Payments for Environmental Services: Evolution Toward Efficient and Fair Incentives for Multifunctional Landscapes

Annual Review of Environment and Resources - Tập 37 Số 1 - Trang 389-420 - 2012
Meine van Noordwijk1, Beria Leimona1, Rohit Jindal2, Grace B. Villamor3,1, Mamta Vardhan4, Sara Namirembe5, Delia Catacutan6, John M. Kerr7, Peter A. Minang5, Thomas P. Tomich8
1World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor 16880, Indonesia;,
2Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1
3Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany 53113;
4Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4;
5World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
6World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Hanoi, Vietnam
7Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;
8Agricultural Sustainability Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8523;

Tóm tắt

Payments for environmental services (PES), the non-provisioning part of ecosystem services, target alignment of microeconomic incentives for land users with meso- and macroeconomic societal costs and benefits of their choices across stakeholders and scales. They can interfere with or complement social norms and rights-based approaches at generic (land-use planning) and individual (tenure, use rights) levels; they interact with macroeconomic policies influencing the drivers to which individual agents respond. In many developing country contexts, community scale factors strongly influence land users' decisions, whereas unclear land rights complicate the use of market-based instruments. PES concepts need to adapt. Multiple paradigms have emerged within the broad PES domain. Evidence suggests that forms of “coinvestment in stewardship” (CIS) alongside rights are the preferred entry point. Commodification of environmental services (ES) and ES markets might evolve later on, but require strong government regulation to set and enforce rules of the game. We frame hypotheses for wider testing and “no-regrets” recommendations for practitioners.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Costanza R, 2005, Sustainability or Collapse: An Integrated History and Future of People on Earth, Dahlem Workshop Reports

10.1073/pnas.0702737104

10.1038/nclimate1332

10.1007/s10887-009-9038-x

10.1093/aob/mcm048

10.1300/J064v01n01_08

10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.004

8. Wells S. 2010. Pandora's Seed: The Unforeseen Cost of Civilization. New York: Random House. 230 pp.

Kahneman D, 2011, Thinking, Fast and Slow

10. Pointing C. 2007. A New Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. London: Penguin Books. 452 pp.

11. Williams M. 2003. Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 689 pp.

10.1023/A:1007608805843

Scherr SJ, 2007, Farming with Nature: The Science and Practice of Ecoagriculture

2005, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis.

10.5751/ES-03180-140232

Thaler R, 2009, Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness

10.1038/387253a0

10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.017

Sukhdev P, 2010, The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity: Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature: A Synthesis of the Approach, Conclusions and Recommendations of TEEB

10.1126/science.1210297

Landell-Mills N, 2002, Silver Bullet or Fool's Gold? A Global Review of Markets for Forest Environmental Services and Their Impact on the Poor

10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02067.x

23. Van Noordwijk M. 2005. RUPES typology of environmental service worthy of reward. RUPES Work. Pap., World Agrofor. Cent. (ICRAF), Southeast Asia Reg. Program, Bogor, Indones.

24. Wunder S. 2005. Payments for environmental services: some nuts and bolts. CIFOR Occas. Pap. 42, Cent. Int. For. Res., Bogor, Indones.

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.03.011

10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.05.002

27. Angelsen A, Wunder S. 2003. Exploring the forest-poverty link: key concepts, issues and research implications. CIFOR Occas. Pap. 40, Cent. Int. For. Res., Bogor, Indones.

10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006

10.5751/ES-03979-1601r01

Akerlof GA, 2009, Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism

10.1007/s10584-006-9169-4

32. Van Noordwijk M, Chandler F, Tomich TP. 2004. An introduction to the conceptual basis of RUPES: rewarding upland poor for the environmental services they provide. RUPES Work. Pap., World Agrofor. Cent. (ICRAF), Southeast Asia Reg. Program, Bogor, Indones.

Ainslie G, 1992, Picoeconomics: The Strategic Interaction of Successive Motivational States within the Person

10.2307/166367

10.1016/S0921-8009(96)00077-8

10.5751/ES-00344-050221

37. Clark WC, Tomich TP, van Noordwijk M, Guston D, Catacutan D, et al. 2011. Boundary work for sustainable development: natural resource management at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. In press

10.1016/j.cosust.2010.02.007

10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511

Carney D, 1998, Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can We Make?, 3

10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00104-7

Pagiola S, 2002, Selling Forest Environmental Services: Market-Based Mechanisms for Conservation and Development

10.5751/ES-02499-140226

Perrot-Maître D, 2006, The Vittel Payments for Ecosystem Services: A “Perfect” PES Case?

