6 Therapeutic uses of prostaglandins

Almström, 1991, Preinductive cervical ripening with PGE2 gel in term pregnant women with ultrasonically diagnosed intra-uterine growth-retarded fetuses, Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 70, 555, 10.3109/00016349109007916 Arulkumaran, 1984, The effect of parity on uterine activity in labour, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 91, 843, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1984.tb03694.x Arulkumaran, 1985, Total uterine activity in induced labour—an index of cervical and pelvic resistance, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 92, 693, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1985.tb01450.x Bernstein, 1991, Prostaglandin E2 gel for cervical ripening and labour induction: a multi-centre placebo-controlled trial, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 145, 1249 Bung, 1986, Multizentrische Erfahrungen bei intrazervikaler Applikation eines neuen PGE2-Gels bei Geburtseinleitung, Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 46, 93, 10.1055/s-2008-1036170 Burnhill, 1962, Uterine contractility during labor studied by intra-amniotic fluid pressure recordings, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 83, 561, 10.1016/S0002-9378(16)35883-5 Buttino, 1990, Intracervical prostaglandin in postdate pregnancy. A randomized trial, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 35, 155 Calder, 1979, The management of the unripe cervix, 201 Calder, 1973, Prostaglandins and the unfavourable cervix, Lancet, ii, 1322, 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)92894-8 1992 Chatterjee, 1991, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) vaginal gel for cervical ripening, European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 38, 197, 10.1016/0028-2243(91)90291-R Curet, 1989, Cervical ripening with intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 28, 221, 10.1016/0020-7292(89)90722-4 Davies, 1991, Cervical ripening with oral prostaglandin E2 tablets and the effect of the laten period in patients with premature rupture of the membranes at term, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 11, 405, 10.3109/01443619109013578 Egarter, 1990, Uterine hyperstimulation after low-dose prostaglandin E2 therapy: tocolytic treatment in 181 cases, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 163, 794, 10.1016/0002-9378(90)91070-S Ekman, 1988, Intravaginal versus intracervical application of prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel for cervical priming and induction of labor at term in patients with an unfavorable cervical state, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 147, 657, 10.1016/0002-9378(83)90445-3 Friedman, 1975, Preinduction priming with oral prostaglandin E2, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 121, 521, 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90084-8 Golbus, 1977, Uterine priming with oral prostaglandin E2 prior to elective induction with oxytocin, Prostaglandins, 14, 577, 10.1016/0090-6980(77)90272-6 Gordon, 1988, Uterine rupture and its association with oxytocic drugs: the Northwick Park Hospital experience, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 8, 16, 10.3109/01443618809044729 Granström, 1990, Myometrial activity after local application of prostaglandin E2 for cervical ripening and term labor induction, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 162, 691, 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90986-H Greer, 1992, Cervical ripening, 191 Greer, 1989, Pre-induction cervical ripening with extra-amniotic and vaginal prostaglandin E2, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 10, 18, 10.3109/01443618909151086 Greer, 1990, Vaginal administration of PGE2 for induction of labor stimulates endogenous PGF2α production, Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 69, 621, 10.3109/00016349009028707 Hill, 1989, 2308 second trimester terminations using extraamniotic or intraamniotic prostaglandin E2: an analysis of efficacy and complications, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 96, 1424, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1989.tb06307.x Hill, 1991, Management of intra-uterine fetal death with vaginal administration of gemeprost or prostaglandin E2: a random allocation controlled trial, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 11, 422, 10.3109/01443619109013583 Insull, 1989, Tocolysis during cervical ripening with vaginal PGE2, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 96, 179, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1989.tb01658.x Jaschevatzky, 1992, Intrauterine PGF2α infusion for termination of pregnancies with second-trimester rupture of membranes, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 79, 32 Kanhai, 1989, Induction of labour after fetal death: a randomized controlled trial of two prostaglandin regimens, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 96, 1400, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1989.tb06302.x Kanhai, 1992, Low dose sulprostone for pregnancy termination in case of fetal abnormality, Prenatal Diagnosis Karaiskakis, 1991, Failed induction of labor despite sequential prostaglandin E-2 therapy, American Journal of Perinatology, 8, 128, 10.1055/s-2007-999360 Karim, 1971, Oral administration of prostaglandins