Investigation of the degradation of pentachlorophenol in sandy soil via low-temperature pyrolysis

Environmental Protection Bureau of Tainan City, The pollution survey of two-ninth paths of Tainan city, Report Number 2004-09-25, 2004. Liou, 2004, Catalytic oxidation of pentachlorophenol in contaminated soil suspensions by Fe3+-resin/H2O2, Chemosphere, 55, 1271, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.12.015 Dai, 2006, Mechanism of the enhanced degradation of pentachlorophenol by ultrasound in the presence of elemental iron, J. Hazard. Mater., B137, 1424, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.04.025 Lee, 2009, Steel dust catalysis for Fenton-like oxidation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, J. Hazard. Mater., 163, 222, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.081 Chung, 1995, Degradation of pentachlorophenol in soil by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, J. Hazard. Mater., 41, 177, 10.1016/0304-3894(94)00106-Q Dams, 2007, Bioaugmentation of pentachlorophenol in soil and hydroponic systems, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 60, 171, 10.1016/j.ibiod.2007.02.006 Hannaa, 2005, Coupling enhanced water solubilization with cyclodextrin to indirect electrochemical treatment for pentachlorophenol contaminated soil remediation, Water Res., 39, 2763, 10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.057 Li, 2011, A combination of electrokinetics and Pd/Fe PRB for the remediation of pentachlorophenol-contaminated soil, J. Contam. Hydrol., 124, 99, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.03.002 Lee, 2008, Themal treatment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from contaminated soils, J. Hazard. Mater., 160, 220, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.113 Ahling, 1977, Combustion experiments using pentachlorophenol on a pilot scale and full-scale, Chemosphere, 7, 425, 10.1016/0045-6535(77)90020-0 Dickson, 1992, Quantitative comparison of de novo and precursor formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins under simulated municipal solid waste incinerator postcombustion conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 1822, 10.1021/es00033a017 Tuppurainen, 2000, Chlorophenols as precursors of PCDD/Fs in incineration processes: correlations, PLS modeling and reaction mechanisms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4958, 10.1021/es991429x Stanmore, 2002, Modeling the formation of PCDD/F in solid waste incinerators, Chemosphere, 47, 565, 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00005-X Ishida, 1998, Full-scale plant study on low temperature thermal dechlorination of PCDDs/PCDFs in fly ash, Chemosphere, 37, 2299, 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00288-4 Behnisch, 2002, Low-temperature thermal decomposition of dioxin-like compounds in fly ash: combination of chemical analysis in vitro bioassays (EROD and DR-CALUX), Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 5211, 10.1021/es025599c Mitoma, 2004, Approach to highly efficient dechlorination of PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar PCBs using metallic calcium in ethanol under atmospheric pressure at room temperature, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1216, 10.1021/es034379b Mitoma, 2006, Calcium-promoted catalytic degradation of PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar PCBs under a mild wet process, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 1849, 10.1021/es051976k Lee, 2002, Effect of soil texture on surfactant-based remediation of hydrophobic organic-contaminated soil, Environ. Int., 27, 681, 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00130-1 Jung, 2008, Effect of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil texture on the fatality of indigenous microorganisms in integrated ozonation and biodegradation, J. Hazard. Mater., 150, 809, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.032 Jonsson, 2007, Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated-soil by Fenton's reagent: a multivariate evaluation of the importance of soil characteristics and PAH properties, J. Hazard. Mater., 149, 86, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.057 Sadek, 2000, Ca-montmorillonite clay as thermal energy storage material, Thermochim. Acta, 363, 47, 10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00598-0 Hofstetter, 2003, Reactivity of Fe(II) species associated with clay minerials, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 519, 10.1021/es025955r Risoul, 2005, Effect of temperature and soil components on the emissions from pyrolysis of pyrene-contaminated soil, J. Hazard. Mater., B126, 128, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.06.019 Merino, 2007, Effect of temperature on the release of hexadecane from soil by thermal treatment, J. Hazard. Mater., 143, 455, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.050 