Modeling CLV: A test of competing models in the insurance industry

Quantitative Marketing and Economics - Tập 5 - Trang 163-190 - 2007
Bas Donkers1, Peter C. Verhoef2, Martijn G. de Jong3
1Department of Business Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
2Faculty of Economics, Department of Marketing, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
3Department of Marketing Management, RSM Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Tóm tắt

Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is one of the key metrics in marketing and is considered an important segmentation base. This paper studies the capabilities of a range of models to predict CLV in the insurance industry. The simplest models can be constructed at the customer relationship level, i.e. aggregated across all services. The more complex models focus on the individual services, paying explicit attention to cross buying, but also retention. The models build on a plethora of approaches used in the existing literature and include a status quo model, a Tobit II model, univariate and multivariate choice models, and duration models. For all models, CLV for each customer is computed for a four-year time horizon. We find that the simple models perform well. The more complex models are expected to better capture the richness of relationship development. Surprisingly, this does not lead to substantially better CLV predictions.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Berger, P. D., & Nasr, N. I. (1998). Customer lifetime value: Marketing models and applications. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 12(1), 17–30. Bolton, R. N. (1998). A dynamic model of the duration of the customer’s relationship with a continuous service provider: The role of satisfaction. Marketing Science, 17(1), 45–65. Bolton, R. N., Kannan, P. K., & Bramlett, M. D. (2000). Implications of loyalty program membership and service experiences for customer retention and value. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(1), 95–108. Bolton, R. N., Lemon, K. N., & Verhoef, P. C. (2004). The theoretical underpinnings of customer asset management in service industries. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(3), 271–292. Breiman, L. (1996). Bagging predictors. Machine Learning, 24(2), 123–140. Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and life-tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, 34, 187–220. Donkers, B., Franses, P. H., & Verhoef, P. C. (2003). Using selective sampling for binary choice models. Journal of Marketing Research, 40(4), 492–497. Fader, P. S., & Hardie, B. G. S. (2001). Forecasting repeat sales at CDNOW: A case study. Interfaces, 31, S94–S107 (May–June). Fader, P. S., Hardie, B. G. S., & Huang, C.-Y. (2004). A dynamic changepoint model for new product sales forecasting. Marketing Science, 23(1), 50–65. Franses, P. H., & Paap, R. (2001). Quantitative models in marketing research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gremler, D. D. (2004). The critical incident technique in service research. Journal of Service Research, 7(1), 65–89. Gupta, S., Lehmann, D. R., & Stuart, J. A. (2004). Valuing customers. Journal of Marketing Research, 41(1), 7–18. Hansotia, B., & Wang, P. (1997). Analytical challenges in customer acquisition. Journal of Direct Marketing, 11(2), 7–19. Helsen, K., & Schmittlein, D. C. (1993). Analyzing duration times in marketing: Evidence for the effectiveness of hazard rate models. Marketing Science, 12(4), 395–414. Hogan, J. E., Lemon, K. N., & Rust, R. T. (2002). Customer equity management: Charting new directions for the future of marketing. Journal of Service Research, 5(1), 4–12. Jain, D., & Singh, S. S. (2002). Customer lifetime value research in marketing: A review and future directions. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16(2), 34–46. Jain, D., & Vilcassim, N. J. (1991). Investigating household purchase timing decisions: A conditional hazard function approach. Marketing Science, 10(1), 1–23. Kamakura, W. A., Kossar, B. S., Wedel, M. (2004). Identifying innovators for the cross-selling of new products. Management Science, 50(8), 1120–1133. Kamakura, W. A., Mela, C., Ansari, A., Fader, P., Iyengar, R., Naik, P., et al. (2005). Choice models and customer relationship management. Marketing Letters, 16(3), 192–279. Kamakura, W. A., Ramaswamy, S., & Srivastava, R. K. (1991). Applying latent trait analysis in the evaluation of prospects for cross selling of financial service. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 8, 329–349. Kamakura, W. A., Wedel, M., Rosa, F., & Mazzon, J. (2003). Cross-selling through database marketing: A mixed data factor analyzer for data augmentation and prediction. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 20(1), 45–65. Keaveney, S. M. (1995). Customer switching behavior in service industries: An exploratory study. Journal of Marketing, 59(April), 71–82. Knott, A., Hayes, A., & Neslin, S. A. (2002). Next-product-to-buy models for cross-selling applications. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16(3), 59–75. Leeflang, P. S. H., Wittink, D. R., Wedel, M., & Naert, P. A. (2000). Building models for marketing decisions. Boston: Kluwer. Lemmens, A., & Croux, C. (2006). Bagging and boosting classification trees to predict churn. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(May), 276–286. Li, S., Sun, B., & Wilcox, R. T. (2005). Cross-selling sequentially ordered products: An application to consumer banking services. Journal of Marketing Research, 42(2), 233–239. Malthouse, E. C., & Blattberg, R. C. (2005). Can we predict customer lifetime value. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 19(1), 2–16. Manchanda, P., Ansari, A., & Gupta, S. (1999). The shopping basket: A model for multicategory purchase incidence decisions. Marketing Science, 18(2), 95–114. Meyer, B. D. (1990). Unemployment insurance and unemployment spells. Econometrica, 58(4), 757–782. MSI (2004). Research priorities 2004–2006. Boston. Pfeifer, P. E., & Carraway, R. L. (2000). Modeling customer relationships as Markov chains. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 14(2), 43–55. Prentice, R. L., & Gloeckler, L. A. (1978). Regression analysis of grouped survival data with application to breast cancer data. Biometrics, 34(1), 57–67. Reinartz, W., & Kumar, V. (2000). On the profitability of long-life customers in a non contractual setting: An empirical investigation and implications for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 64(4), 17–35. Rossi, P. E., McCulloch, R. E., & Allenby, G. M. (1996). The value of purchase history data in target marketing. Marketing Science, 15(4), 321–340. Rust, R. T., Lemon, K. N., & Zeithaml, V. A. (2004). Return on marketing: Using customer equity to focus marketing strategy. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 109–127. Rust, R. T., & Verhoef, P. C. (2005). Optimizing the marketing mix interventions in intermediate-term CRM. Marketing Science, 24(3), 477–489. Rust, R. T., Zeithaml, V. A., & Lemon, K. N. (2000). Driving customer equity: How customer lifetime value is reshaping corporate strategy. New York: Free. Schmittlein, D. C., Morrison, D. G., & Colombo, R. (1987). Counting your customers: Who are they and what will they do next. Management Science, 33(1), 1–24. Stern, S. (1992). A method for smoothing simulated moments of discrete probabilities of multinomial probit models. Econometrica, 60(4), 943–952. Stern, S. (1997). Simulation-based estimation. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(4), 2006–2039. Venkatesan, R., & Kumar, V. (2004). A customer lifetime value framework for customer selection and resource allocation. Journal of Marketing, 68(4), 106–125. Verhoef, P. C., Spring, P. N., Hoekstra, J. C., & Leeflang, P. S. H. (2003). The commercial use of segmentation and predictive modeling techniques in database marketing in The Netherlands. Decision Support Systems, 34(4), 471–481. Zeithaml, V. A., Rust, R. T., & Lemon, K. N. (2001). The customer pyramid: Creating and serving profitable customers. California Management Review, 42(4), 118–142.