Hippocampal rhythmic slow activity (RSA, theta): A critical analysis of selected studies and discussion of possible species-differences

Adey, 1977, The sensorium and the modulation of cerebral states: tonic environmental influences on limbic and related systems, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 290, 396, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb39740.x Adey, 1960, The action of certain cyclohexamines on hippocampal system during approach performance in the cat, J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 130, 418 Adey, 1960, Hippocampal slow waves: distribution and phase relationships in the course of approach learning, Arch. Neurol. (Chic.), 3, 74, 10.1001/archneur.1960.00450010074007 Adey, 1956, The entorhinal area: behavioral, evoked potential and histological studies of its interrelationships with brain-stem regions, Brain, 79, 414, 10.1093/brain/79.3.414 Adey, 1962, Subthalamic lesions: effects on learned behavior and correlated hippocampal and subcortical slow-wave activity, Arch. Neurol. (Chic.), 6, 194, 10.1001/archneur.1962.00450210022003 Anchel, 1972, Differentiation of two reticulo-hypothalamic systems regulating hippocampal activity, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 32, 209, 10.1016/0013-4694(72)90171-X Andersen, 1978, Discussion, 312 Andersen, 1979 Arnolds, 1979, Hippocampal EEG and behavior in dog.I. Hippocampal EEG correlates of gross motor behavior, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 46, 552, 10.1016/0013-4694(79)90009-9 Arnolds, 1979, Hippocampal EEG and behavior in dog. II. Hippocampal EEG correlates with elementary motor acts, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 46, 571, 10.1016/0013-4694(79)90010-5 Arnolds, 1979, Hippocampal EEG and behavior in dog. III. Hippocampal EEG correlates of stimulus-response tasks and of sexual behavior, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 46, 581, 10.1016/0013-4694(79)90011-7 Arnolds, 1975, Motor acts and firing of reticular neurons correlated with operantly reinforced hippocampus theta shifts, Brain Research, 85, 194, 10.1016/0006-8993(75)91050-1 Artemenko, 1972, Role of hippocampal neurons in theta-wave generation, Nierofiziologiya, 4, 531 Bennett, 1969, Evidence against the theory that hippocampal theta is a correlate of voluntary movement, Commun. Behav. Biol., 4, 165 Bennett, 1970, Hippocampal EEG correlates of behavior, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 28, 17, 10.1016/0013-4694(70)90003-9 Bennett, 1975, The electrical activity of the hippocampus and the process of attention, 71 Bennett, 1977, Electrical activity of the cat hippocampus during the species-typical gape response: evidence against the voluntary movement hypothesis, Behav. Biol., 21, 432, 10.1016/S0091-6773(77)90266-8 Bennett, 1978, Species differences in the behavior correlates of hippocampal RSA, Behav. Biol., 22, 161, 10.1016/S0091-6773(78)92185-5 Bennett, 1970, Hippocampal theta and response inhibition, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 29, 196, 10.1016/0013-4694(70)90123-9 Bennett, 1973, Hippocampal theta activity and the attention component of discrimination learning, Behav. Biol., 8, 173, 10.1016/S0091-6773(73)80017-3 Bennett, 1971, Effects of scopolamine on hippocampal theta and correlated discrimination performance, Physiol. Behav., 7, 451, 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90329-5 Black, 1975, Hippocampal electrical activity and behavior, 129 Black, 1972, Electrical activity of the hippocampus and cortex in dogs operantly trained to move and to hold still, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 79, 128, 10.1037/h0032535 Black, 1970, Avoidance training of hippocampal theta waves in Flaxedilized dogs and its relation to skeletal movement, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 70, 15, 10.1037/h0028393 Bland, 1975, Two generators of hippocampal theta activity in rabbits, Brain Research, 94, 199, 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90057-8 Bland, 1979 Bland, 1979, Anatomical correlates of rhythmical slow wave activity (theta) in the hippocampal formation of the cat, Brain Research, 161, 199, 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90063-5 Bland, 1972, Diencephalic and hippocampal mechanisms of motor activity in the rat: effects of posterior hypothalamic stimulation