for the induction of labour, British Medical Journal, i, 260, 10.1136/bmj.1.5743.260 Karim, 1968, Response of pregnant human uterus to PGF2α—induction of labour, British Medical Journal, iv, 621, 10.1136/bmj.4.5631.621 Keirse, 1990, Clinical use of eicosanoids for cervical ripening before induction of labour, 223 Keirse, 1992, Oestrogens for cervical ripening Keirse, 1989, Methods for inducing labour, 1057 Keirse, 1991, Induction of Labour: Special Issues, 49 Keirse, 1989, Preparing the cervix for induction of labour, 988 Keirse, 1989, Comparison of prostaglandins and oxytocin for inducing labour, 1080 Keirse, 1983, Chronic stimulation of uterine prostaglandin synthesis during cervical ripening before the onset of labor, Prostaglandins, 25, 671, 10.1016/0090-6980(83)90121-1 Keirse, 1985, European multi-centre trial of intra-cervical PGE2 in triacetin gel. Report on the Leiden data, 93 Keirse, 1987, The Dutch experience in cervical ripening with prostaglandin gel, 53 Kennedy, 1982, Induction of labour: a comparison of a single prostaglandin E2 vaginal tablet with amniotomy and intravenous oxytocin, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 89, 704, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1982.tb05094.x Khouzam, 1990, Difficulties with controlled-release prostaglandin E2 pessaries, Lancet, ii, 119, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91636-O Kieback, 1986, Clinical evaluation of endocervical prostaglandin PGE2-triacetin-gel for preinduction cervical softening in pregnant women at term, Prostaglandins, 32, 81, 10.1016/0090-6980(86)90145-0 Kristoffersen, 1986, Ripening of the cervix with prostaglandin E2-gel. A randomized study with a new ready-to-use compound of triacetin-prostaglandin-E2-gel, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 24, 297, 10.1016/0020-7292(86)90087-1 Lamont, 1990, Induction of labour: oxytocin compared with prostaglandins, Contemporary Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2, 16 Lamont, 1991, Intrauterine pressures in labours induced by amniotomy and oxytocin or vaginal prostaglandin gel compared with spontaneous labour, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 98, 441, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1991.tb10337.x Laube, 1986, Preinduction cervical ripening with prostaglandin E2 intracervical gel, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 68, 54 Lopes, 1991, Effectiveness of prostaglandin E2 administered on a biodegradable support for cervical ripening and induction of labour, Journal of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Biology of Reproduction, 20, 827 Lyndrup, 1990, Induction of labour: The effect of vaginal prostaglandin or i.v. oxytocin—a matter of time only?, European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 37, 111, 10.1016/0028-2243(90)90104-9 MacKenzie, 1991, Prostaglandin induction and the scarred uterus. Data, 29 MacKenzie, 1992, Prostaglandins and midtrimester abortion, 119 MacKenzie, 1977, Cervical ripening with intravaginal prostaglandin PGE2 gel, British Medical Journal, ii, 1381, 10.1136/bmj.2.6099.1381 MacKenzie, 1979, A comparison of PGE2 and PGF2α vaginal gel for ripening the cervix before induction of labour, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 86, 167, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1979.tb10588.x MacLennan, 1979, Cervical ripening and induction of labour with intravaginal prostaglandin F2α, Lancet, i, 117, 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)90515-4 MacLennan, 1989, Labour induction with low dose PGE2 vaginal gel: result of an Australian multicentre randomized trial, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 29, 124, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.1989.tb01700.x Mahmood, 1989, A prospective comparative study on the use of prostaglandin E2 gel (2 mg) and prostaglandin E2 tablet (3 mg) for the induction of labour in primigravid women with unfavourable cervices, European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 33, 169, 10.1016/0028-2243(89)90210-4 Manabe, 1982, Stretch-induced cervical softening and initiation of labor at term. A possible correlation with prostaglandins, Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 61, 279, 10.3109/00016348209156572 Miller, 1991, Patterns of uterine activity after intravaginal prostaglandin E2 during preindication cervical ripening, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 165, 1006, 10.1016/0002-9378(91)90459-5 Milliez, 1991, Maturation of the uterine cervix by repeated intracervical instillation of prostaglandin E2, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 165, 523, 10.1016/0002-9378(91)90278-Y Noah, 1987, Preinduction cervical softening with endocervical PGE2 gel, Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 66, 3, 10.3109/00016348709092944 Owen, 1991, A randomized, double-blind trial of prostaglandin E2 gel for cervical ripening and meta-analysis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 165, 991, 10.1016/0002-9378(91)90456-2 Papageorgiou, 1991, Late midtrimester medical pregnancy terminations: three different procedures with prostaglandin F2α and laminaria tents, Prostaglandins, 41, 487, 10.1016/0090-6980(91)90054-J Pearce, 1977, Pre-induction priming of the uterine cervix with oral prostaglandin PGE2 and a placebo, Prostaglandins, 