Hawthorne revisited: Organizational implications of the physical work environment

Ackerman, 2010, Incidental haptic sensations influence social judgments and decisions, Science, 328, 1712, 10.1126/science.1189993

Anderson, 2010, Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain, The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 245, 10.1017/S0140525X10000853

Aron, 1992, Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596, 10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596

Asch, 1946, Forming impressions of personality, The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 258, 10.1037/h0055756

Ashforth, 1999, “How can you do it?”: Of dirty work and the challenge constructing a positive identity, Academy of Management, 24, 413

Backman, 2008, An integrative review of the current evidence on the relationship between hand hygiene interventions and the incidence of health care-associated infections, American Journal of Infection Control, 36, 333, 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.08.007

Bar-Anan, 2007, The automatic processing of psychological distance: Evidence from a Stroop task, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 610, 10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.610

Barber, 2010, Enhancing the assessment of tangible service quality through the creation of a cleanliness measurement scale, Managing Service Quality, 20, 70, 10.1108/09604521011011630

Bargh, 1996, Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230, 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230

Bargh, 2012, The substitutability of physical and social warmth in daily life, Emotion, 12, 154, 10.1037/a0023527

Baron, 1994, The physical environment of work settings: Effects on task performance, interpersonal relations, and job satisfaction, Vol. 16, 1

Baron, 1992, Effects of indoor lighting (illuminance and spectral distribution) on the performance of cognitive tasks and interpersonal behaviors: The potential mediating role of positive affect, Motivation and Emotion, 16, 1, 10.1007/BF00996485

Barsalou, 1999, Perceptual symbol systems, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577, 10.1017/S0140525X99002149

Barsalou, 2008, Grounded cognition, Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617, 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639

Bechara, 1994, Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex, Cognition, 50, 7, 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3

Bechara, 1996, Failure to respond autonomically to anticipated future outcomes following damage to prefrontal cortex, Cerebral Cortex, 6, 215, 10.1093/cercor/6.2.215

Bell, 1976, Aggression and heat: The mediating role of negative affect, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 6, 18, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01308.x

Bergman, 2007, “Ex” marks a spot: The stickiness of dirty work and other removed stigmas, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 251, 10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.251

Borg, 2008, Infection, incest, and iniquity: Investigating the neural correlates of disgust and morality, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 1529, 10.1162/jocn.2008.20109

Boroditsky, 2001, Does language shape thought? Mandarin and English speakers’ conceptions of time, Cognitive Psychology, 43, 1, 10.1006/cogp.2001.0748

Boroditsky, 2010, Do English and Mandarin speakers think differently about time?, Cognition, 118, 123, 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.09.010

Boroditsky, 2002, The roles of body and mind in abstract thought, Psychological Science, 13, 185, 10.1111/1467-9280.00434

Boudette, 2009, Fiat CEO sets new tone at Chrysler – Marchionne shuns executive suite for office near engineers; 2010 jeep model highlights challenges, The Wall Street Journal, B1

Bouman, 1987, Luxury and control: The urbanity of street lighting in nineteenth-century cities, Journal of Urban History, 14, 7, 10.1177/009614428701400102

Briñol, 2003, Overt head movements and persuasion: A self-validation analysis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1123, 10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1123

Cacioppo, 1993, Rudimentary determinants of attitudes II: Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 5, 10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.5

Casasanto, 2008, Time in the mind: Using space to think about time, Cognition, 106, 579, 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.004

Chapman, 2009, In bad taste: Evidence for the oral origins of moral disgust, Science, 323, 1222, 10.1126/science.1165565

Chen, 2001, Relationship orientation as a moderator of the effects of social power, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 173, 10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.173

Cocking, G. (2011). What sort of office should a CEO have? Leading Architecture and Design. Retrieved from: http://www.leadingarchitecture.co.za/what-sort-of-office-should-a-ceo-have/

