Chaos Theory and the Problem of Change in Family Systems
Tóm tắt
In spite of the fact that nonlinear dynamical models have been used for almost half a century in the area of family process theory, an appreciation of the potential of chaos models is a relatively recent development. The present paper discusses the shift of focus in our understanding of family processes resulting from Prigogine's chaos framework, and outlines a chaos approach to family interaction. It is argued that this approach allows us to more effectively address one of the central outstanding questions in the field, namely, how self regulatory behavior can contribute to structural transformation of the family system.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abraham, F. D., Abraham, R. H. & Shaw, C. D. (1990). A visual introduction to dynamical systems theory for psychology. Santa Cruz, CA: Aerial Press.
Abraham, F. D. (1995). Dynamics, bifurcation, self-organization, chaos, mind, conflict, insensitivity to initial conditions, time, unification, diversity, free will, and social responsibility. In R. Robertson & A. Combs (Eds.) Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences. (pp. 155–174). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ackerman, N. W. (1958). The psychodynamics of family life. New York: Basic Books.
Bertalanffy, L. von (1968). General Systems Theory. New York: George Braziller.
Barber, B. K. & Buehler, C. (1996). Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 433–441.
Baron, R. M., Amazeen, P. G. & Beek, P. J. (1994). Local and global dynamics of social relations. In R. R. Vallacher & A. Nowak (Eds.) Dynamical Systems in Social Psychology. (pp. 111–138). San Diego: Academic Press.
Bateson, G. (1972). Form and pathology in relationships. In G. Bateson Steps toward an ecology of mind. (pp. 159–339). New York: Ballantine.
Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., Haley, J. & Weakland, J. (1956). Toward a theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral Science, 1, 251–264.
Broderick, C. B. (1993). Understanding family process: Basics of Family Systems Theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Brown, C. (1995). Chaos and catastrophe theories. Sage University Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences Vol. 107. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publ.
Brown, G. W., Birley, J. L. T. & Wing, J. K. (1972). Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: A replication. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 241–258.
Bütz, M. R., Chamberlain, L. L. & McCowan, W. G. (1996). Strange attractors: Chaos, complexity, and the art of family therapy. New York: Wiley.
Chamberlain, L. (1995). Strange attractors in patterns of family interaction. In R. Robertson & A. Combs (Eds.) Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences. (pp. 267–274). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cook, J., Tyson, R., White, J., Rushe, R., Gottman, J. & Murray, J. (1995). Mathematics of marital conflict: Qualitative dynamic mathematical modeling of marital interaction. Journal of Family Psychology 9, 110–130.
Dell, P. F. (1982). Beyond homeostasis: Toward a concept of coherence. Family Process, 21, 21–41.
Dell, P. F. (1986). In defense of “lineal causality”. Family Process, 25, 513–521.
Devaney, R. L. (1989). An introduction to chaotic dynamical systems, 2nd Edition, Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley.
Dooley, K. J. (1997). A complex adaptive systems model of organization change. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, 1, 69–97.
Goldstein, J. (1988). A far-from-equilibrium systems approach to resistance to change. Organizational Dynamics, 17, 16–26.
Goldstein, J. (1990). A nonequilibrium, nonlinear approach to nonlinear change. In D. Anderson, G. Richardson & J. Sterman (Eds.) System Dynamics '90. (pp. 425–439) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Goldstein, J. (1995). Using the concept of self organization to understand social system change: Strengths and limitations. In A. Albert (Ed.) Chaos and Society. (pp. 49–62). Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Goldstein, J. (1996). Causality and emergence in chaos and complexity. In W. Sulis & A. Combs (Eds.) Nonlinear dynamics in human behavior. (pp. 161–190) Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Gottman, J. M. (1991). Chaos and regulated change in families: A metaphor for the study of transitions. In P. A. Cowan & M. Hetherington (Eds.) Family Transitions (pp. 247–272). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gottman, J. M (1993a). Power and violence: The relation between communication patterns, power discrepancies, and domestic violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 40–50.
Gottman, J. M. (1993b). A theory of marital dissolution and stability. Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 57–75.
Gottman, J. M. (1993c). The roles of conflict engagement, escalation, and avoidance in marital interaction: A longitudinal view of five types of couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 6–15.
Guastello, S. (1995). Chaos, catastrophe, and human affairs: Applications of nonlinear dynamics to work, organization, and social evolution. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Haller, K. A. (1989). The double bind: Paradox in Human Behavior. Doctoral Dissertation, Teachers College/Columbia University, Univ. Microfilms 90–02502.
Harvey, D. & Reed, M. H. (1994). The evolution of dissipative social systems. Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems, 17, 371–411.
