PPARs and LXRs: atherosclerosis goes nuclear

Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism - Tập 15 - Trang 158-165 - 2004
Grant D. Barish1,2, Ronald M. Evans1
1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, PO Box 85800, San Diego, CA 92186-5800, USA
2Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94121, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Glass, 2001, Atherosclerosis: the road ahead, Cell, 104, 503, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00238-0 Weitz-Schmidt, 2002, Statins as anti-inflammatory agents, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 23, 482, 10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02077-1 Chawla, 2001, Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files, Science, 294, 1866, 10.1126/science.294.5548.1866 Lee, 2003, Transcriptional repression of atherogenic inflammation: modulation by PPARδ, Science, 302, 453, 10.1126/science.1087344 Wagner, 2003, Promoter-specific roles for liver X receptor/corepressor complexes in the regulation of ABCA1 and SREBP1 gene expression, Mol. Cell. Biol., 23, 5780, 10.1128/MCB.23.16.5780-5789.2003 Braissant, 1999, Differential expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors: tissue distribution of PPAR-alpha, -beta, and –gamma in the adult rat, Endocrinology, 137, 354, 10.1210/en.137.1.354 Ziouzenkova, 2003, Lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins generates PPAR ligands: Evidence for an anti-inflammatory role for lipoprotein lipase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100, 2730, 10.1073/pnas.0538015100 Lee, 1995, Targeted disruption of the α isoform of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene in mice results in abolishment of the pleiotropic effects of peroxisome proliferators, Mol. Cell. Biol., 15, 3012, 10.1128/MCB.15.6.3012 Kersten, 1999, Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α mediates the adaptive response to fasting, J. Clin. Invest., 103, 1489, 10.1172/JCI6223 Guerre-Millo, 2001, PPAR-α-null mice are protected from high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, Diabetes, 50, 2809, 10.2337/diabetes.50.12.2809 Tordjman, 2001, PPARα deficiency reduces insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in apoE-null mice, J. Clin. Invest., 107, 1025, 10.1172/JCI11497 Haluzik, 2003, PPAR-α deficiency does not alter insulin sensitivity in mice maintained on regular or high fat diet: the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies, Endocrinology, 144, 1662, 10.1210/en.2003-1015 Chinetti, 1998, Activation of proliferator-activated receptors α and γ induces apoptosis of human monocyte-derived macrophages, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 25573, 10.1074/jbc.273.40.25573 Chinetti, 2001, PPAR-α and PPAR-γ activators induce cholesterol removal from human macrophage foam cells through stimulation of the ABCA1 pathway, Nat. Med., 7, 53, 10.1038/83348 Plutzky, 2001, Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors in endothelial cell biology, Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 12, 511, 10.1097/00041433-200110000-00006 Tordjman, 2001, PPARα deficiency reduces insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in apoE-null mice, J. Clin. Invest., 107, 1025, 10.1172/JCI11497 Fu, 2003, The peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α agonist ciprofibrate severely aggravates hypercholesterolemia and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in mice lacking apolipoprotein E, Biochem. J., 373, 941, 10.1042/bj20030105 Duez, 2002, Reduction of atherosclerosis by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist fenofibrate in mice, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 48051, 10.1074/jbc.M206966200 Robins, 2001, Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 285, 1585, 10.1001/jama.285.12.1585 Syvanne, 1998, Associations between lipoproteins and the progression of coronary and vein-graft atherosclerosis in a controlled trial with gemfibrozil in men with low baseline levels of HDL cholesterol, Circulation, 98, 1993, 10.1161/01.CIR.98.19.1993 Forman, 1995, Deoxy-delta 12, 14-prostaglandin J2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPAR gamma, Cell, 83, 803, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90193-0 Lehmann, 1995, An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), J. Biol. Chem., 270, 12953, 10.1074/jbc.270.22.12953 Barroso, 1999, Dominant negative mutations in human PPARγ associated with severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, Nature, 402, 880, 10.1038/47254 Barak, 1999, PPARγ is required for placental, cardiac, and adipose tissue development, Mol. Cell, 4, 585, 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80209-9 Rosen, 1999, PPAR gamma is required for the differentiation of adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro, Mol. Cell, 4, 611, 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80211-7 Kubota, 1999, PPAR gamma mediates high-fat diet-induced adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance, Mol. Cell, 4, 597, 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80210-5 He, 2003, Adipose-specific peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ knockout causes insulin resistance in fat and liver but not in muscle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100, 15712, 10.1073/pnas.2536828100 Gavrilova, 2003, Liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ contributes to hepatic steatosis, triglyceride clearance, and regulation of body fat mass, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 34268, 10.1074/jbc.M300043200 Matsusue, 2003, Liver-specific disruption of PPARγ in leptin-deficient mice improves fatty liver but aggravates diabetic phenotypes, J. Clin. Invest., 111, 737, 10.1172/JCI200317223 Norris, 2003, Muscle-specific PPARγ-deficient mice develop increased adiposity and insulin resistance but respond to thiazolidinediones, J. Clin. Invest., 112, 608, 10.1172/JCI17305 Hevener, 2003, Muscle-specific Pparg deletion causes insulin resistance, Nat. Med., 9, 1491, 10.1038/nm956 Lee, 2002, Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ in macrophage lipid homeostasis, Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 13, 331, 10.1016/S1043-2760(02)00668-9 Welch, 2003, PPARγ and PPARδ negatively regulate specific subsets of