Cohn, 1997, Assault as a function of time and temperature: A moderator-variable time-series analysis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1322, 10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1322

Cohn, 2005, The curve is still out there: A reply to Bushman, Wang, and Anderson's (2005) “Is the curve relating temperature to aggression linear or curvilinear?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 67, 10.1037/0022-3514.89.1.67

Connolly, 1990, Effects of anonymity and evaluatitive tone on idea generation in computer-mediated groups, Management Science, 36, 689, 10.1287/mnsc.36.6.689

Cuddy, 2011, The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations, Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 73, 10.1016/j.riob.2011.10.004

Damasio, 1994

Damasio, 1990, Individuals with sociopathic behavior caused by frontal damage fail to respond autonomically to social stimuli, Behavioral Brain Research, 41, 81, 10.1016/0166-4328(90)90144-4

Douglas, 1966

Dumont, 1980

Dutton, 1974, Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 510, 10.1037/h0037031

Earle, 2004, Culture matters in the Neolithic transition and emergence of hierarchy in Thy, Denmark, American Anthropologist, 106, 111, 10.1525/aa.2004.106.1.111

Elsbach, 2007, The physical environment in organizations, The Academy of Management Annals, 181, 10.1080/078559809

Emerson, 1888, Worship, 191

Epley, 2004, Perspective taking in children and adults: Equivalent egocentrism but differential correction, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 760, 10.1016/j.jesp.2004.02.002

Eskine, 2011, A bad taste in the mouth: Gustatory disgust influences moral judgment, Psychological Science, 22, 295, 10.1177/0956797611398497

Eyal, 2008, Judging near and distant virtue and vice, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1204, 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.03.012

Fay, 2012, Warmth, spatial proximity, and social attachment: The embodied perception of a social metaphor, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1369, 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.05.017

Festinger, 1952, Some consequences of de-individuation in a group, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 382, 10.1037/h0057906

Fiske, 1991

Fiske, 2004, Four models of constituting relationships: Consubstantial assimilation; space, magnitude, time, and force; concrete procedures; abstract symbolism, 61

Friedman, 2003, Attention priming effects on creativity, Creativity Research Journal, 15, 277, 10.1080/10400419.2003.9651420

Fujita, 2006, Spatial distance and mental construal of social events, Psychological Science, 17, 278, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01698.x

Gawley, 2009, Height, gender, and authority status at work: Analyses for a national sample of Canadian workers, Sex Roles, 60, 208, 10.1007/s11199-008-9520-5

Gibson, 2001, Metaphor and meaning: An intercultural analysis of the concept of teamwork, Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 274, 10.2307/2667088

Giessner, 2007, High in the hierarchy: How vertical location and judgments of leaders’ power are interrelated, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104, 30, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.10.001

Gigerenzer, 1996, Mind as computer: Birth of a metaphor, Creativity Research Journal, 9, 131, 10.1080/10400419.1996.9651168

Gillespie, 1991

Gilovich, 1998, The illusion of transparency: Biased assessments of others’ ability to read our emotional states, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 332, 10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.332

Gollwitzer, 2012, Macbeth and the joystick: Evidence for moral cleansing after playing a violent video game, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1356, 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.001

Graham, 1986, Principled organizational dissent: A theoretical essay, Research in Organizational Behavior, 8, 1

Haidt, 2001, The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment, Psychological Review, 108, 814, 10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814

Haidt, 1993, Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 613, 10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.613

Hampton, 2011, Research provides new insights on how hygiene affects asthma and allergies, The Journal of the American Medical Association, 305, 1400, 10.1001/jama.2011.434

Harris, 2006, Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuroimaging responses to extreme out-groups, Psychological Science, 17, 847, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01793.x

Hartley, 1974

Hensley, 1987, Height and occupational success: A review and critique, Psychological Reports, 60, 843, 10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3.843

Hirsh, 2011, Drunk, powerful, and in the dark: How general processes of disinhibition produce both prosocial and antisocial behavior, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 415, 10.1177/1745691611416992

Hughes, 1951, Work and the self, 313

IJzerman, 2012, Cold-blooded loneliness: Social exclusion leads to lower skin temperatures, Acta Psychologica, 140, 283, 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.05.002

IJzerman, H., Karremans, J., Thomsen, L., & Schubert, T. Caring for sharing: How attachment styles modulate communal cues of physical warmth. Social Psychology, in press.