on behavior and hippocampal slow activity, Brain Research, 43, 67, 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90275-2 Bland, 1972, Electrical stimulation of the hippocampal formation: behavioral and bioelectric effects, Brain Research, 43, 89, 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90276-4 Bland, 1976, Generators and topography of hippocampal theta (RSA) in the anaesthetized and freely moving rat, Brain Research, 118, 259, 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90711-3 Bohus, 1978, Opposite effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on avoidance behavior and hippocampal rhythm in the rat, Neuropharmacology, 17, 239, 10.1016/0028-3908(78)90107-7 Bradley, 1962, The effect of some drugs on hippocampal arousal, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 14, 824, 10.1016/0013-4694(62)90132-3 Brazier, 1968, Studies on the EEG activity of limbic structures in man, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 25, 309, 10.1016/0013-4694(68)90171-5 Brodie, 1960, The importance of dissociation constant and lipid solubility in influencing the passage of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid, J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 130, 20 Brown, 1968, Frequency and phase of hippocampal theta activity in the spontaneously behaving cat, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 24, 53, 10.1016/0013-4694(68)90066-7 Brown, 1964, EEG theta activity and fast activity sleep in cats as related to behavioral traits, Neuropsychologia, 2, 311, 10.1016/0028-3932(64)90038-7 Brucke, 1958, Wechselwirkungen zwischen Physostigmin einerseits und Evipan, Procain, Largactil and Scopolamin andererseits auf die rhinencephale Tatigkeit des Kaninchens, Naunyn-Schmiedberg's Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak., 232, 433, 10.1007/BF00246360 Buno, 1977, Relationships of hippocampal theta cycles with bar pressing during self-stimulation, Physiol. Behav., 19, 615, 10.1016/0031-9384(77)90035-X Coenen, 1975, Frequency analysis of rat hippocampal electrical activity, Physiol. Behav., 14, 391, 10.1016/0031-9384(75)90053-0 Coleman, 1975, Hippocampal electrical correlates of free behavior and behavior induced by stimulation of two hypothalamic-hippocampal systems in the cat, Exp. Neurol., 49, 506, 10.1016/0014-4886(75)90105-3 Coleman, 1977, Behavioral and hippocampal electrical changes during operant learning in cats and effects of stimulating two hypothalamic-hippocampal systems, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 42, 309, 10.1016/0013-4694(77)90168-7 Cooley, 1978, Construction of wire leads and electrodes for use in slow wave recordings in small animals, Brain Res. Bull., 3, 175, 10.1016/0361-9230(78)90044-8 Crowne, 1975, Some characteristics and functional relations of the electrical activity of the primate hippocampus and a hypothesis of hippocampal function, 185 Dalton, 1968, Hippocampal electrical activity during the operant conditioning of movement and refraining from movement, Commun. Behav. Biol., 2, 267 De Ryck, 1978, Neocortical and hippocampal EEG in normal and lateral hypothalamic-damaged rats, Physiol. Behav., 20, 403, 10.1016/0031-9384(78)90320-7 Elazar, 1967, Spectral analysis of low frequency components in the electrical activity of the hippocampus during learning, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 23, 225, 10.1016/0013-4694(67)90119-8 Elazar, 1967, Electroencephalographic correlates of learning in subcortical and cortical structures, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 23, 306, 10.1016/0013-4694(67)90044-2 Frederickson, 1979 Frederickson, 1977, Hippocampal EEG correlates of intraspecies aggressive behavior in the rat, Brain Behav. Evol., 14, 352, 10.1159/000125685 Frederickson, 1978, Movement-dependent and movement-independent changes in hippocampal RSA in cats, Brain Res. Bull., 3, 559, 10.1016/0361-9230(78)90087-4 Frederickson, 1977, Hippocampal EEG during learned and unlearned behavior in the rat, Physiol. Behav., 18, 597, 10.1016/0031-9384(77)90058-0 Freemon, 1969, Sleep of unrestrained chimpanzee: cortical and subcortical recordings, Exp. Neurol., 25, 129, 10.1016/0014-4886(69)90076-4 Fujita, 1964, Intracellular recordings from hippocampal pyramidal cells in rabbit during theta rhythm activity, J. Neurophysiol., 27, 1011, 10.1152/jn.1964.27.6.1011 