Herman, J. & Hirshman, L. (1981). Families at risk for father-daughter incest. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 967–970.
Hinde, R. A. (1995). A suggested structure for a science of relationships. Personal Relationships, 2, 1–15.
Hoffman, L. (1971). Deviation-amplifying processes in natural groups. In J. Haley (Ed.) Changing Families. (Chap. 22). New York: Grune & Stratton.
Hoffman, L. (1981). Foundations of family therapy: A conceptual framwork for systems change. New York: Basic Books
Jackson, D. D. (1965). The study of the family. Family Process, 4, 1–20.
Kelso, J. A. S., Ding, M. & Schöner, G. (1993). Dynamic pattern formation: A primer. In L. B. Smith & E. Thelen (Eds.) A dynamic systems approach to development: Applications (pp. 13–50). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kerr, M. E. & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen's theory. New York: Norton.
Koopmans, M. (1992, August). Family dysfunction in Sigmund Freud's hysteria cases. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association.
Koopmans, M. (1995). A case of family dysfunction and teenage suicide attempt: Exploration of the applicability of the family systems paradigm. Adolescence, 30, 87–94.
Koopmans, M. (1996, April). Application of chaos theory to family interaction. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY.
Laing, R. D. & Esterson, A. (1964). Sanity, Madness and the Family. Harmondsworth: Pelican Books.
Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics: I. Concept, method and reality in social science, social equilibria, and social change. Human Relations, 1, 2–38.
Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. New York: Harper & Row.
Lewis, M. D. (1995). Cognition emotion feedback and the self organization of developmental paths. Human Development, 38, 71–102.
Lidz, T., Fleck, S., Cornelison, A. R. et al. (1985). Schizophrenia and the family, Second Edition. New York: International Universities.
Marks, S. R. (1989). Toward a systems theory of marital quality. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 15–26.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Minuchin, S., Baker, L., Roseman, B. L., Liebman, R., Milman, L. & Todd, T. C. (1975). A conceptual model of psychosomatic illness in children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1031–1038.
Minuchin, S. & Fishman, H. (1981). Family therapy techniques. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Minuchin, S., Rosman, B. & Baker, L. (1978). Psychosomatic families. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Montgomery, J. & Fewer, W. (1988). Family systems and beyond. New York: Human Sciences Press.
Olson, D. H. (1972). Empirically unbinding the double bind: A review of research and conceptual formulations. Family Process, 11, 69–94.
Olson, D. H. (1989). Circumplex model of family systems VIII: Family assessment and intervention. New York: Haworth.
Olson, D. H., Sprenkle, D. H. & Russell, C. S. (1979). Circumplex model of marital and family systems I: Cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18, 3–28.
Orbach, I. (1989). Familial and intrapsychic splits in suicidal adolescents. American Journal of Psychoterapy, 43, 356–367.
Palazzoli, M. S., Boscolo, L., Cecchin, G. & Prata, G. (1977). Family rituals: A powerful tool in family therapy. Family Process, 16, 445–453.
Palazzoli, M. S., Boscolo, L., Cecchin, G. & Prata, G. (1980). The problem of the referring person. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 6, 3–9.
Pardeck, J. T. (1991). A multiple regression analysis of family factors affecting the potential for alcoholism in college students. Adolescence, 26, 341–347.
Parsons. T. & Bales. R. F. (1955). Family Socialization and Interaction Process. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press.
Prigogine, I. & Stengers, I. (1984). Order out of chaos: Man's new diaglogue with nature. New York: Bantam.
Proskauer (1996, June). Feedback, chaos, and family regulation. Paper presented at meeting of the Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and Life Science, Berkeley, CA.
Sluzki, C. E., Beavin, J., Tarnopolsky, A. & Verón, E. (1967). Transactional disqualification research on the double bind. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 494–504.
Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H. & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication. New York: Norton.
Watzlawick, P., Weakland, J. & Fish. R. (1974). Change: Principles of problem formation and problem resolution. New York: Norton.
Ward, M. (1995). Butterflies and bifurcations: Can chaos theory contribute to our understanding of family systems. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 629–638.
Ward, M. & Koopmans, M. (1996, November). Chaos and nonlinear perspectives on family processes. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Council on Family Relations, Kansas City, MO.
Whitchurch, G. & Constantine, L. (1993). Systems theory. In P. G. Boss, W. J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W. R. Schumm & S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.) Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual approach. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. 325–352.
Young, T. R. (1995). Chaos theory and social dynamics: Foundations of postmodern science. In R. Robertson & Combs, A. (Eds.) Chaos theory in psychology and the life sciences. (pp. 217–234). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.