IJzerman, 2009, The thermometer of social relations: Mapping social proximity on temperature, Psychological Science, 20, 1214, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02434.x

IJzerman, 2010, Temperature perceptions as a ground for social proximity, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 867, 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.07.015

Inbar, 2009, Disgust sensitivity predicts intuitive disapproval of gays, Emotion, 9, 435, 10.1037/a0015960

Izawa, 2011, Shining new light on the hawthorne illumination experiments, Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 53, 528, 10.1177/0018720811417968

James, 1950

Jones, 2008, Moral hypervigilance: The influence of disgust sensitivity in the moral domain, Emotion, 8, 613, 10.1037/a0013435

Jostmann, 2009, Weight as an embodiment of importance, Psychological Science, 20, 1169, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02426.x

Judge, 2004, The effect of physical height on workplace success and income: Preliminary test of a theoretical model, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 428, 10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.428

Kang, 2011, Physical temperature effects on trust behavior: The role of insula, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 507, 10.1093/scan/nsq077

Kaplan, 2001, An examination of auditors’ reporting intentions when another auditor is offered client employment, Auditing, 20, 45, 10.2308/aud.2001.20.1.45

Karjalainen, 2012, Thermal comfort and gender: A literature review, Indoor Air, 22, 96, 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00747.x

Karnes, 1960, Well planned lighting is city progress, American City Magazine, 75, 104

Kelley, 1950, The warm-cold variable in first impressions of persons, Journal of Personality, 18, 431, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1950.tb01260.x

Kim, 2012, Space, time, and intertemporal preferences, Journal of Consumer Research, 39

Kitayama, 2003, Perceiving an object and its context in different cultures: A cultural look at a new look, Psychological Science, 14, 201, 10.1111/1467-9280.02432

Klawans, 2000

Kolb, 2012, The effects of temperature on service employees’ customer orientation: An experimental approach, Ergonomics, 55, 621, 10.1080/00140139.2012.659763

Kraemer, 1988, Computer-based systems for cooperative work and group decision-making, ACM Computing Surveys, 20, 115, 10.1145/46157.46158

Lakoff, 1999

Lammers, 2012, Abstraction increases hypocrisy, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 475, 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.006

Lee, 2010, Dirty hands and dirty mouths: Embodiment of the moral-purity metaphor is specific to the motor modality involved in the moral transgression, Psychological Science, 21, 1423, 10.1177/0956797610382788

Levitt, 2011, Was there really a Hawthorne effect at the Hawthorne plant? An analysis of the original illumination experiments, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3, 224, 10.1257/app.3.1.224

Liberman, 2011, Estimates of spatial distance: A construal level theory perspective, 109

Liberman, 2002, The effect of temporal distance on level of mental construal, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 523, 10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00535-8

Liberman, 1998, The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 5, 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.5

Liviatan, 2008, Interpersonal similarity as a social distance dimension: Implications for perception of others’ actions, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1256, 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.007

Macrae, 1994, Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 808, 10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.808

Maglio, 2012, Disembodiment: Abstract construal attenuates the influence of contextual bodily state in judgment, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 211, 10.1037/a0024520

Mayo, 1933

McCrea, 2012, Construal level mind-sets moderate self- and social stereotyping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 51, 10.1037/a0026108

Melamed, 1992, Managerial promotions and height, Psychological Reports, 71, 587, 10.2466/pr0.1992.71.2.587

