Carbon nanomaterials based films for strain sensing application—A review

Nano-Structures and Nano-Objects - Tập 18 - Trang 100312 - 2019
Min Juey Yee1, N.M. Mubarak1, E.C. Abdullah2, Mohammad Khalid3, Rashmi Walvekar4, Rama Rao Karri5, Sabzoi Nizamuddin6, Arshid Numan3
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009 Sarawak, Malaysia
2Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra (Jalan Semarak), 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
4School of Engineering, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Jalan Taylor's, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
5Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam
6School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia

Tài liệu tham khảo

Yang, 2013, Gauge factor and stretchability of silicon-on-polymer strain gauges, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 13, 8577, 10.3390/s130708577 Kanoun, 2014, Flexible carbon nanotube films for high performance strain sensors, Sensors, 14, 10042, 10.3390/s140610042 Baptista, 2015, Recent developments in carbon nanomaterial sensors, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 4433, 10.1039/C4CS00379A Zhai, 2017, Carbon nanomaterials in tribology, Carbon, 119, 150, 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.04.027 Jariwala, 2013, Carbon nanomaterials for electronics, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and sensing, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 2824, 10.1039/C2CS35335K Zhao, 2019, Monodispersed and spherical silver nanoparticles/graphene nanocomposites from gamma-ray assisted in-situ synthesis for nitrite electrochemical sensing, Electrochim. Acta, 295, 434, 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.039 Zhu, 2019, Poly (vinyl butyral)/graphene oxide/poly (methylhydrosiloxane) nanocomposite coating for improved aluminum alloy anticorrosion, Polymer, 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.056 Liu, 2017, A highly conductive carbon–sulfur film with interconnected mesopores as an advanced cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries, Chem. Commun., 53, 9097, 10.1039/C7CC04523A Jiang, 2019, Electromagnetic interference shielding polymers and nanocomposites-a review, Polym. Rev., 1 Li, 2018 Zhang, 2019, Solvent-free graphene liquids: promising candidates for lubricants without the base oil, J. Colloid Interface Sci. Liu, 2017, Lightweight conductive graphene/thermoplastic polyurethane foams with ultrahigh compressibility for piezoresistive sensing, J. Mater. Chem. C., 5, 73, 10.1039/C6TC03713E Zhang, 2019, Ultrasensitive and highly compressible piezoresistive sensor based on polyurethane sponge coated with cracked cellulose nanofibril/silver nanowire layer, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces Rao, 2015, The rise of carbon nanoscience in South Carolina, J. South Carolina Acad. Sci., 13, 5 Malhotra, 2017 Scott, 2004, Methods for the chemical synthesis of fullerenes, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 43, 4994, 10.1002/anie.200400661 Graugnard, 2000 Iijima, 1993, Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter, Nature, 363, 603, 10.1038/363603a0 Gay, 2005 Novoselov, 2004, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films, Science, 306, 666, 10.1126/science.1102896 Mayorov, 2011, Micrometer-scale ballistic transport in encapsulated graphene at room temperature, Nano Lett., 11, 2396, 10.1021/nl200758b Liu, 2018, Electrically conductive polymer composites for smart flexible strain sensors: a critical review, J. Mater. Chem. C., 6, 12121, 10.1039/C8TC04079F Llobet, 2013, Gas sensors using carbon nanomaterials: A review, Sensors Actuators B, 179, 32, 10.1016/j.snb.2012.11.014 Suzuki, 2016, Rapid-response, widely stretchable sensor of aligned MWCNT/elastomer composites for human motion detection, ACS Sensors, 1, 817, 10.1021/acssensors.6b00145 Yamada, 2011 Yan, 2016, 73 F. Michelis, L. Bodelot, C.-S. Cojocaru, J.-L. Sorin, Y. Bonnassieux, B. ère Lebental, Wireless flexible strain sensor based on carbon nanotube piezoresistive networks for embedded measurement of strain in concrete, in: EWSHM-7th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, 2014. Lim, 2017, Carbon nanotube/cement composites for crack monitoring of concrete structures, Compos. Struct., 180, 741, 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.08.042 Yin, 2017, Stretchable, highly durable ternary nanocomposite strain sensor for structural health monitoring of flexible aircraft, Sensors, 17, 2677, 10.3390/s17112677 Sahatiya, 2017, Eraser-based eco-friendly fabrication of a skin-like large-area matrix of flexible carbon nanotube strain and pressure sensors, Nanotechnology, 28, 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5845 Sur, 2012, Graphene: A rising star on the horizon of materials science, Int. J. Electrochem., 2012, 10.1155/2012/237689 Novoselov, 2005, Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene, Nature, 438, 197, 10.1038/nature04233 Balandin, 2008, Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene, Nano Lett., 8, 902, 10.1021/nl0731872 Lee, 2008, Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene, Science, 321, 385, 10.1126/science.1157996 Neto, 2009, The electronic properties of graphene, Rev. Modern Phys., 81, 109, 10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109 Kharissova, 2014, Variations of interlayer spacing in carbon nanotubes, Rsc Adv., 4, 30807, 10.1039/C4RA04201H Zha, 2016, High-performance strain sensors based on functionalized graphene nanoplates for damage monitoring, Compos. Sci. Technol., 123, 32, 10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.11.028 Eswaraiah, 2011, Functionalized graphene reinforced thermoplastic nanocomposites as strain sensors in structural health monitoring, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 12626, 10.1039/c1jm12302e Chae, 2009, Synthesis of large-area graphene layers on poly-nickel substrate by chemical vapor deposition: wrinkle formation, Adv. Mater., 21, 2328, 10.1002/adma.200803016 Wang, 2009, Large-scale synthesis of few-layered graphene using CVD, Chem. Vapor Depos., 15, 53, 10.1002/cvde.200806737 Parvez, 2015, Exfoliation of graphene via wet chemical routes, Synth. Met., 210, 123, 10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.07.014 Fukada, 2012, Graphene made by mechanical exfoliation of graphite intercalation compound, Japan. J. Appl. Phys., 51, 10.7567/JJAP.51.085101 Tetlow, 2014, Growth of epitaxial graphene: theory and experiment, Phys. Rep., 542, 195, 10.1016/j.physrep.2014.03.003 Pei, 2012, The reduction of graphene oxide, Carbon, 50, 3210, 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.010 Li, 2016, Intercalation-assisted longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes for green and scalable synthesis of graphene nanoribbons, Sci. Rep., 6, 22755, 10.1038/srep22755 Shinde, 2011, Electrochemical unzipping of multi-walled carbon nanotubes for facile synthesis of high-quality graphene nanoribbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 4168, 10.1021/ja1101739 Amirov, 2015, Synthesis of graphene-like materials by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in thermal plasma and their properties, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012161 Chen, 2012, A facile strategy to prepare functionalized graphene via intercalation, grafting and self-exfoliation of graphite oxide, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 13460, 10.1039/c2jm31208e Geim, 2011, Nobel lecture: Random walk to graphene, Rev. Modern Phys., 83, 851, 10.1103/RevModPhys.83.851 Yi, 2015, A review on mechanical exfoliation for the scalable production of graphene, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 11700, 10.1039/C5TA00252D Chen, 2010, Preparation of graphene by a low-temperature thermal reduction at atmosphere pressure, Nanoscale, 2, 559, 10.1039/b9nr00191c Zhang, 2010, Reduction of graphene oxide via L-ascorbic acid, Chem. Commun., 46, 1112, 10.1039/B917705A De Silva, 2017, Chemical reduction of graphene oxide using green reductants, Carbon, 119, 190, 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.04.025 Zhou, 2011, Reducing graphene oxide via hydroxylamine: A simple and efficient route to graphene, J. Phys. Chem. C., 115, 11957, 10.1021/jp202575j Amarnath, 2011, Efficient synthesis of graphene sheets using pyrrole as a reducing agent, Carbon, 49, 3497, 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.04.048 Eigler, 2012, Visualization of defect densities in reduced graphene oxide, Carbon, 50, 3666, 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.03.039 De Heer, 2011, Large area and structured epitaxial graphene produced by confinement controlled sublimation of silicon carbide, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108, 16900, 10.1073/pnas.1105113108 Lee, 2016, Synthesis of single-layer graphene: A review of recent development, Proc. Chem., 19, 916, 10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.135 Georgakilas, 2015, Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures, Chem. Rev., 115, 4744, 10.1021/cr500304f Wang, 2015 C.L. Wang, One-Dimensional Nanostructures: CNT (1). n.d. Turgunov, 2014 Nan, 2016, Effect of surfactant functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of epoxy nanocomposites, Fibers Polym., 17, 1866, 10.1007/s12221-016-6388-9 Fujigaya, 2015, Non-covalent polymer wrapping of carbon nanotubes and the role of wrapped polymers as functional dispersants, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater., 16, 10.1088/1468-6996/16/2/024802 Atif, 2016, Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers, Beilstein J. Nanotechnol., 7, 1174, 10.3762/bjnano.7.109 Slobodian, 2016, Improving sensitivity of the polyurethane/CNT laminate strain sensor by controlled mechanical preload, 012022 Eswaraiah, 2013, Graphene-functionalized carbon nanotubes for conducting polymer nanocomposites and their improved strain sensing properties, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 214, 2439, 10.1002/macp.201300242 Wu, 2016, Carbon nanotube springs with high tensile strength and energy density, RSC Adv., 6, 38187, 10.1039/C6RA05464A Peigney, 2001, A specific surface area of carbon nanotubes and bundles of carbon nanotubes, Carbon, 39, 507, 10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00155-X Yang, 2016, High electrical conductivity and anisotropy of aligned carbon nanotube nanocomposites reinforced by silicon carbonitride, Scr. Mater., 124, 21, 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.06.023 Aqel, 2012, Carbon nanotubes, science and technology part (I) structure, synthesis and characterisation, Arab. J. Chem., 5, 1, 10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.08.022 Karimi, 2015, Carbon nanotubes part I: preparation of a novel and versatile drug-delivery vehicle, Expert Opinion Drug Deliv., 12, 1071, 10.1517/17425247.2015.1003806 Srivastava, 2003, Nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes and composites, Appl. Mech. Rev., 56, 215, 10.1115/1.1538625 Dresselhaus, 1995, Physics of carbon nanotubes, Carbon, 33, 883, 10.1016/0008-6223(95)00017-8 Malhotra, 2015 Jaldappagari Seetharamappa, 2006 M. Raja, M. Jeevan Kumar Reddy, K.H. Won, J.I. Kim, S.H. Cha, H.N. Bae, et al. Processing and rheological behaviors of Cnt/polymer nanocomposites. (2016) 235–278. Xie, 2005, Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix: A review, Mater. Sci. Eng.: R: Rep., 49, 89, 10.1016/j.mser.2005.04.002 Guo, 1995, Catalytic growth of single-walled manotubes by laser vaporization, Chem. Phys. Lett., 243, 49, 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00825-O Choudhary, 2013 Ebbesen, 1996 Bethune, 1993, Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls, Nature, 363, 605, 10.1038/363605a0 Journet, 1997, Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique, Nature, 388, 756, 10.1038/41972 Ando, 2004, Growing carbon nanotubes, Mater. Today, 7, 22, 10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00446-8 Endo, 1993, The production and structure of pyrolytic carbon nanotubes (PCNTs), J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 54, 1841, 10.1016/0022-3697(93)90297-5 Dai, 1996, Single-wall nanotubes produced by metal-catalyzed disproportionation of carbon monoxide, Chem. Phys. Lett., 260, 471, 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00862-7 Ding, 2008, The importance of strong carbon− metal adhesion for catalytic nucleation of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett., 8, 463, 10.1021/nl072431m Purohit, 2014, Carbon nanotubes and their growth methods, Proc. Mater. Sci., 6, 716, 10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.088 Cao, 2007, Effect of acetylene flow rate on morphology and structure of carbon nanotube thick films grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition, Front. Mater. Sci. China, 1, 92, 10.1007/s11706-007-0017-x Creighton, 2001, Introduction to chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Chem. Vapor Depos., 2, 1 Mokni, 2017, Improvement of chemical, physical, and electrical properties of parylene-D deposited by chemical vapor deposition by controlling the parameters process, Mater. Chem. Phys., 186, 598, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.11.042 Liu, 2012, High-yield chemical vapor deposition growth of high-quality large-area AB-stacked bilayer graphene, ACS nano., 6, 8241, 10.1021/nn302918x Uddin, 2017 Long, 2013, Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: Physical and chemical distinctions, Environ. Pollut., 181, 271, 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009 Daniel, 2012 Drogin, 1968, Carbon black, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 18, 216, 10.1080/00022470.1968.10469118 Chemical, 2018 Oberlin, 1976, Filamentous growth of carbon through benzene decomposition, J. Crystal Growth, 32, 335, 10.1016/0022-0248(76)90115-9 Konsta-Gdoutos, 2014, Self sensing carbon nanotube (CNT) and nanofiber (CNF) cementitious composites for real time damage assessment in smart structures, Cement Concrete Compos., 53, 162, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.07.003 Al-Saleh, 2011, Review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber/polymer composites, Composites A, 42, 2126, 10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.08.005 Li, 2016, Synthesis of carbon nanofibers by CVD as a catalyst support material using atomically ordered Ni3C nanoparticles, Nanotechnology, 27, 10.1088/0957-4484/27/50/505706 Ge, 2015, Synthesis of carbon nanofiber monoliths by chemical vapor deposition, Carbon, 86, 372, 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.02.008 Inagaki, 2012, Carbon nanofibers prepared via electrospinning, Adv. Mater., 24, 2547, 10.1002/adma.201104940 Lin, 2013 Mordkovich, 2003, Carbon nanofibers: A new ultrahigh-strength material for chemical technology, Theoret. Found. Chem. Eng., 37, 429, 10.1023/A:1026082323244 Eslamian, 2015, Ultrasonic substrate vibration-assisted drop casting (SVADC) for the fabrication of photovoltaic solar cell arrays and thin-film devices, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 10, 462, 10.1186/s11671-015-1168-9 2003, Technology update: compression moulding, Reinf. Plast., 47, 20, 10.1016/S0034-3617(03)00724-0 Fu, 2014, Carbon nanotubes based thin films: fabrication, characterization and applications, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci., 36, 40 Zhang, 2018, Flexible strain sensor based on layer-by-layer self-assembled graphene/polymer nanocomposite membrane and its sensing properties, J. Electr. Mater. Fechine, 2015, Direct dry transfer of chemical vapor deposition graphene to polymeric substrates, Carbon, 83, 224, 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.038 Bae, 2013, Graphene-based transparent strain sensor, Carbon, 51, 236, 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.08.048 Fu, 2011 Liu, 2016, A novel strain sensor based on graphene composite films with layered structure, Composites A, 80, 95, 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.010 Chun, 2017, All-graphene strain sensor on soft substrate, Carbon, 116, 753, 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.02.058 Liu, 2016, The preparation of reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 composite materials towards transparent, strain sensing and photodegradation multifunctional films, Compos. Sci. Technol., 137, 102, 10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.10.025 Wang, 2013, Graphene/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite strain sensor, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 84, 10.1063/1.4826496 Filippidou, 2015, A flexible strain sensor made of graphene nanoplatelets/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite, Microelectron. Eng., 142, 7, 10.1016/j.mee.2015.06.007 Tian, 2014, Scalable fabrication of high-performance and flexible graphene strain sensors, Nanoscale, 6, 699, 10.1039/C3NR04521H Gamil, 2014 Bonavolontà, 2017, Graphene–polymer coating for the realization of strain sensors, Beilstein J. Nanotechnol., 8, 21, 10.3762/bjnano.8.3 Yokaribas, 2017, Strain gauges based on CVD graphene layers and exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets with enhanced reproducibility and scalability for large quantities, Sensors, 17, 2937, 10.3390/s17122937 Zha, 2016, High-performance strain sensors based on functionalized graphene nanoplates for damage monitoring, Compos. Sci. Technol., 123, 32, 10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.11.028 Ye, 2017, A wearable and highly sensitive strain sensor based on a polyethylenimine-rgo layered nanocomposite thin film, J. Mater. Chem. C., 5, 7746, 10.1039/C7TC01872J Lee, 2017, Enhanced sensitivity of patterned graphene strain sensors used for monitoring subtle human body motions, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 11176, 10.1021/acsami.7b01551 Li, 2016 Tadakaluru, 2014, Stretchable and flexible high-strain sensors made using carbon nanotubes and graphite films on natural rubber, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 14, 868, 10.3390/s140100868 Casiraghi, 2018, Inkjet printed 2D-crystal based strain gauges on paper, Carbon, 129, 462, 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.12.030 Lin, 2016, A highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on graphene-elastomer composites with a novel double-interconnected network, J. Mater. Chem. C., 4, 6345, 10.1039/C6TC01925K Tang, 2015, Highly stretchable and ultrasensitive strain sensor based on reduced graphene oxide microtubes–elastomer composite, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 27432, 10.1021/acsami.5b09314 Kang, 2006, A carbon nanotube strain sensor for structural health monitoring, Smart Mater. Struct., 15, 737, 10.1088/0964-1726/15/3/009 Dharap, 2004, Nanotube film based on single-wall carbon nanotubes for strain sensing, Nanotechnology, 15, 379, 10.1088/0957-4484/15/3/026 Vemuru, 2009, Strain sensing using a multiwalled carbon nanotube film, J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 44, 555, 10.1243/03093247JSA535 Bu, 2010, Influence of processing parameters on properties of strain sensors based on carbon nanotube films, 1 Bouhamed, 2017, Processing and characterization of MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposites thin films for strain sensing applications, Sensors Actuators A, 257, 65, 10.1016/j.sna.2017.01.022 Wang, 2015, Tensile strain sensing of buckypaper and buckypaper composites, Mater. Des., 88, 414, 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.035 Park, 2008, Strain-dependent electrical resistance of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polymer composite films, Nanotechnology, 19, 10.1088/0957-4484/19/05/055705 Pham, 2008, Processing and modeling of conductive thermoplastic/carbon nanotube films for strain sensing, Composites B, 39, 209, 10.1016/j.compositesb.2007.02.024 Bautista-Quijano, 2010, Strain sensing capabilities of a piezoresistive MWCNT-polysulfone film, Sensors Actuators A, 159, 135, 10.1016/j.sna.2010.03.005 Amjadi, 2015, Carbon nanotubes-ecoflex nanocomposite for strain sensing with ultra-high stretchability, 744 G. Keulemans, F. Ceyssens, M. De Volder, J.W. Seo, R. Puers, Fabrication and characterisation of carbon nanotube composites for strain sensor applications, in: Proceedings of the 21st Micromechanics and Micro systems Europe Workshop, 2010, pp. 231–234. X. Wang, X. Xu, Z. Zhou, J. Gou, Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Printed Carbon Nanotube Layers on Polydimethylsiloxane. Xu, 2013, Deformable strain sensors based on patterned MWCNTs/polydimethylsiloxane composites, J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 51, 1505, 10.1002/polb.23361 Torres, 2016 Lipomi, 2011, Skin-like pressure and strain sensors based on transparent elastic films of carbon nanotubes, Nature Nanotechnol., 6, 788, 10.1038/nnano.2011.184 Lee, 2012, A fully-microfabricated SWCNT film strain sensor, J. Korean Phys. Soc., 61, 1656, 10.3938/jkps.61.1656 Zhang, 2015, Highly stretchable, sensitive, and flexible strain sensors based on silver nanoparticles/carbon nanotubes composites, J. Alloys Compd., 652, 48, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.08.187 Giffney, 2017, Highly stretchable printed strain sensors using multi-walled carbon nanotube/silicone rubber composites, Sensors Actuators A, 259, 44, 10.1016/j.sna.2017.03.005 Shintake, 2018, Ultrastretchable strain sensors using carbon black-filled elastomer composites and comparison of capacitive versus resistive sensors, Adv. Mater. Technol., 10.1002/admt.201700284 Kumbay Yildiz, 2016, Fabrication and characterisation of highly stretchable elastomeric strain sensors for prosthetic hand applications, Sensors Actuators A, 247, 514, 10.1016/j.sna.2016.06.037 Pissis, 2015, Strain and damage sensing in polymer composites and nanocomposites with conducting fillers, Proc. Eng., 114, 590, 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.109 Zheng, 2018, A highly stretchable and stable strain sensor based on hybrid carbon nanofillers/polydimethylsiloxane conductive composites for large human motions monitoring, Compos. Sci. Technol., 156, 276, 10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.01.019 P. Kulha, H. Enser, J.K. Sell, B. Strauß, M. Schatzl-Linder, B. Jakoby, et al. Temperature dependence of gauge factor of printed piezoresistive layers embedded in organic coatings, in: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Proceedings, 2017, p. 618. A. Jäger T.M., R. Werthschützky, Investigation on strain gauges made from carbon black based ink, in: AMA Conferences 2015. Germany2015, pp. 766–768. Lu, 2012, Highly sensitive skin-mountable strain gauges based entirely on elastomers, Adv. Funct. Mater., 22, 4044, 10.1002/adfm.201200498 Chang, 2018, ZnO Nanorods/carbon black-based flexible strain sensor for detecting human motions, J. Alloys Compounds, 738, 111, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.094 Rocha, 2013, Polypropylene-carbon nanofiber composites as strain-gauge sensor, IEEE Sensors J., 13, 2603, 10.1109/JSEN.2013.2252889 Yasuoka, 2013, Patch-type large strain sensor using elastomeric composite filled with carbon nanofibers, Int. J. Aeronaut. Space Sci., 14, 146, 10.5139/IJASS.2013.14.2.146 Chowdhury, 2017 Hu, 2013, Ultrasensitive strain sensors made from metal-coated carbon nanofiller/epoxy composites, Carbon, 51, 202, 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.08.029 Wu, 2017, Novel electrically conductive porous PDMS/carbon nanofiber composites for deformable strain sensors and conductors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 14207, 10.1021/acsami.7b00847 Fuh-Yu, 2012, Three-dimensional force sensing device using carbon nanofiber polymer composites: Design and fabrication, Japan. J. Appl. Phys., 51, 06FD4 Du, 2013, Understanding the toxicity of carbon nanotubes in the environment is crucial to the control of nanomaterials in producing and processing and the assessment of health risk for human: a review, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 36, 451, 10.1016/j.etap.2013.05.007 Lalwani, 2016, Toxicology of graphene-based nanomaterials, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 105, 109, 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.028 Zhen, 2017, Toxicity assessment of carbon black waste: a by-product from oil refineries, J. Hazard. Mater., 321, 600, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.043 Hou, 2008, Purification of carbon nanotubes, Carbon, 46, 2003, 10.1016/j.carbon.2008.09.009