sensitivity to delayed and probabilistic reinforcement, Psychopharmacology, 160, 290, 10.1007/s00213-001-0983-0 Monterosso, 1999, Beyond discounting: possible experimental models of impulse control, Psychopharmacology, 146, 339, 10.1007/PL00005480 Mostofsky, 2002, Smaller prefrontal and premotor volumes in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Biol. Psychiatry, 52, 785, 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01412-9 Mrzljak, 1996, Localization of dopamine D4 receptors in GABAergic neurons of the primate brain, Nature, 381, 245, 10.1038/381245a0 Muir, 1996, The cerebral cortex of the rat and visual attentional function: dissociable effects of mediofrontal, cingulate, anterior dorsolateral, and parietal cortex lesions on a five-choice serial reaction time task, Cereb. Cortex, 6, 470, 10.1093/cercor/6.3.470 Murphy, 1996, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults: comorbidities and adaptive impairments, Compr. Psychiatry, 37, 393, 10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90022-X Myerson, 2003, Discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards: processes and traits, J. Econ. Psychol., 24, 619, 10.1016/S0167-4870(03)00005-9 Nachmias, 1996, Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: the moderating role of attachment security, Child Dev., 67, 508, 10.2307/1131829 Nadeau, 1995, Life management skills for the adult with ADD, 191 Neville, 2007, Experience shapes human brain development Neville, 2002, Human brain plasticity: evidence from sensory deprivation and altered language experience, Prog. Brain Res., 138, 177, 10.1016/S0079-6123(02)38078-6 Newman, 1998, Psychopathic behavior: an information processing perspective, 81 Nigg, 2000, On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy, Psychol. Bull., 126, 220, 10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.220 Nigg, 2001, Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder?, Psychol. Bull., 127, 571, 10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.571 Nigg, 2004, Temperament and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the development of a multiple pathway model, J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol., 33, 42, 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_5 Nigg, 2005, Casual heterogeneity in ADHD: do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes?, Biol. Psychiatry, 57, 1224, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.025 Nishimura, 2002, Neonatal electrolytic lesions of the basal forebrain stunt plasticity in mouse barrel field cortex, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 20, 481, 10.1016/S0736-5748(02)00078-3 Ochsner, 2005, The cognitive control of emotion, Trends Cogn. Sciences, 9, 242, 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 Overtoom, 2003, Effects of methylphenidate, desipramine, and L-dopa on attention and inhibition in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Behav. Brain Res., 145, 7, 10.1016/S0166-4328(03)00097-4 Pagnoni, 2002, Activity in human ventral striatum locked to errors of reward prediction, Nat. Neurosci., 5, 97, 10.1038/nn802 Parfitt, 2004, Differential early rearing environments can accentuate or attenuate the responses to stress in male C57BL/6 mice, Brain Res., 1016, 111, 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.04.077 Passetti, 2003, Double dissociation of serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms on attentional performance using a rodent five-choice reaction time task, Psychopharmacology, 165, 136, 10.1007/s00213-002-1227-7 Paus, 1999, Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents: in vivo study, Science, 283, 1908, 10.1126/science.283.5409.1908 Pennington, 1997, Dimensions of executive functions in normal and abnormal development, 265 Perez-Edgar, 2000, The impact of frontal asymmetry and attentional control on social reticence Pessoa, 2002, Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99, 11458, 10.1073/pnas.172403899 Piaget, 1926 Piaget, 1952 Pietras, 2003, Effects of methylphenidate on impulsive choice in adult humans, Psychopharmacology, 170, 390, 10.1007/s00213-003-1547-2 Pliszka, 1997, Measuring inhibitory control in children, J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr., 18, 254, 10.1097/00004703-199708000-00005 Pliszka, 2000, Inhibitory control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: event-related potentials identify the processing component and timing of an impaired right-frontal response-inhibition mechanism, Biol. Psychiatry, 48, 238, 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00890-8 Polan, 1999, Maternally directed orienting behaviors of newborn rats, Dev. Psychobiol., 34, 269, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199905)34:2<269::AID-DEV3>3.0.CO;2-L Posner, 1980, Orienting of attention. The 7th Sir F. C. Bartlett Lecture, Q. J. Exp. Psychol., 32, 3, 10.1080/00335558008248231 Posner, 1971, Components of attention, Psychol. Rev., 78, 391, 10.1037/h0031333 Posner, M.I., Fan, J. Attention as an organ system. In: Pomerantz, J. (Ed.), Topics in Integrative Neuroscience: From Cells to Cognition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, in press. Posner, 1990, The attention system of the human brain, Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 13, 25, 10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 Posner, 1998, Attention, self-regulation and consciousness, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Series B: Biol. Sci., 353, 1915, 10.1098/rstb.1998.0344 Posner, 2000, Developing mechanisms of self-regulation, Dev. Psychopathol., 12, 427, 10.1017/S0954579400003096 Posner, 2007 Puumala, 1996, Behavioral and pharmacological studies on the validation of a new animal model for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 66, 198, 10.1006/nlme.1996.0060 Quay, 1997, Inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 25, 7, 10.1023/A:1025799122529 Rainville, 1997, Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex, Science, 277, 968, 10.1126/science.277.5328.968 Reed, 1984, Inhibitory self-control in preschool children, Merrill-Palmer Q., 30, 131 Richards, 1997, Determination of discount functions in rats with an adjusting-amount procedure, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 67, 353, 10.1901/jeab.1997.67-353 Rietveld, 2004, Heritability of attention problems in children: longitudinal results from a study of twins, age 3 to 12, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 45, 577, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00247.x Riggs, 2006, The mediational role of neurocognition in the behavioral outcomes of a social-emotional prevention program in elementary school students: effects of the PATHS curriculum, Prev. Sci., 7, 91, 10.1007/s11121-005-0022-1 Robbins, 2002, The 5-choice serial reaction time task: behavioural pharmacology and functional neurochemistry, Psychopharmacology, 163, 362, 10.1007/s00213-002-1154-7 Roesch, 2006, Encoding of time-discounted rewards in orbitofrontal cortex is independent of value representation, Neuron, 51, 509, 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.027 Rogers, 1999, Dissociable deficits in the decision-making cognition of chronic amphetamine abusers, opiate abusers, patients with focal damage to prefrontal cortex, and tryptophan-depleted normal volunteers: evidence for monoaminergic mechanisms, Neuropsychopharmacology, 20, 322, 10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00091-8 Romeo, 2003, Anxiety and fear behaviors in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice are modulated by maternal separation, Horm. Behav., 43, 561, 10.1016/S0018-506X(03)00063-1 Rothbart, 1989, Temperament in childhood: a framework, 59 Rothbart, 1994, Temperament and social behavior in childhood, Merrill-Palmer Q., 40, 21 Rothbart, 2001, Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: the Children's Behavior Questionnaire, Child Dev., 72, 1394, 10.1111/1467-8624.00355 Rothbart, 1998, Temperament, vol. 3, 105 Rothbart, 1992, Self-regulation and emotion in infancy, New Dir. Child Dev, 7, 10.1002/cd.23219925503 Rubia, 1999, Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: a study with functional MRI, Am. J. Psychiatry, 156, 891, 10.1176/ajp.156.6.891 Ruble, 1998, Gender development, vol. 3, 933 Rudebeck, 2006, Separate neural pathways process different decision costs, Nat. Neurosci., 9, 1161, 10.1038/nn1756 Rueda, 2004, Development of attentional networks in children, Neuropsychologia, 42, 1029, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.12.012 Rueda, 2005, The development of executive attention: contributions to the emergence of self-regulation, Dev. Neuropsychol., 28, 573, 10.1207/s15326942dn2802_2 Rueda, 2005, Training, maturation, and genetic influences on the development of executive attention, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102, 14931, 10.1073/pnas.0506897102 Ruff, 1996 Rushworth, 2004, Action sets and decisions in the medial frontal cortex, Trends Cogn. Sciences, 8, 410, 10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.009 Russell, 2006, Response variability in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a neuronal and glial energetics hypothesis, Behav. Brain Funct., 2, 30, 10.1186/1744-9081-2-30 Russell, 2005, Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Behav. Brain Funct., 1, 9, 10.1186/1744-9081-1-9 Sagvolden, 2000, Behavioral validation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 24, 31, 10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00058-5 Sagvolden, 1992, The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of childhood hyperactivity (ADHD): changed reactivity to reinforcers and to psychomotor stimulants, Behav. Neural Biol., 58, 103, 10.1016/0163-1047(92)90315-U Sagvolden, 1998, Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder-from brain dysfunctions to behaviour, Behav. Brain Res., 94, 1 Sapir, 1999, Inhibition of return in spatial attention: direct evidence for collicular generation, Nat. Neurosci., 2, 1053, 10.1038/15977 Scheres, 2006, Temporal and probabilistic discounting of rewards in children and adolescents: effects of age and ADHD symptoms, Neuropsychologia, 