10.5751/ES-03664-150417

White D, 2010, . Estimating the Opportunity Costs of REDD+: A Training Manual

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.03.010

10.1073/pnas.0705503104

10.1093/reep/req006

Tinbergen J, 1991, Population, Technology, Lifestyle: The Transition to Sustainability, 52

10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00011-1

10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.610037.x

Daily GC, 1997, Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems

10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006

55. Van Noordwijk M, Leimona B, Emerton L, Tomich TP, Velarde SJ, et al. 2007. Criteria and indicators for environmental service compensation and reward mechanisms: realistic, voluntary, conditional and pro-poor. ICRAF Work. Pap. 37, World Agrofor. Cent., Southeast Asia Reg. Program, Bogor, Indones.

56. Courtney P. 2010. Socio-economic impacts and benefits of agri-environment schemes in England. Presented at Soc. Dimens. Market-Based Environ. Incent. Int. Forum, Charles Darwin Univ., Darwin, Aust., 18–19 Nov.

Boardman AE, 2001, Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice

Ash N, 2010, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Manual for Assessment Practitioners

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.007

10.4337/9781849806015.00011

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.12.014

10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00092-7

10.18352/ijc.121

10.1504/IJISD.2005.008079

Scherr SJ, 2006, Developing Future Ecosystem Service Payments in China: Lessons Learned from International Experience.

10.2305/IUCN.CH.2006.WANI.4.en

10.2307/3146894

68. Pagiola S, Landell-Mills N, Bishop J. 2002. Market-based mechanisms for forest conservation and development. See Ref. 42, pp. 1–13

69. Ortiz E, Kellenberg J. 2001. Program of payments for ecological services in Costa Rica. Work. Pap., FONAFIFO, San José, Costa Rica

10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00310-1

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.033

2007, The State of Food and Agriculture 2007. Paying Farmers for Environmental Services.

Miranda M, 2003, The Social Impacts of Payments for Environmental Services in Costa Rica: A Quantitative Field Survey and Analysis of the Virilla Watershed

Porras I, 2008, All That Glitters: A Review of Payments for Watershed Services in Developing Countries

10.18352/ijc.194

Forsyth T, 2003, Critical Political Ecology: The Politics of Environmental Science

10.1017/S1355770X08004270

78. Pascual U, Muradian R, Rodriguez LC, Duraiappah AK. 2009. Revisiting the relationship between equity and efficiency in payments for environmental services. Ecosyst. Serv. Econ. Work. Pap. 1, Div. Environ. Policy Implement., UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya

79. Gouyon A. 2003. Rewarding the upland poor for environmental services: a review of initiatives from developed countries. RUPES Work. Pap. 2003-6, World Agrofor. Cent. (ICRAF), Southeast Asia Program, Bogor, Indones.

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.006

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.004

10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.07.011

10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.12.005

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.029

86. Leimona B. 2011. Fairly efficient and efficiently fair: success factors and constraints in payment and reward for environmental schemes in Asia. PhD thesis. Wageningen Univ. Res. Cent., Wageningen, Neth. 176 pp.

10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00147-X

88. Greiner R. 2010. Payments for environmental services (PES): contribution to indigenous livelihoods. In Third International Conference on Environmental Economics and Investment Assessment,Cyprus, ed. K Aravossis, CA Brebbia, 3:163–74. Southampton, UK: WIT Press

Van Noordwijk M, 1997, Agrofor. Today, 9, 6

10.1007/978-94-007-4676-3_8

10.3368/le.81.2.247

10.2307/2296399

10.2307/2296537

10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041892

10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00869.x

10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001035.x

10.5751/ES-03636-150406

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.01.002

10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.015

10.1002/hyp.7602

10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.013

10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01708.x

10.1073/pnas.1013516108

Zomer RJ, 2009, Trees on farm: analysis of global extent and geographical patterns of agroforestry

10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.05.020

10.1016/j.catena.2009.08.007

107. Van Noordwijk M, Hoang MH, Neufeldt H, Oborn I, Yatich T, eds. 2011. How Trees and People Can Co-Adapt to Climate Change: Reducing Vulnerability through Multifunctional Agroforestry Landscapes. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agrofor. Cent. (ICRAF). 133 pp.

