Ambient particulate air pollution and acute lower respiratory infections: a systematic review and implications for estimating the global burden of disease

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 6 - Trang 69-83 - 2011
Sumi Mehta1, Hwashin Shin2,3, Rick Burnett2,3, Tiffany North1, Aaron J. Cohen1
1Health Effects Institute, Boston, USA
2Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
3Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Tóm tắt

Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) account for nearly one fifth of mortality in young children worldwide and have been associated with exposures to indoor and outdoor sources of combustion-derived air pollution. A systematic review was conducted to identify relevant articles on air pollution and ALRI in children. Using a Bayesian approach to meta-analysis, a summary estimate of 1.12 (1.03, 1.30) increased risk in ALRI occurrence per 10 μg/m3 increase in annual average PM2.5 concentration was derived from the longer-term (subchronic and chronic) effects studies. This analysis strengthens the evidence for a causal relationship between exposure to PM2.5 and the occurrence of ALRI and provides a basis for estimating the global attributable burden of mortality due to ALRI that is not influenced by the wide variation in regional case fatality rates. Most studies, however, have been conducted in settings with relatively low levels of PM2.5. Extrapolating their results to other, more polluted, regions will require a model that is informed by evidence from studies of the effects on ALRI of exposure to PM2.5 from other combustion sources, such as secondhand smoke and household solid fuel use.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Barnett AG, Williams GM, Schwartz J, Neller AH, Best TL, Petroeschevsky AL, Simpson RW (2005) Air pollution and child respiratory health—a case-crossover study in Australia and new Zealand. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171(11):1272–1278. doi:10.1164/rccm.200411-1586OC Braga AL, Saldiva PH, Pereira LA, Menezes JJ, Conceicao GM, Lin CA, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Dockery DW (2001) Health effects of air pollution exposure on children and adolescents in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Pediatr Pulmonol 31(2):106–113. doi:10.1002/1099-0496(200102)31:2<106::AID-PPUL1017>3.0.CO;2-M Brauer M, Hoek G, Van Vliet P, Meliefste K, Fischer PH, Wijga A, Koopman LP, Neijens HJ, Gerritsen J, Kerkhof M, Heinrich J, Bellander T, Brunekreef B (2002) Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166(8):1092–1098 Bruce N, Weber M, Arana B, Diaz A, Jenny A, Thompson L, McCracken J, Dherani M, Juarez D, Ordonez S, Klein R, Smith KR (2007) Pneumonia case-finding in the RESPIRE Guatemala indoor air pollution trial: standardizing methods for resource-poor settings. Bull World Health Organ 85(7):535–544 Cohen AJ, Anderson HR, Ostro B, Pandey KD, Krzyzanowski M, Künzli N, Gutschmidt K, Pope CAI, Romieu I, Samet JM, Smith KR (2004) Urban air pollution. In: LA Ezzati M, Rodgers A, Murray CJL (eds) Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors, vol 2. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 1153–1433 Collaborative Working Group (CWG) on Air Pollution Poverty and Health in HCMC (2011) The effects of short-term exposure on hospital admissions for acute lower respiratory infections in young children of Ho Chi Minh City. Health Effects Institute, Boston Conceicao GM, Miraglia SG, Kishi HS, Saldiva PH, Singer JM (2001) Air pollution and child mortality: a time-series study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Environ Health Perspect 109(Suppl 3):347–350 Deb SK (1998) Acute respiratory disease survey in Tripura in case of children below five years of age. J Indian Med Assoc 96(4):111–116 Dherani M, Pope D, Mascarenhas M, Smith KR, Weber M, Bruce N (2008) Indoor air pollution from unprocessed solid fuel use and pneumonia risk in children aged under five years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull WHO 86(5):390–398. doi:10.2471/blt.07.044529 Ezzati M (2005) Indoor air pollution and health in developing countries. Lancet 366(9480):104–106 Ezzati M, Kammen DM (2001) Quantifying the effects of exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass combustion on acute respiratory infections in developing countries. Environ Health Perspect 109(5):481–488 Ghio AJ (2004) Biological effects of Utah Valley ambient air particles in humans: a review. Journal of