44, 2092, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.012 1994 Schultz, 2004, Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal learning theory, game theory, microeconomics and behavioural ecology, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 14, 139, 10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.017 Schwarzkopf, 2007, Brief daily binocular vision prevents monocular deprivation effects in visual cortex, Eur. J. Neurosci., 25, 270, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05273.x Sergeant, 1995, Hyperkinetic disorder revisted, 7 Sergeant, 1996, The cognitive-energetic model of ADHD Sergeant, 2005, Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model, Biol. Psychiatry, 57, 1248, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.010 Sergeant, 2003, The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 27, 583, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.004 Sergeant, 1999, Information processing and energetic factors in attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder, 75 Sergeant, 1988, What happens after a hyperactive child commits an error?, Psychiatry Res., 24, 157, 10.1016/0165-1781(88)90058-3 Sergeant, 1990, Additive factor method applied to psychopathology with special reference to childhood hyperactivity, Acta Psycholologia (Amst), 74, 277, 10.1016/0001-6918(90)90009-5 Shallice, 2002, Executive function profile of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Dev. Neuropsychol., 21, 43, 10.1207/S15326942DN2101_3 Shaw, 2006, Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents, Nature, 440, 676, 10.1038/nature04513 Shoda, 1990, Predicting adolescent cognitive and self-regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification: identifying diagnostic conditions, Dev. Psychol., 26, 978, 10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.978 Silverman, 1990, Child and maternal correlates of impulse control in 24-month-old children, Genet., Soc., Gen. Psychol. Monogr., 116, 435 Smalley, 1998, Evidence that the dopamine D4 receptor is a susceptibility gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Mol. Psychiatry, 3, 427, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000457 Sohlberg, 1987, Effectiveness of an attention-training program, J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol., 9, 117, 10.1080/01688638708405352 Sohlberg, 2001, Improving attention and managing attentional problems. Adapting rehabilitation techniques to adults with ADD, Ann. N Y Acad. Sci., 931, 359, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05790.x Sonuga-Barke, 2002, Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD--a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition, Behav. Brain Res., 130, 29, 10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00432-6 Sonuga-Barke, 2003, The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 27, 593, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.005 Sonuga-Barke, 2005, Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways, Biol. Psychiatry, 57, 1231, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.008 Sonuga-Barke, 1992, Hyperactivity and delay aversion-I. The effect of delay on choice, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 33, 387, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00874.x Sowell, 1999, In vivo evidence for post-adolescent brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions, Nat. Neurosci., 2, 859, 10.1038/13154 Sowell, 2004, Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children, J. Neurosci., 24, 8223, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1798-04.2004 Spencer, 2002, Non-stimulant treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, J. Attent Disord., 6, S109, 10.1177/070674370200601S13 Spencer, 2005, In vivo neuroreceptor imaging in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Biol. Psychiatry, 57, 1293, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.036 Spinrad, 2004, The relation of children's everyday nonsocial peer play behavior to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning, Dev. Psychol., 40, 67, 10.1037/0012-1649.40.1.67 Sroufe, 1983, Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: the roots of maladaptation and competence, vol. 16, 41 Sroufe, 1995 Steckler, 2000, Glucocorticoid receptor impairment enhances impulsive responding in transgenic mice performing on a simultaneous visual discrimination task, Eur. J. Neurosci., 12, 2559, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00111.x Stocker, 1990, Sibling relationships in childhood: links with friendships and peer relationships, Br. J. Dev. Psychol., 8, 227, 10.1111/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00838.x Stroop, 1935, Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions, J. Exp. Psychol., 18, 643, 10.1037/h0054651 Sullivan, 2003, What the rodent prefrontal cortex can teach us about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the critical role of early developmental events on prefrontal function, Behav. Brain Res., 146, 43, 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.09.015 