Gerbrandt, 1978, Origin of the neocortically monitored theta rhythm in the curarized rat, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 45, 454, 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90290-0 Giaquinto, 1973, Sleep recordings from limbic structures in man, Confin. neurol. (Basel), 35, 285, 10.1159/000102849 Gillespie, 1974, Ontogeny of Hippocampal Electrical Activity and Behavior in Rat, Rabbit and Guinea Pig Glazer, 1974, Instrumental response persistence following induction of hippocampal theta frequency during fixed-ratio responding in rats, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 86, 1156, 10.1037/h0037646 Grantyn, 1970, An intracellular study of hippocampal responses to reticular stimulation, Brain Research, 22, 409, 10.1016/0006-8993(70)90484-1 Grantyn, 1972, Postsynaptic responses of hippocampal neurons to mesencephalic stimulation: hyperpolarizing potentials, Brain Research, 45, 87, 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90217-X Grastyan, 1966, The hippocampal electrical correlates of the homeostatic regulation of motivation, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 21, 34, 10.1016/0013-4694(66)90057-5 Grastyan, 1959, Hippocampal electrical activity during the development of conditioned reflexes, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 11, 409, 10.1016/0013-4694(59)90040-9 Grastyan, 1974, Effects of spatial separation of the conditioned signal from the reinforcement: a demonstration of the conditioned character of the orienting response or the orientational character of conditioning, Behav. Biol., 10, 121, 10.1016/S0091-6773(74)91725-8 Gray, 1970, Sodium amobarbital, the hippocampal theta rhythm and the partial reinforcement extinction effect, Psychol. Rev., 77, 465, 10.1037/h0029804 Gray, 1970, Medial septal lesions, hippocampal theta rhythm and the control of vibrissal movement in the freely moving rat, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 30, 189, 10.1016/0013-4694(71)90053-8 Gray, 1970, Frequency-specific relation between hippocampal theta rhythm, behavior and amobarbital action, Science, 168, 1246, 10.1126/science.168.3936.1246 Gray, 1972, The partial reinforcement extinction effect in rats with medial septal lesions, Physiol. Behav., 8, 491, 10.1016/0031-9384(72)90334-4 Green, 1954, Hippocampal electrical activity in arousal, J. Neurophysiol., 17, 533, 10.1152/jn.1954.17.6.533 Green, 1960, Rabbit EEG ‘theta rhythm’: its anatomical source and relation to activity in single neurons, J Neurophysiol., 23, 403, 10.1152/jn.1960.23.4.403 Green, 1961, Hippocampal electrical activity. II. Virtual generators, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 13, 847, 10.1016/0013-4694(61)90063-3 Guyenet, 1973, Effect of sodium, hemicholinium-3 and antiparkinson drugs on [14C]acetylcholine synthesis and [3H]choline uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes, Brain Research, 62, 523, 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90717-8 Halgren, 1978, Human hippocampal formationEEG desynchronizes during attentiveness and movement, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 44, 778, 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90212-2 Harper, 1971, Frequency changes in hippocampal electrical activity during movement and tonic immobility, Physiol. Behav., 7, 55, 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90235-6 Heath, 1972, Physiologic basis of emotional expression: evoked potential and mirror focus studies in rhesus monkeys, Biol. Psychiat., 5, 15 Herz, 1965, The importance of lipid-solubility for the central action of cholinolytic drugs, Int. J. Neuropharmacol., 4, 207, 10.1016/0028-3908(65)90037-7 Holmes, 1960, The electrical activity of the entorhinal cortex during conditioned behavior, Amer. J. Physiol., 199, 741, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1960.199.5.741 Horel, 1978, The neuroanatomy of amnesia. A critique of the hippocampal memory hypothesis, Brain, 101, 403, 10.1093/brain/101.3.403 Irmis, 1971, Individual differences in hippocampal EEG during rhomencephalic sleep and arousal, Physiol. Behav., 7, 117, 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90243-5 Irmis, 1970, Hippocampal electrical activity in course of sexual behavior of male rats, Physiol. bohemoslov., 19, 83 Irmis, 1970, Inter-individual differences in hippocampal theta