lipopolysaccharide and IFN-γ target genes in macrophages, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100, 6712, 10.1073/pnas.1031789100 Haffner, 2002, Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on nontraditional markers of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Circulation, 106, 679, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000025403.20953.23 Satoh, 2003, Antiatherogenic effect of pioglitazone in type 2 diabetic patients irrespective of the responsiveness to its antidiabetic effect, Diabetes Care, 26, 2493, 10.2337/diacare.26.9.2493 Peters, 2000, Growth, adipose, brain, and skin alterations resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β, Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 5119, 10.1128/MCB.20.14.5119-5128.2000 Barak, 2002, Effects of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ on placentation, adiposity, and colorectal cancer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99, 303, 10.1073/pnas.012610299 Oliver, 2001, A selective peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98, 5306, 10.1073/pnas.091021198 Leibowitz, 2000, Activation of PPARδ alters lipid metabolism in db/db mice, FEBS Lett., 473, 333, 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01554-4 Tanaka, 2003, Activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor δ induces fatty acid β-oxidation in skeletal muscle and attenuates metabolic syndrome, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100, 15924, 10.1073/pnas.0306981100 Wang, 2003, Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor δ activates fat metabolism to prevent obesity, Cell, 113, 159, 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00269-1 Dressel, 2003, The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ agonist, GW501516, regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism and energy uncoupling in skeletal muscle cells, Mol. Endocrinol., 17, 2477, 10.1210/me.2003-0151 Vosper, 2001, The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ promotes lipid accumulation in human macrophages, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 44258, 10.1074/jbc.M108482200 Chawla, 2003, PPARδ is a very low-density lipoprotein sensor in macrophages, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100, 1268, 10.1073/pnas.0337331100 Tan, 2001, Critical roles of PPARβ/δ in keratinocyte response to inflammation, Genes Dev., 15, 3263, 10.1101/gad.207501 Janowski, 1996, An oxysterol signaling pathway by the nuclear receptor LXR alpha, Nature, 383, 728, 10.1038/383728a0 Alberti, 2001, Hepatic cholesterol metabolism and resistance to dietary cholesterol in LXRβ-deficient mice, J. Clin. Invest., 107, 565, 10.1172/JCI9794 Tontonoz, 2003, Liver x receptor signaling pathways in cardiovascular disease, Mol. Endocrinol., 17, 985, 10.1210/me.2003-0061 Schuster, 2002, Accumulation of foam cells in liver X receptor-deficient mice, Circulation, 106, 1147, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000026802.79202.96 Venkateswaran, 2000, Control of cellular cholesterol efflux by the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXRα, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 97, 12097, 10.1073/pnas.200367697 Yu, 2003, Stimulation of cholesterol excretion by the liver X receptor agonist requires ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 15565, 10.1074/jbc.M301311200 Laffitte, 2001, LXRs control lipid-inducible expression of the apolipoprotein E gene in macrophages and adipocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98, 507, 10.1073/pnas.021488798 Repa, 2000, Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRa and LXRb, Genes Dev., 14, 2819, 10.1101/gad.844900 Schultz, 2000, Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis, Genes Dev., 14, 2831, 10.1101/gad.850400 Cao, 2003, Antidiabetic action of a liver X receptor agonist mediated by inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 1131, 10.1074/jbc.M210208200 Dalen, 2003, Expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter glut4 in adipocytes is dependent on liver X receptor α, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 48283, 10.1074/jbc.M302287200 Repa, 2000, Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers, Science, 289, 1524, 10.1126/science.289.5484.1524 Joseph, 2003, Reciprocal regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism by liver X receptors, Nat. Med., 9, 213, 10.1038/nm820 Castrillo, 2003, Crosstalk between LXR and toll-like receptor signaling mediates bacterial and viral antagonism of cholesterol metabolism, Mol. Cell, 12, 805, 10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00384-8 Libby, 1997, Roles of infectious agents in atherosclerosis and restenosis: an assessment of the evidence and need for future research, Circulation, 96, 4095, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.11.4095 Tangirala, 2002, Identification of macrophage liver X receptors as inhibitors of atherosclerosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99, 11896, 10.1073/pnas.182199799 Joseph, 2002, Synthetic LXR ligand inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99, 7604, 10.1073/pnas.112059299 Terasaka, 2003, T-0901317, a synthetic liver X receptor ligand, inhibits development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice, FEBS Lett., 536, 6, 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03578-0 Li, 2000, Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ ligands inhibit development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice, J. Clin. Invest., 106, 523, 10.1172/JCI10370 Claudel, 2001, Reduction of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice by activation of the retinoid X receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98, 2610, 10.1073/pnas.041609298 Chen, 2001, Troglitazone inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e-knockout mice, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 21, 372, 10.1161/01.ATV.21.3.372 Collins, 2001, Troglitazone inhibits formation of early atherosclerotic lesions in diabetic and nondiabetic low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 21, 365, 10.1161/01.ATV.21.3.365 Chawla, 2001, A PPARg–LXR–ABCA1 pathway in macrophages is involved in cholesterol efflux and atherogenesis, Mol. Cell, 7, 161, 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00164-2