Michael, 1983, Annual rhythms in human violence and sexual aggression in the United States and the role of temperature, Biodemography and Social Biology, 30, 263, 10.1080/19485565.1983.9988541

Miller, 1994, Paternal provisioning versus mate seeking in human populations, Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 227, 10.1016/0191-8869(94)90029-9

Milner, 1994

Moll, 2002, The neural correlates of moral sensitivity: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basic and moral emotions, Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 2730, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02730.2002

Mooney, 1992, Physical distance and AIDS: Too close for comfort?, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1442, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00959.x

Morgan, 1980, Paradigms, metaphors, and puzzle solving in organization theory, Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 605, 10.2307/2392283

Mueller, 2001, Evidence of unconstrained directional selection for male tallness, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 302, 10.1007/s002650100370

Niedenthal, 2005, Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 184, 10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_1

Nisbett, 2003

Nussbaum, 2004

Page, 1976, Environmental influences on aggression: The effects of darkness and proximity of victim, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 6, 126, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01318.x

Peterson, 1997, Does national culture or ambient temperature explain cross-national differences in role stress? No sweat!, The Academy of Management Journal, 40, 930, 10.2307/256953

Peterson, 1995, Role conflict, ambiguity, and overload: A 21-nation study, Academy of Management Journal, 38, 429, 10.2307/256687

Piaget, 1936

Piaget, 1956

Robinson, 2008, The vertical nature of dominance-submission: Individual differences in vertical attention, Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 933, 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.12.002

Roethlisberger, 1939

Rozin, 1999, Preadaptation and the puzzles and properties of pleasure, 109

Rozin, 1993, Disgust

Rozin, 1994, Varieties of disgust faces and the structure of disgust, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 870, 10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.870

Rozin, 1999, The moralization of cigarette smoking in the United States, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 8, 321, 10.1207/s15327663jcp0803_07

Santiago, 2011, Flexible foundations of abstract thought: A review and a theory, 39

Schnall, 2008, With a clean conscience: Cleanliness reduces the severity of moral judgments, Psychological Science, 19, 1219, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02227.x

Schubert, 2011, The interrelation of spatial and social cognition, 1

Schubert, 2011, More than a metaphor: How the understanding of power is grounded in experience, 153

Schultz, 1993, An investigation of the reporting of questionable acts in an international setting, Journal of Accounting Research, 31, 75, 10.2307/2491165

Schwartz, 1982, Dominance cues in non-verbal behavior, Social Psychology Quarterly, 45, 114, 10.2307/3033934

Semin, 2002, Interfaces of social psychology with situated and embodied cognition, Cognitive Systems Research, 3, 385, 10.1016/S1389-0417(02)00049-9

Singer, 1965, Some aspects of deindividuation: Identification and conformity, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 356, 10.1016/0022-1031(65)90015-6

Slepian, 2012, Fluid movement and creativity, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 625, 10.1037/a0027395

Smith, 2006, You focus on the forest when you’re in charge of the trees: Power priming and abstract information processing, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 578, 10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.578

Snow, C. E. (1927). Proposed final report (Unpublished manuscript). Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives (Collection No. 5167). Ithaca, NY: M. P. Catherwood Library, Cornell University.

Spiegel, 1974

Steidle, A., Hanke, E.-V., & Werth, L. (2011). Bright logic and creative shots in the dark: Illumination affects thinking styles and cognitive performance. Paper presented at the 9th Biennial Conference on Environmental Psychology. Eindhoven, Netherlands.

Steidle, 2011, You can’t see much in the dark, Social Psychology, 42, 174, 10.1027/1864-9335/a000061

Steinmetz, 2011, Breaking the ice: How physical warmth shapes social comparison consequences, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1025, 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.03.022

Stephan, 2010, Politeness and psychological distance: A construal level perspective, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 268, 10.1037/a0016960

Strack, 1988, Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 768, 10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.768

Sun, 2011, Higher height, higher ability: Judgment confidence as a function of spatial height perception, PloS ONE, 6, e22125, 10.1371/journal.pone.0022125

Thiel, 2007, Class in construction: London building workers, dirty work and physical cultures, The British Journal of Sociology, 58, 227, 10.1111/j.1468-4446.2007.00149.x

Thomsen, 2011, Big and mighty: Preverbal infants mentally represent social dominance, Science, 331, 477, 10.1126/science.1199198

Tracy, 2006, Sexuality, masculinity and taint management among firefighters and correctional officers: Getting down and dirty with “America's heroes” and the “scum of law enforcement.”, Management Communication Quarterly, 20, 6, 10.1177/0893318906287898

Trope, 2010, Construal-level theory of psychological distance, Psychological Review, 117, 440, 10.1037/a0018963

Tversky, 1974, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, Science, 185, 1124, 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124

van de Vliert, 1999, Temperature, cultural masculinity, and domestic political violence: A cross-national study, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 291, 10.1177/0022022199030003002

van de Vliert, 1996, Why cross-national differences in role overload? Don’t overlook ambient temperature!, Academy of Management Journal, 39, 986, 10.2307/256720

Varela, 1991

Wakslak, 2012, The where and when of likely and unlikely events, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117, 150, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.10.004

Wakslak, 2006, Seeing the forest when entry is unlikely: Probability and the mental representation of events, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 641, 10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.641

Weinraub, 1978, The effect of height on infants’ social responses to unfamiliar persons, Child Development, 49, 598, 10.2307/1128226

Wells, 1980, The effects of overt head movements on persuasion: Compatibility and incompatibility of responses, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 219, 10.1207/s15324834basp0103_2

Wheatley, 2005, Hypnotically induced disgust makes moral judgments more severe, Psychological Science, 16, 780, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01614.x

Wickman, F. (2012). Working man's blues: Why do we call manual laborers ‘blue collar?’ Slate. Retrieved from: http://www.slate.com/articles/business/explainer/2012/05/blue_collar_white_collar_why_do_we_use_these_terms_.html

Williams, 2000, Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 748, 10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.748

Williams, 2008, Keeping one's distance, Psychological Science, 19, 302, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02084.x

Williams, 2008, Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth, Science, 322, 606, 10.1126/science.1162548

Williams, 2009, Higher mental processes are grounded in early experience of the physical world, European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 1257, 10.1002/ejsp.665

Wilson, J., Crisp, C.B., & Mortensen, M. (in press). Extending construal-level theory to distributed groups: Understanding the effects of virtuality. Organization Science.

Witt, 2008, Action-specific influences on distance perception: A role for motor simulation, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 1479, 10.1037/a0010781

Witt, 2005, Tool use affects perceived distance, but only when you intend to use it, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 880, 10.1037/0096-1523.31.5.880

Wrege, 1976, Solving Mayo's mystery: The first complete account of the origin of the Hawthorne studies: The forgotten contributions of C. E. Snow and H. Hibarger, 12

Zanolie, 2012, Mighty metaphors: Behavioral and ERP evidence that power shifts attention on a vertical dimension, Brain and Cognition, 78, 50, 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.10.006

Zhong, 2010, Good lamps are the best police: Darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior, Psychological Science, 21, 311, 10.1177/0956797609360754

Zhong, C.-B., & House, J. (in press). Dirt, pollution and purity: A metaphorical perspective on morality. In M. J. Landau, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), Metaphorical thought in social life.

Zhong, 2008, Cold and lonely: Does social exclusion literally feel cold?, Psychological Science, 19, 838, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02165.x

Zhong, 2006, Washing away your sins: Threatened morality and physical cleansing, Science, 313, 1451, 10.1126/science.1130726

Zhong, 2010, A clean self can render harsh moral judgment, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 859, 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.003

Zimbardo, 1969, The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order vs. deindividuation, impulse, and chaos, Vol. 17