activity during habituation, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 28, 24, 10.1016/0013-4694(70)90004-0 James, 1977, Septal driving of hippocampal theta rhythm as a function of frequency in the free-moving male rat, Neuroscience, 2, 1007, 10.1016/0306-4522(77)90123-3 Kamp, 1971, Hippocampal frequency shifts in different behavioral situations, Brain Research, 31, 287, 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90183-1 Kemp, 1975, The relation of hippocampal theta activity to arousal, attentive behavior and somato-motor movements in unrestrained cats, Brain Research, 95, 323, 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90110-9 Klemm, 1970, Correlation of hippocampal theta rhythm, muscle activity and brain stem reticular formation activity, Commun. Behav. Biol., 5, 147 Klemm, 1971, EEG and multiple-unit activity in limbic and motor systems during movement and immobility, Physiol. Behav., 7, 337, 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90311-8 Kolb, 1977, Effects of brain lesions and atropine on hippocampal and neocortical EEG in the rat, Exp. Neurol., 56, 1, 10.1016/0014-4886(77)90135-2 Komisaruk, 1970, Synchrony between limbic system theta activity and rhythmical behavior in rats, J. comp physiol. Psychol., 70, 482, 10.1037/h0028709 Konorski, 1968, Electrical hippocampal activity and heart rate in classical and instrumental conditioning, Acta biol. exp., 28, 169 Kramis, 1969, Rewarding brain stimulation, hippocampal activity and footstomping in the gerbil, Physiol. Behav., 4, 7, 10.1016/0031-9384(69)90004-3 Kramis, 1975, Two types of hippocampal rhythmical slow activity in both the rabbit and the rat: relations to behavior and effects of atropine, diethyl ether, urethane and pentobarbital, Exp. Neurol., 49, 58, 10.1016/0014-4886(75)90195-8 Kurtz, 1975, Hippocampal and cortical activity during sexual behavior in the female rat, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 89, 158, 10.1037/h0076650 Kurtz, 1973, Electrophysiological correlates of copulatory behavior in the male rat: evidence for a sexual inhibitory process, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 84, 225, 10.1037/h0035265 Landfield, 1976, Computer-determined EEG patterns associated with memory-facilitating drug, and with ECS, Brain Res. Bull., 1, 9, 10.1016/0361-9230(76)90044-7 Landfield, 1976, Synchronous EEG rhythms: their nature and their possible functions in memory, information transmission and behavior, 389 Landfield, 1977, Different effects of post-trial driving or blocking of the theta rhythm on avoidance learning in rats, Physiol. Behav., 18, 439, 10.1016/0031-9384(77)90257-8 Landfield, 1972, Effects of electroconvulsive shock and brain stimulation on EEG cortical theta rhythms in rats, Behav. Biol., 7, 271, 10.1016/S0091-6773(72)80206-2 Landfield, 1972, Theta rhythm: a temporal correlate of memory storage processes in the rat, Science, 175, 87, 10.1126/science.175.4017.87 LeMoal, 1975, Rhythmic slow wave activity recorded in the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum in the rat, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 38, 139, 10.1016/0013-4694(75)90223-0 Lena, 1964, Hippocampal theta rhythm and activated sleep, Helv. physiol. Acta, 22, 120 Lindsley, 1975, Brain stem-hypothalamic systems influencing hippocampal activity and behavior, 247 Lopes da Silva, 1969, Hippocampal theta frequency shifts and operant behavior, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 27, 133, 10.1016/0013-4694(69)90204-1 Macadar, 1974, Differentiation of brain stem loci which affect hippocampal and neocortical electrical activity, Exp. Neurol, 43, 499, 10.1016/0014-4886(74)90190-3 McGowan-Sass, 1973, Differentiation of electrical rhythms and functional specificity of the hippocampus of the rat, Physiol. Behav., 11, 187, 10.1016/0031-9384(73)90349-1 Milner, 1974, Hemispheric specialization: scope and limits, 75 Mishkin, 1978, Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus, Nature (Lond.), 273, 297, 10.1038/273297a0 Moise, 1974, Hippocampal, hypothalamic and lateral geniculate activity during visual discrimination in the monkey, Physiol. Behav., 12, 835, 10.1016/0031-9384(74)90021-3 Morris, 1978, Hippocampal electrical activity and behavior elicited by nonreward, Behav. Biol., 22, 524, 10.1016/S0091-6773(78)92691-3 Nakahara, 1977, Effects of atropine