Dramatic destruction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections with a simple combination of amoxicillin and light-activated methylene blue

Monaco, 2016, Worldwide epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus, Review, 21 Horn, 2018, Inside job: Staphylococcus aureus host-pathogen interactions, Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 308, 607, 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.009 Balasubramanian, 2017, Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis in diverse host environments, Pathog. Dis., 75 Moormeier, 2017, Staphylococcus aureus biofilm: a complex developmental organism, Mol. Microbiol., 104, 365, 10.1111/mmi.13634 Oliveira, 2018, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis infections on implants, J. Hosp. Infect., 98, 111, 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.11.008 Suresh, 2019, An update on recent developments in the prevention and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 309, 1, 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.11.002 Lakhundi, 2018, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: molecular characterization, evolution, and epidemiology, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 31, 10.1128/CMR.00020-18 Hassoun, 2017, Incidence, prevalence, and management of MRSA bacteremia across patient populations—a review of recent developments in MRSA management and treatment, Crit. Care, 21, 1, 10.1186/s13054-017-1801-3 Lee, 2018, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim., 4, 1 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2022, Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2014 Styers, 2006, Laboratory-based surveillance of current antimicrobial resistance patterns and trends among Staphylococcus aureus: 2005 status in the United States, Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 5, 2, 10.1186/1476-0711-5-2 Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, 2014 McGuinness, 2017, Vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Yale J. Biol. Med., 90, 269 Chambers, 2009, Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 7, 629, 10.1038/nrmicro2200 Dosselli, 2012, Molecular targets of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy identified by a proteomic approach, J. Proteome, 77, 329, 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.007 Kashef, 2017, Can microbial cells develop resistance to oxidative stress in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation?, Drug Resist. Updat., 31, 31, 10.1016/j.drup.2017.07.003 Al-Mutairi, 2018, Sublethal photodynamic treatment does not lead to development of resistance, Front. Microbiol., 9, 1699, 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01699 Liu, 2015, Antibacterial photodynamic therapy: overview of a promising approach to fight antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, J. Clin. Transl. Res., 1, 140 Bartusik, 2012, Bacterial inactivation by a singlet oxygen bubbler: Identifying factors controlling the toxicity of 1O2 bubbles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 12098, 10.1021/es303645n Vatansever, 2013, Antimicrobial strategies centered around reactive oxygen species--bactericidal antibiotics, photodynamic therapy, and beyond, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 37, 955, 10.1111/1574-6976.12026 Tonon, 2021, Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation using topical and superhydrophobic sensitizer techniques: a perspective from diffusion in biofilms(†), Photochem. Photobiol., 97, 1266, 10.1111/php.13461 Feng, 2021, Photodynamic and antibiotic therapy in combination against bacterial infections: efficacy, determinants, mechanisms, and future perspectives, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 177, 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113941 Feng, 2021, Quantitative insights into β-lactamase inhibitor’s contribution in the treatment of carbapenemase-producing organisms with β-lactams, Front. Microbiol., 12, 10.3389/fmicb.2021.756410 Zirlik, 2012, Methylene blue-aided in vivo staining of central airways during flexible bronchoscopy, ScientificWorldJournal, 2012, 10.1100/2012/625867 Walter-Sack, 2009, High absolute bioavailability of methylene blue given as an aqueous oral formulation, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 65, 179, 10.1007/s00228-008-0563-x Xiong, 2017, Anti-aging potentials of methylene blue for human skin longevity, Sci. Rep., 7, 2475, 10.1038/s41598-017-02419-3 Arensdorff, 2017, Adequate plasma drug concentrations suggest that amoxicillin can be administered by continuous infusion using elastomeric pumps, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 72, 2613, 10.1093/jac/dkx178 Spyker, 1977, Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin: dose dependence after intravenous, oral, and intramuscular administration, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 11, 132, 10.1128/AAC.11.1.132 Arancibia, 1980, Absorption and disposition kinetics of amoxicillin in normal human subjects, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 17, 199, 10.1128/AAC.17.2.199 Grandis, 1994, Efficacy of topical amoxicillin plus clavulanate/ticarcillin plus clavulanate and clindamycin in contaminated head and neck surgery: effect of antibiotic spectra and duration of therapy, J. Infect. Dis., 170, 729, 10.1093/infdis/170.3.729 Feng, 2014, Experimental simulation of the effects of an initial antibiotic treatment on a subsequent treatment after initial therapy failure, Antibiotics (Basel), 3, 49, 10.3390/antibiotics3010049 Xu, 2007, Synergistic effect of combining paeonol and cisplatin on apoptotic induction of human hepatoma cell lines, Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 28, 869, 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00564.x Zangirolami, 2020, Avoiding ventilator-associated pneumonia: Curcumin-functionalized endotracheal tube and photodynamic action, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 117, 22967, 10.1073/pnas.2006759117 de Freitas, 2018, Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy enhanced by the peptide aurein 1.2, Sci. Rep., 8, 4212, 10.1038/s41598-018-22687-x Choi, 2015, In vitro augmented photodynamic bactericidal activity of tetracycline and chitosan against Clostridium difficile KCTC5009 in the planktonic cultures, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 153, 7, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.09.003 Dosselli, 2010, Porphyrin-apidaecin conjugate as a new broad spectrum antibacterial agent, ACS Med. Chem. Lett., 1, 35, 10.1021/ml900021y Cassidy, 2010, Effect of sub-lethal challenge with Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) on the antibiotic susceptibility of clinical bacterial isolates, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 99, 62, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.02.004 Xu, 2017, Efficacy of photodynamic therapy combined with minocycline for treatment of moderate to severe facial acne vulgaris and influence on quality of life, Medicine (Baltimore), 96, 10.1097/MD.0000000000009366 Sun, 2017, ALA-PDT combined with antibiotics for the treatment of atypical mycobacterial skin infections: outcomes and safety, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 19, 274, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.06.015 Gong, 2016, ALA-PDT combined with antibiotics for the treatment of multiple skin abscesses caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 15, 70, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.05.009 Ronqui, 2016, Synergistic antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy and ciprofloxacin, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol., 158, 122, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.036 Oppezzo, 2018, Lethal effect of photodynamic treatment on persister bacteria, Photochem. Photobiol., 94, 186, 10.1111/php.12843 Garcez, 2011, Antimicrobial mechanisms behind photodynamic effect in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 10, 483, 10.1039/c0pp00082e