10.2307/1244085

10.1016/j.envsci.2010.12.005

110. Le Coq JF, Soto G, Hernandez CG. 2011. PES and ecolabel: a comparative analysis of their limits and opportunities to foster environmental services provision. See Ref. 166, pp. 237–64

10.1162/00346530151143815

112. Appleton AF. 2002. How New York City used an ecosystems services strategy carried out through an urban-rural partnership to preserve the pristine quality of its drinking water and save billions of dollars. A Pap. For. Trends, Tokyo, Nov.http://ecosystemmarketplace.com/documents/cms_documents/NYC_H2O_Ecosystem_Services.pdf

113. Villamor GB, van Noordwijk M, Agra F, Catacutan D. 2007. Buyers' perspectives on environmental services (ES) and commoditization as an approach to liberate ES markets in the Philippines. ICRAF Work. Pap. 51, World Agrofor. Cent., Bogor, Indones.

10.1108/09564239810199923

Bemelmans-Videc ML, 1998, Carrots, Sticks, and Sermons: Policy Instruments and Their Evaluation

Sterner T, 2003, Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management.

Vatn A, 2005, Institutions and the Environment

Frey B, 1997, Am. Econ. Rev., 87, 746

10.1016/j.jebo.2008.04.002

10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00055-3

10.4337/9781843765486

10.3197/096327106776678979

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.002

10.1037/h0030644

10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01305.x

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.031

10.1126/science.1091015

10.1073/pnas.0702296104

10.1111/1467-7660.00158

10.1017/CBO9780511807763

10.1086/261662

10.1016/S0167-2681(99)00045-1

10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00208-2

Jack BK, 2008, Conserv. Biol., 23, 358

135. Jindal R, Kerr JM, Ferraro PJ, Swallow BM. 2012. Social dimensions of procurement auctions for environmental service contracts: evaluating tradeoffs between cost-effectiveness and participation by the poor in rural Tanzania. Land Use Policy. In press

10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.12.007

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.11.004

10.1080/10549810902794287

Gutman P, 2003, From Goodwill to Payments for Environmental Services: A Survey of Financing Options for Sustainable Natural Resource Management in Developing Countries

10.1300/J091v23n01_01

Jindal R, 2007, USAID PES Sourcebook: Lessons and Best Practices for Pro-Poor Payment for Ecosystem Services

10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00176.x

143. Tipper R. 2002. Helping indigenous farmers to participate in the international market for carbon services: the case of Scolel Té. See Ref. 42, pp. 223–33

10.1023/A:1024712424319

10.4337/9781849806015.00014

10.5751/ES-02070-120213

10.1177/097185241001300301

10.1080/03066151003595242

Chen X, 2009, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 1812

10.1080/14728028.2005.9752520

Galudra G, 2011, Int. For. Rev., 13, 431

Akiefnawati R, 2010, Int. For. Rev., 12, 349

10.1007/s10745-006-9103-4

Pasha R, 2011, Payments for Ecosystem Services and Food Security, 275

10.5751/ES-01831-110223

10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.09.003

157. Minang PA, van Noordwijk M. 2012. Design challenges for reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through conservation: leveraging multiple paradigms at the tropical forest margins. Land Use Policy. In press

10.1016/j.envsci.2010.11.002

159. Hoang MH, Do TH, Pham MT, van Noordwijk M, Minang PA. 2012. Benefit distribution across scales to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) in Vietnam. Land Use Policy. In press

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.008

10.1163/cl-2011-037

Jansson AM, 1994, Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability

10.1068/d170133

164. Pascual U, Muradian R, Brander L, Gómez-Baggethun E, Martín-López B, et al. 2010. The economics of valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity. See Ref. 184, pp. 183–256

165. Tomich TP, Argumedo A, Baste I, Camac E, Filer C, et al. 2010. Conceptual frameworks for ecosystem assessment: their development, ownership, and use. See Ref. 58, pp. 71–115

166. Rapidel B, DeClerck F, Le Coq JF, Beer J, eds. 2011. Ecosystem Services from Agriculture and Agroforestry: Measurement and Payment. London: Earthscan. 414 pp.

167. Kumar P, Brondizio E, Elmqvist T, Gatzweiler F, Gowdy J, et al. 2010. Lessons learned and linkages with national policies. See Ref. 184, pp. 285–306

10.1007/s11027-007-9105-6

10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00757.x

Monke EA, 1995, The Policy Analysis Matrix for Agricultural Development

Tomich TP, 2005, Slash and Burn: The Search for Alternatives, 415

10.1111/j.1467-8489.2011.00530.x

10.2307/1914185

10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.07.001

10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.014

10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.08.003

10.5751/ES-04339-160327

Harman O, 2011, The Price of Altruism: George Price and the Search for the Origins of Kindness

10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.013

10.1016/0016-3287(76)90086-0

Sahlins MD, 1972, Stone Age Economics

10.1007/s13280-011-0185-x

10.1007/978-0-387-73033-2_15

Kumar P, 2010, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations.