Ureaplasma Infection and Neonatal Lung Disease

Lemons, 2001, Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child health and human development neonatal research network, January 1995 through December 1996, Pediatrics, 107, E1, 10.1542/peds.107.1.e1 Walsh, 2006, Summary proceedings from the bronchopulmonary dysplasia group, Pediatrics, 117, S52, 10.1542/peds.2005-0620I Waites, 2005, Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas as neonatal pathogens, Clin Microbiol Rev, 18, 757, 10.1128/CMR.18.4.757-789.2005 Shepard, 1954, The recovery of pleuropneumonia-like organisms from Negro men with and without nongonococcal urethritis, Am J Syph Gonor Vener Dis, 38, 113 Klein, 1969, Colonization of newborn infants by mycoplasmas, N Engl J Med, 280, 1025, 10.1056/NEJM196905082801901 Driscoll, 1969, Infections and first trimester losses: possible role of Mycoplasmas, Fertil Steril, 20, 1017, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)37219-3 Schelonka, 2005, Critical appraisal of the role of Ureaplasma in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with metaanalytic techniques, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 24, 1033, 10.1097/01.inf.0000190632.31565.83 Cassell, 2001, Mycoplasmal infections, 733 Cassell, 1993, Ureaplasma urealyticum intrauterine infection: role in prematurity and disease in newborns, Clin Microbiol Rev, 6, 69, 10.1128/CMR.6.1.69 Cassell, 1983, Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum from amniotic fluid at 16-20 weeks of gestation: potential effect on outcome of pregnancy, Sex Transm Dis, 10, 294 Foulon, 1986, Chronic Ureaplasma urealyticum amnionitis associated with abruptio placentae, Obstet Gynecol, 68, 280 Gray, 1992, Adverse outcome in pregnancy following amniotic fluid isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Prenat Diagn, 12, 111, 10.1002/pd.1970120206 Gerber, 2003, Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum in second-trimester amniotic fluid by polymerase chain reaction correlates with subsequent preterm labor and delivery, J Infect Dis, 187, 518, 10.1086/368205 Colaizy, 2003, PCR methods in clinical investigations of human ureaplasmas: a minireview, Mol Genet Metab, 80, 389, 10.1016/j.ymgme.2003.08.024 Cordero, 1997, Bacterial and Ureaplasma colonization of the airway: radiologic findings in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, J Perinatol, 17, 428 Kelly, 1987, Isolation of genital mycoplasmas from the blood of neonates and women with pelvic infection using conventional SPS-free blood culture media, Pathology, 19, 277, 10.3109/00313028709066563 Sanchez, 1990, Vertical transmission of Ureaplasma urealyticum from mothers to preterm infants, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 9, 398, 10.1097/00006454-199006000-00006 Waites, 1989, Ureaplasmal pneumonia and sepsis associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, Pediatrics, 83, 79, 10.1542/peds.83.1.79 Waites, 1988, Chronic Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infections of central nervous system in preterm infants, Lancet, 1, 17, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91002-1 Waites, 1990, Mycoplasmal infections of cerebrospinal fluid in newborn infants from a community hospital population, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 9, 241, 10.1097/00006454-199004000-00004 Walsh, 1993, A primate model of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in the premature infant with hyaline membrane disease, Clin Infect Dis, 17, S158, 10.1093/clinids/17.Supplement_1.S158 Yoder, 2003, Effects of antenatal colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum on pulmonary disease in the immature baboon, Pediatr Res, 54, 797, 10.1203/01.PDR.0000091284.84322.16 Tafari, 1976, Mycoplasma T strains and perinatal death, Lancet, 1, 108, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)93152-4 Quinn, 1985, Intrauterine infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum as a cause of fatal neonatal pneumonia, Pediatr Infect Dis, 4, 538, 10.1097/00006454-198509000-00020 Crouse, 1993, Radiographic changes associated with tracheal isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum from neonates, Clin Infect Dis, 17, S122, 10.1093/clinids/17.Supplement_1.S122 Pacifico, 1997, Ureaplasma urealyticum and pulmonary outcome in a neonatal intensive care population, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 16, 579, 10.1097/00006454-199706000-00008 Panero, 1995, Ureaplasma urealyticum as a cause of pneumonia in preterm infants: analysis of the white cell response, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 73, F37, 10.1136/fn.73.1.F37 Cassell, 1986, Role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in amnionitis, Pediatr Infect Dis, 5, S247, 10.1097/00006454-198611010-00009 Brus, 1991, Fatal ureaplasmal pneumonia and sepsis in a newborn infant, Eur J Pediatr, 150, 782, 10.1007/BF02026711 Ohlsson, 1993, Leukocyte counts and colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum in preterm neonates, Clin Infect Dis, 17, S144, 10.1093/clinids/17.Supplement_1.S144 Ollikainen, 1998, Clinical relevance of Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization in preterm infants, Acta Paediatr, 87, 1075, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01417.x De Dooy, 2001, The role of inflammation in the development of chronic lung disease in neonates, Eur J Pediatr, 160, 457, 10.1007/s004310100785 Groneck, 2001, Bronchoalveolar inflammation following airway infection in preterm infants with chronic lung disease, Pediatr Pulmonol, 31, 331, 10.1002/ppul.1055 Patterson, 1998, Ureaplasma urealyticum respiratory tract colonization is associated with an increase in interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha relative to interleukin 6 in tracheal aspirates of preterm infants, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 17, 321, 10.1097/00006454-199804000-00011 Viscardi, 2002, Lung pathology in premature infants with Ureaplasma urealyticum infection, Pediatr Dev Pathol, 5, 141, 10.1007/s10024-001-0134-y Manimtim, 2001, Ureaplasma urealyticum modulates endotoxin-induced cytokine release by human monocytes derived from preterm and term newborns and adults, Infect Immun, 69, 3906, 10.1128/IAI.69.6.3906-3915.2001 Viscardi, 2006, Disordered pulmonary myofibroblast distribution and elastin expression in preterm infants with Ureaplasma urealyticum pneumonitis, Pediatr Dev Pathol, 9, 143, 10.2350/10-05-0112.1 Li, 2000, Ureaplasma urealyticum-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages, Pediatr Res, 48, 114, 10.1203/00006450-200007000-00020 Li, 2002, Induction of human macrophage vascular endothelial growth factor and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by Ureaplasma urealyticum and downregulation by steroids, Biol Neonate, 82, 22, 10.1159/000064148 Li, 2002, Ureaplasma urealyticum induces apoptosis in human lung epithelial cells and macrophages, Biol Neonate, 82, 166, 10.1159/000063616 Greenhalgh, 1998, The role of apoptosis in wound healing, Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 30, 1019, 10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00058-2 Theilen, 2004, Infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum: is there a specific clinical and radiological course in the preterm infant?, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 89, F163, 10.1136/adc.2003.026013 Pacifico, 1997, Ureaplasma urealyticum and pulmonary outcome in a neonatal intensive care population, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 16, 579, 10.1097/00006454-199706000-00008 Viscardi, 2002, Characterization of a murine model of Ureaplasma urealyticum pneumonia, Infect Immun, 70, 5721, 10.1128/IAI.70.10.5721-5729.2002 Viscardi, 2006, Antenatal Ureaplasma urealyticum respiratory tract infection stimulates proinflammatory, profibrotic responses in the preterm baboon lung, Pediatr Res, 60, 141, 10.1203/01.pdr.0000228322.73777.05 Crouse, 1990, Hyperoxia potentiates Ureaplasma urealyticum pneumonia in newborn mice, Infect Immun, 58, 3487, 10.1128/IAI.58.11.3487-3493.1990 Rudd, 1989, Ureaplasma urealyticum pneumonia: experimental production and demonstration of age-related susceptibility, Infect Immun, 57, 918, 10.1128/IAI.57.3.918-925.1989 Bancalari, 2003, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: changes in pathogenesis, epidemiology and definition, Semin Neonatol, 8, 63, 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00192-6 Cassell, 1988, Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection of the lower respiratory tract with chronic lung disease and death in very-low-birth-weight infants, Lancet, 2, 240, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92536-6 Wang, 1988, Role of Ureaplasma urealyticum and other pathogens in the development of chronic lung disease of prematurity, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 7, 547 Sanchez, 1988, Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization and chronic lung disease in low birth weight infants, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 7, 542 Wang, 1995, Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization with chronic lung disease of prematurity: results of a metaanalysis, J Pediatr, 127, 640, 10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70130-3 Kong, 1999, Phylogenetic analysis of Ureaplasma urealyticum: support for the establishment of a new species, Ureaplasma parvum, Int J Syst Bacteriol, 49, 1879, 10.1099/00207713-49-4-1879 Pitcher, 2001, Simple method for determining biovar and serovar types of Ureaplasma urealyticum clinical isolates using PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, J Clin Microbiol, 39, 1840, 10.1128/JCM.39.5.1840-1844.2001 Robertson, 1993, Polymerase chain reaction using 16S rRNA gene sequences distinguishes the two biovars of Ureaplasma urealyticum, J Clin Microbiol, 31, 824, 10.1128/JCM.31.4.824-830.1993 Heggie, 2001, Identification and quantification of ureaplasmas colonizing the respiratory tract and assessment of their role in the development of chronic lung disease in preterm infants, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 20, 854, 10.1097/00006454-200109000-00006 Abele-Horn, 1997, Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovars with clinical outcome for neonates, obstetric patients, and gynecological patients with pelvic inflammatory disease, J Clin Microbiol, 35, 1199, 10.1128/JCM.35.5.1199-1202.1997 Katz, 2005, Characterization of ureaplasmas isolated from preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia, J Clin Microbiol, 43, 4852, 10.1128/JCM.43.9.4852-4854.2005 