Aerosol Medicine-Deposition Clearance and Effects in the Lung 17(2):157–164 Ghio AJ, Cohen MD (2005) Disruption of iron homeostasis as a mechanism of biologic effect by ambient air pollution particles. Inhal Toxicol 17(13):709–716. doi:10.1080/08958370500224482 Gouveia N, Fletcher T (2000) Respiratory diseases in children and outdoor air pollution in Sao Paulo, Brazil: a time series analysis. Occup Environ Med 57(7):477–483 Ha EH, Lee JT, Kim H, Hong YC, Lee BE, Park HS, Christiani DC (2003) Infant susceptibility of mortality to air pollution in Seoul, South Korea. Pediatrics 111(2):284–290 HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee (2004) Health effects of outdoor air pollution in developing countries of Asia: a literature review. Special report 15. Health Effects Institute, Boston HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee (2010) Outdoor air pollution and health in the developing countries of Asia: a comprehensive review. Special report 18. Health Effects Institute, Boston Hernandez-Cadena L, Barraza-Villarreal A, Ramirez-Aguilar M, Moreno-Macias H, Miller P, Carbajal-Arroyo LA, Romieu I (2007) Infant morbidity caused by respiratory diseases and its relation with the air pollution in Juarez City, Chihuahua, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 49(1):27–36 Hertz-Picciotto I, Baker RJ, Yaw PS, Dostal M, Joad JP, Lipsett M, Greenfield T, Herr CEW, Benes I, Shumway RH, Pinkerton KE, Sram R (2007) Early childhood lower respiratory illness and air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 115:1510–1526. doi:10.1289/ehp.9617 Karr C, Lumley T, Shepherd K, Davis R, Larson T, Ritz B, Kaufman J (2006) A case-crossover study of wintertime ambient air pollution and infant bronchiolitis. Environ Health Perspect 114(2):277–281. doi:10.1289/ehp.8313 Karr C, Lumley T, Schreuder A, Davis R, Larson T, Ritz B, Kaufman J (2007) Effects of subchronic and chronic exposure to ambient air pollutants on infant bronchiolitis. Am J Epidemiol 165(5):553–560. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk032 Karr CJ, Rudra CB, Miller KA, Gould TR, Larson T, Sathyanarayana S, Koenig JQ (2009) Infant exposure to fine particulate matter and traffic and risk of hospitalization for RSV bronchiolitis in a region with lower ambient air pollution. Environ Res 109(3):321–327. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2008.11.006 Kelly FJ (2003) Oxidative stress: its role in air pollution and adverse health effects. Occup Environ Med 60(8):612–616 Li JSM, Peat JK, Xuan W, Berry G (1999) Meta-analysis on the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the prevalence of lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood. Pediatr Pulmonol 27(1):5–13. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199901)27:1<5::aid-ppul3>3.0.co;2-5 Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan JH, Anderson GL, Kaufman JD (2007) Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med 356(5):447–458. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa054409 Muhling P, Bory J, Haupt H (1984) Effect of air pollution on respiratory tract diseases in small children. Morbidity rate in residential areas with varying degrees of severe pollution. Fortschr Med 102(34):831–834 Nair H, Nokes DJ, Gessner BD, Dherani M, Madhi SA, Singleton RJ, O’Brien KL, Roca A, Wright PF, Bruce N, Chandran A, Theodoratou E, Sutanto A, Sedyaningsih ER, Ngama M, Munywoki PK, Kartasasmita C, Simões EAF, Rudan I, Weber MW, Campbell H (2010) Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 375(9725):1545–1555 Öberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Prüss-Ustün A (2011) Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. The Lancet 377(9760):139–146. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8 Ostro BD, Eskeland GS, Sanchez JM, Feyzioglu T (1999) Air pollution and health effects: a study of medical visits among children in Santiago, Chile. Environ Health Perspect 107(1):69–73 Pino P RI, Villegas R, Walter T, Oyarzun M (1998) Wheezing bronchitis in infants: influence of airborne fine particulate matter and environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med A877.Abstract Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD (2002) Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA, J Am Med Assoc 287(9):1132–1141 Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Krewski D, Jerrett M, Shi Y, Calle EE, Thun MJ (2009) Cardiovascular mortality and exposure to airborne fine particulate matter and cigarette smoke: shape of the exposure–response relationship. Circulation 120(11):941–948. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.857888 Pouliou T, Kanaroglou PS, Elliott SJ, Pengelly LD (2008) Assessing the health impacts of air pollution: a re-analysis of the Hamilton children’s cohort data using a spatial analytic approach. Int J Environ Health Res 18(1):17–35. doi:10.1080/09603120701844290 Ritz B, Wilhelm M, Zhao Y (2006) Air pollution and infant death in southern California, 1989–2000. Pediatrics 118(2):493–502. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0027 Romieu I, Samet JM, Smith KR, Bruce N (2002) Outdoor air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children in developing countries. J Occup Environ Med 44(7):640–649. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000023383.41727.32 Rudan I, Tomaskovic L, Boschi-Pinto C, Campbell H (2004) Global estimate of the incidence of clinical pneumonia among children under five years of age. Bull World Health Organ 82(12):895–903 Saldiva PHN, Lichtenfels A, Paiva PSO, Barone IA, Martins MA, Massad E, Pereira JCR, Xavier VP, Singer JM, Bohm GM (1994) Association between air-pollution and mortality due to respiratory-diseases in children in Sao-Paulo, Brazil—a preliminary-report. Environ Res 65(2):218–225 Samet JM, Brauer M, Schlesinger R (2006) Particulate matter. In: Air quality guidelines: global update 2005. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen Segala C, Poizeau D, Mesbah M, Willems S, Maidenberg M (2008) Winter air pollution and infant bronchiolitis in Paris. Environ Res 106(1):96–100. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.05.003 Sivertsen B (2006) Global ambient air pollution concentrations and trends. In: Air quality guidelines: Global update 2005. Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. World Health Organization, Copenhagen, pp 31–59 Smith KR, Mehta S, M-F M (2004) Indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels. In: LA Ezzati M, Rogers A, Murray CJL (eds) Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors, vol 2. World Health Organization, Geneva Thomas P, Zelikoff J (1999) Air pollutants: modulators of pulmonary host resistance against infection. In: Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard RL (eds) Air pollution and health. Academic, San Diego U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2006) The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the surgeon general. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta United States Census Bureau (2011) International Data Base (IDB). United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/index.php. Accessed 10 Jan 2011 van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Brauer M, Kahn R, Levy R, Verduzco C, Villeneuve PJ (2010) Global estimates of ambient fine particulate matter concentrations from satellite-based aerosol optical depth: development and application. Environ Health Perspect 118(6):847–855 Williams BG, Gouws E, Boschi-Pinto C, Bryce J, Dye C (2002) Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections. Lancet 2:25–32 Woodruff TJ, Grillo J, Schoendorf KC (1997) The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 105(6):608–612 Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Schoendorf KC (2006) Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution and selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality in California. Environ Health Perspect 114(5):786–790. doi:10.1289/ehp.8484 Woodruff TJ, Darrow LA, Parker JD (2008) Air pollution and postneonatal infant mortality in the United States, 1999–2002. Environ Health Perspect 116(1):110–115. doi:10.1289/ehp.10370 World Health Organization (2010) Health statistics and health information systems World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/en/index.html. Accessed 23 Dec 2010 Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Gold D (2000) Are there sensitive subgroups for the effects of airborne particles? Environmental Health Perspectives 108(9):841–845 Zelikoff JT, Schermerhorn KR, Fang KJ, Cohen MD, Schlesinger RB (2002) A role for associated transition metals in the immunotoxicity of inhaled ambient particulate matter. Environmental Health Perspectives 110:871–875 Zelikoff JT, Chen LC, Cohen MD, Fang KJ, Gordon T, Li Y, Nadziejko C, Schlesinger RB (2003) Effects of inhaled ambient particulate matter on pulmonary antimicrobial immune defense. Inhal Toxicol 15(2):131–150. doi:10.1080/08958370390168201