Suomi, 2000, A biobehavioral perspective on developmental psychopathology: excessive aggression and serotonergic dysfunction in monkeys, 237 Swick, 2002, Anterior cingulate cortex and the Stroop task: neuropsychological evidence for topographic specificity, Neuropsychologia, 40, 1240, 10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00226-3 Thompson, 1994, Emotion regulation: a theme in search of definition, Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev., 59, 25, 10.2307/1166137 Toga, 2006, Mapping brain maturation, Trends Neurosci., 29, 148, 10.1016/j.tins.2006.01.007 Toplak, M.E., Jain, U., Tannock, R., 2005. Executive and motivational processes in adolescents with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behavioral and Brain Functions, 1. Available online: http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/1/1/8. Tripp, 2001, Sensitivity to reward delay in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 42, 691, 10.1111/1469-7610.00764 Vaidya, 1998, Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance study, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95, 14494, 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14494 van den Bergh, 2006, Spontaneously hypertensive rats do not predict symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 83, 380, 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.02.018 van der Meere, 1999, The development of state regulation in normal children: an indirect comparison with children with ADHD, Dev. Neuropsychol., 16, 213, 10.1207/S15326942DN1602_5 van Praag, 2000, Neural consequences of environmental enrichment, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 1, 191, 10.1038/35044558 Vaughn, 1984, The emergence and consolidation of self-control from eighteen to thirty months of age: normative trends and individual differences, Child Dev., 55, 990, 10.2307/1130151 Viggiano, 2003, Dopamine phenotype and behaviour in animal models: in relation to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 27, 623, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.006 Villabos, 2000, Postnatal development of the basal forebrain cholinergic projections to the medial prefrontal cortex in mice, Dev. Brain Res., 120, 99, 10.1016/S0165-3806(99)00180-7 Volkow, 2007, Brain dopamine transporter levels in treatment and drug naïve adults with ADHD, NeuroImage, 34, 1182, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.014 Vygotsky, 1962 Walderhaug, 2002, Lowering of serotonin by rapid tryptophan depletion increases impulsiveness in normal individuals, Psychopharmacology, 164, 385, 10.1007/s00213-002-1238-4 Weiss, 1993 Welsh, 2001, The prefrontal cortex and the development of executive function in childhood, 767 Weyandt, 2002, The relationship between intelligence and performance on the test of variables of attention (TOVA), J. Learn. Disabil., 35, 114, 10.1177/002221940203500203 Whitaker-Azmitia, 2001, Serotonin and brain development: role in human developmental diseases, Brain Res. Bull., 56, 479, 10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00615-3 Willcutt, 2005, Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review, Biol. Psychiatry, 57, 1336, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006 Winstanley, 2003, Global 5-HT depletion attenuates the ability of amphetamine to decrease impulsive choice on a delay-discounting task in rats, Psychopharmacology, 170, 320, 10.1007/s00213-003-1546-3 Winstanley, 2004, Contrasting roles of basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive choice, J. Neurosci., 24, 4718, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5606-03.2004 Winstanley, 2006, Double dissociation between serotonergic and dopaminergic modulation of medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex during a test of impulsive choice, Cereb. Cortex, 16, 106, 10.1093/cercor/bhi088 Winstanley, 2005, Interactions between serotonin and dopamine in the control of impulsive choice in rats: therapeutic implications for impulse control disorders, Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 669, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300610 Wolfe, 2004, Working memory and inhibitory control in early childhood: contributions from physiology, temperament, and language, Dev. Psychobiol., 44, 68, 10.1002/dev.10152 Zelazo, P.D., Carlson, S.M., Kesek, A. The development of executive function in childhood. In: Nelson, C., Luciana, M. (Eds.), Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, second ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, in press. Zelazo, 1996, Children's rule use: representation, reflection and cognitive control, vol. 12, 119 Zelazo, 2003, The development of executive function in early childhood, Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev., 68, 10.1111/j.0037-976X.2003.00261.x Zelazo, 1995, Response control and the execution of verbal rules, Dev. Psychol., 31, 508, 10.1037/0012-1649.31.3.508 Zhu, 2002, Cholinergic depletion by IgG192-saporin retards development of rat barrel cortex, Dev. Brain Res., 136, 1, 10.1016/S0165-3806(02)00301-2