Northway, 1967, Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease, N Engl J Med, 276, 357, 10.1056/NEJM196702162760701 Jobe, 1999, The new BPD: an arrest of lung development, Pediatr Res, 46, 641, 10.1203/00006450-199912000-00001 Coalson, 2003, Pathology of new bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Semin Neonatol, 8, 73, 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00193-8 Coalson, 2006, Pathology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Semin Perinatol, 30, 179, 10.1053/j.semperi.2006.05.004 Lyon, 2000, Chronic lung disease of prematurity, Eur J Pediatr, 159, 798, 10.1007/s004310000587 Baier, 2003, Failure of erythromycin to eliminate airway colonization with ureaplasma urealyticum in very low birth weight infants, BMC Pediatr, 3, 10, 10.1186/1471-2431-3-10 Waites, 1994, Serum concentrations of erythromycin after intravenous infusion in preterm neonates treated for Ureaplasma urealyticum infection, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 13, 287, 10.1097/00006454-199404000-00008 Lyon, 1998, Randomised trial of erythromycin on the development of chronic lung disease in preterm infants, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 78, F10, 10.1136/fn.78.1.F10 Jonsson, 1994, Neonatal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization and chronic lung disease, Acta Paediatr, 83, 927, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13174.x Kenyon, 2001, Broad-spectrum antibiotics for preterm, prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: the ORACLE I randomised trial, Lancet, 357, 979, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04233-1 Mabanta, 2003, Erythromycin for the prevention of chronic lung disease in intubated preterm infants at risk for, or colonized or infected with Ureaplasma urealyticum, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, 10.1002/14651858.CD003744 Rylander, 1988, In vitro comparison of the activity of doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin and a new macrolide, CP 62993, against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum, Scand J Infect Dis, 53, 12 Rumpianesi, 1993, In vitro activity of azithromycin against Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in comparison with erythromycin, roxithromycin and minocycline, J Chemother, 5, 155, 10.1080/1120009X.1993.11739225 Matlow, 1998, Susceptibilities of neonatal respiratory isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum to antimicrobial agents, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42, 1290, 10.1128/AAC.42.5.1290 Hopkins, 1991, Clinical toleration and safety of azithromycin, Am J Med, 91, 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90401-I Luke, 1996, Safety, toleration, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous azithromycin, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40, 2577, 10.1128/AAC.40.11.2577 Langtry, 1998, Azithromycin, Drugs, 56, 273, 10.2165/00003495-199856020-00014 Rapp, 1998, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and oral azithromycin: enhanced tissue activity and minimal drug interactions, Ann Pharmacother, 32, 785, 10.1345/aph.17299 Tamaoki, 2004, Clinical implications of the immunomodulatory effects of macrolides, Am J Med, 117, 5S Ivetic, 2006, Anti-inflammatory activity of azithromycin attenuates the effects of lipopolysaccharide administration in mice, Eur J Pharmacol, 539, 131, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.074 Sanz, 2005, Erythromycin exerts in vivo anti-inflammatory activity downregulating cell adhesion molecule expression, Br J Pharmacol, 144, 190, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706021 Kikuchi, 2002, Clarithromycin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-8 production by human monocytes through AP-1 and NF-kappa B transcription factors, J Antimicrob Chemother, 49, 745, 10.1093/jac/dkf008 Bowman, 1998, Impact of erythromycin on respiratory colonization of Ureaplasma urealyticum and the development of chronic lung disease in extremely low birth weight infants, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 17, 615, 10.1097/00006454-199807000-00008 Jonsson, 1998, Ureaplasma urealyticum, erythromycin and respiratory morbidity in high-risk preterm neonates, Acta Paediatr, 87, 1079, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01418.x Buhrer, 2001, Role of erythromycin for treatment of incipient chronic lung disease in preterm infants colonised with Ureaplasma urealyticum, Drugs, 61, 1893, 10.2165/00003495-200161130-00002 Yoon, 1999, A systemic fetal inflammatory response and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 181, 773, 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70299-1 Yoon, 1997, Amniotic fluid cytokines (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-8) and the risk for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 177, 825, 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70276-X Short, 2003, Cognitive and academic consequences of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and very low birth weight: 8-year-old outcomes, Pediatrics, 112, e359, 10.1542/peds.112.5.e359 Vohr, 2005, Neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants <32 weeks’ gestation between 1993 and 1998, Pediatrics, 116, 635, 10.1542/peds.2004-2247