Falciglia, 2011, Low temperature thermal desorption of diesel polluted soil: influence of temperature and soil texture on contaminant removal kinetics, J. Hazard. Mater., 185, 392, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.046 He, 2006, Potential contributions of clay minerals and organic matter to pentachlorophenol retention in soil, Chemosphere, 65, 497, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.020 Dela Cruz, 2011, Detection of environmentally persistent free radicals at a superfund wood treating site, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 6356, 10.1021/es2012947 Boyd, 1988, Pentachlorophenol sorption by organo-clays, Clays Clay Miner., 36, 125, 10.1346/CCMN.1988.0360204 Bouras, 1999, Adsorption of some phenolic derivatives by surfactant treated Al-pillared Algerian bentonite, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 70, 221, 10.1080/02772249909358750 Bouras, 2001, Using of surfactant modified Fe-pillared bentonite for the removal of pentachlorophenol from aqueous stream, Environ. Technol., 22, 69, 10.1080/09593332208618307 Bouras, 2010, Effect of humic acids on pentachlorophenol sorption to cetytrimethylammonium-modified, Fe- and Al-pillared montmorillonites, Appl. Clay Sci., 50, 58, 10.1016/j.clay.2010.07.002 He, 2006, Detailed sorption isotherms of pentachlorophenol on soils and its correlation with soil properties, Environ. Res., 101, 362, 10.1016/j.envres.2006.01.002 Lee, 1998, Remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by fluidized thermal, Waste Manag., 18, 503, 10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00135-4 Uzgiris, 1994, Complex thermal desorption of PCBs from soil, Chemosphere, 30, 377, 10.1016/0045-6535(94)00404-I Lighty, 1990, Fundamentals for the thermal remediation of contaminated soils: particle and bed desorption models, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 750, 10.1021/es00075a022 Nusier, 2003, Laboratory techniques to evaluate thermal conductivity for some soil, Heat Mass Transfer, 39, 119, 10.1007/s00231-002-0295-x Smith, 2001, Thermal desorption treatment of contaminated soils in a novel batch thermal reactor, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40, 5421, 10.1021/ie0100333 Tse, 2002, Desorption kinetics of PCP-contaminated soil: effect of temperature, Water Res., 36, 284, 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00191-9 Gullon, 2001, Kinetic model for the pyrolysis and combustion of poly-(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 1, 635, 10.1016/S0165-2370(00)00141-8 Jauhiainen, 2004, Kinetics of the pyrolysis and combustion of olive oil solid waste, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 72, 9, 10.1016/j.jaap.2004.01.003 Gan, 2009, Remediation of soils contaminated with polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), J. Hazard. Mater., 172, 532, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.118 Egger, 1977, Pyrolysis reactions involving carbon–halogen bonds, 677 Addink, 1995, Critical review: mechanisms of formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in heterogeneous systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1425, 10.1021/es00006a002 Lomnicki, 2002, Formation of PCDD/F from the pyrolysis of 2-chlorophenol on the surface of dispersed copper oxide particles, Proc. Combust. Inst., 29, 2463, 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80300-5 Dickson, 1987, Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins produced on municipal incineration fly ash from reactions of chlorinated phenols, J. Chromatogr., 389, 127, 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)94417-6 Lamparski, 1981, Synthesis and identification of the 10 hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin isomers by high performance liquid and packed column gas chromatography, Chemosphere, 10, 3, 10.1016/0045-6535(81)90154-5 Vlkova, 2004, Dechlorination ability of municipal waste incineration fly ash for polychlorinated phenols, Chemosphere, 56, 935, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.05.002 Addink, 1992, Influence of H2O and HCl on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in a carbon/fly ash mixture, Organohalogen. Compound., 8, 205 Zhang, 2007, The study on the dechlorination of OCDD with Pd/C catalyst in ethanol-water solution under mild condition, Chemosphere, 68, 1716, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.056 Weber, 1998, Mechanism of the formation of dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans from chlorophenols in gas phase reactions, Chemosphere, 39, 529 Hinton, 1991, Synthesis of polychlorinated dioxins over MSW incinerator fly ash to identify catalytic species, Chemosphere, 23, 831, 10.1016/0045-6535(91)90088-U Hinton, 1992, Effect of zinc, copper and sodium on formation of polychlorinated dioxins on MSW incinerator fly ash, Chemosphere, 25, 811, 10.1016/0045-6535(92)90071-X