14, 571, 10.1016/0090-6980(77)90271-4 Peat, 1991, Second trimester abortion by extra-amniotic PGF2α infusion: experience of 178 cases, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 31, 47, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.1991.tb02764.x Prasad, 1989, Preinduction cervical priming with PGE2 vaginal film in primigravidae—a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 36, 185, 10.1016/0952-3278(89)90060-4 Prins, 1983, Cervical ripening with intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 61, 459 Pulle, 1986, Cervical ripening and induction of labour by single intracervical PGE2 gel application, Acta Therapeutica, 12, 5 Rayburn, 1989, Initiation of labor with a moderately favorable cervix: A comparison between prostaglandin E2 gel and oxytocin, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 30, 225, 10.1016/0020-7292(89)90406-2 Rayburn, 1992, An intravaginal controlled-release prostaglandin E2 pessary for cervical ripening and initiation of labor at term, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 79, 374, 10.1097/00006250-199203000-00009 Roberts, 1989, Maternal position during the first stage of labour, 883 Skajaa, 1991, Influence of vehicle form on efficiency of prostaglandin E2 gel for cervical ripening, European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 42, 177, 10.1016/0028-2243(91)90216-8 Smith, 1990, Double-blind comparison of intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and ‘chip’ for preinduction cervical ripening, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 163, 845, 10.1016/0002-9378(90)91081-M Steer, 1985, A multicentre prospective randomized controlled trial of induction of labour with an automatic closed-loop feedback controlled oxytocin infusion system, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 92, 1127, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1985.tb03023.x Stewart, 1983, The unripe cervix: management with vaginal or extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 4, 90, 10.3109/01443618309071252 Taylor, 1990, The concurrent in vitro and in vivo release of PGE2 from a controlled-release hydrogel polymer pessary for cervical ripening, Prostaglandins, 40, 89, 10.1016/0090-6980(90)90059-5 Taylor, 1990, Prostaglandin induced cervical ripening under tocolytic cover in primiparae: results of a double blind placebo controlled trial, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 97, 827, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02578.x Taylor, 1991, Prostaglandin metabolite levels during cervical ripening with a controlled-release hydrogel polymer prostaglandin E2 pessary, Prostaglandins, 41, 585, 10.1016/0090-6980(91)90063-L Thiery, 1984, Endocervical prostaglandin E2 gel for preinduction cervical softening, Prostaglandins, 27, 429, 10.1016/0090-6980(84)90201-6 Toplis, 1979, Prospective study of different methods and routes of administration of prostaglandin E2 to improve the unripe cervix, Prostaglandins, 18, 127, 10.1016/S0090-6980(79)80030-1 Trofatter, 1985, Preinduction cervical ripening with prostaglandin E2 (prepidil) gel, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 153, 268, 10.1016/S0002-9378(85)80111-3 Troostwijk, 1992, Pre-induction intracervical application of a highly viscous prostaglandin E2 gel in pregnant women with an unripe uterine cervix: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 43, 105, 10.1016/0028-2243(92)90066-8 Turnbull, 1957, Uterine contractions in normal and abnormal labour, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire, 64, 321, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1957.tb02647.x Ulmsten, 1985, Intracervical versus intravaginal PGE2 for induction of labor at term in patients with an unfavorable cervix, Archives of Gynecology, 236, 243, 10.1007/BF02133942 Ulstein, 1979, A comparative study of labor induced by prostaglandin E2 and buccal tablets of demoxytocin, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 17, 243, 10.1002/j.1879-3479.1979.tb00158.x Valentine, 1977, Intravenous oxytocin and oral prostaglandin E2 for ripening of the unfavourable cervix, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 84, 846, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1977.tb12506.x Weiss, 1975, Priming of the uterine cervix with oral prostaglandin E2 in the term multigravida, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 46, 181 Wilson, 1978, A comparison of four methods of ripening the unfavourable cervix, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 85, 941, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1978.tb15858.x Wingerup, 1978, Ripening of the uterine cervix and induction of labour at term with prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel, Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 57, 403, 10.3109/00016347809156519 Witter, 1992, A randomized trial of prostaglandin E2 in a controlled-release vaginal pessary for cervical ripening at term, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 166, 830, 10.1016/0002-9378(92)91342-8 Yonekura, 1985, Preinduction cervical priming with PGE2 intracervical gel, American Journal of Perinatology, 2, 305, 10.1055/s-2007-999976 Zanini, 1990, Pre-induction cervical ripening with prostaglandin E2 gel: intracervical versus intravaginal route, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 76, 681