sulphate upon hippocampal theta activity and eye movements during different behavioral states of cats, Jap. psychol. Res., 19, 9, 10.4992/psycholres1954.19.9 O'Keefe, 1976, Place units in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat, Exp. Neurol., 51, 78, 10.1016/0014-4886(76)90055-8 O'Keefe, 1978 Olmstead, 1977, Hippocampal theta rhythm persists in the permanently isolated forebrain of the cat, Brain Res. Bull., 2, 93, 10.1016/0361-9230(77)90004-1 Petsche, 1960, Topographic and toposcopic study of origin and spread of the reticular synchronized arousal pattern in the rabbit, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 12, 589, 10.1016/0013-4694(60)90101-2 Pickenhain, 1967, Hippocampal slow wave activity as a correlate of basic behavioral mechanisms in the rat, Vol. 27, 218 Radulovacki, 1965, The hippocampus and the orienting response, Exp. Neurol., 12, 68, 10.1016/0014-4886(65)90099-3 Ranck, 1973, Studies on single neurons in dorsal hippocampal formation and septum in unrestrained rats. Part I., Behavioral correlates and firing repertoires, Exp. Neurol., 41, 462, 10.1016/0014-4886(73)90290-2 Robinson, 1977, Two types of cerebral activation during active sleep: relations to behavior, Brain Research, 124, 544, 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90954-4 Robinson, 1978, Electrical stimulation of the brain stem in freely moving rats: effects on hippocampal and neocortical electrical activity and relations to behavior, Exp. Neurol., 61, 485, 10.1016/0014-4886(78)90018-3 Robinson, 1977, Are the dorsal noradrenergic bundle projections from the locus coeruleus important for neocortical or hippocampal activation?, Brain Research, 138, 75, 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90785-5 Robinson, 1974, Effects of posterior hypothalamic lesions on voluntary tehavior and hippocampal electroencephalograms in the rat, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 86, 768, 10.1037/h0036397 Rommelspacher, 1974, Effects of electrical stimulation on acetylchcline levels in central cholinergic nerve terminals, Brain Research, 81, 243, 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90939-1 Routtenberg, 1968, Hippocampal correlates of consummatory and observed behavior, Physiol. Behav., 3, 533, 10.1016/0031-9384(68)90007-3 Routtenberg, 1968, Hippocampal correlates of aversive midbrain stimulation, Science, 160, 1363, 10.1126/science.160.3834.1363 Routtenberg, 1973, Hippocampus and superior colliculus: congruent EEG activity demonstrated by a simple measure, Behav. Biol., 8, 801, 10.1016/S0091-6773(73)80122-1 Sainsbury, 1970, Hippocampal activity during natural behavior in the guinea pig, Physiol. Behav., 5, 317, 10.1016/0031-9384(70)90104-6 Sakai, 1973, Eye movements and hippocampal theta activity in cats, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 34, 547, 10.1016/0013-4694(73)90072-2 Sano, 1973, Eye movements and hippocampal theta activity in rats, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 35, 621, 10.1016/0013-4694(73)90215-0 Sano, 1970, Results of stimulation and destruction of the posterior hypothalamus in man, J. Neurosurg., 33, 689, 10.3171/jns.1970.33.6.0689 Scoville, 1957, Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippccampal lesions, J. Neurol., 20, 11 Segal, 1978, A correlation between hippocampal responses to interhemispheric stimulation, hippocampal slow rhythmic activity and behavior, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 45, 409, 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90192-X Semba, 1978, Phase of the theta wave in relation to different limb movements in awake rats, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 44, 61, 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90105-0 Smylie, 1977, Effects of scopolamine and atropine on hippocampal EEG in the cat, Neurosci. Abstr., 3, 206 Soulairac, 1965, Etude electrophysiologique des differentes phases de sommeil chez le rat, Arch. ital. Biol., 103, 469 Storm van Leeuwen, 1967, Relations entre les activites electriques cerebrales du chien, son comportement et sa direction d'attention, Act. Neurophysiol., 7, 167 Teitelbaum, 1975, Behaviorally evoked hippocampal theta waves: a cholinergic response, Science, 188, 1114, 10.1126/science.175440 Teitelbaum, 1971, Power spectral shifts in hippocampal EEG associated with conditioned locomotion in the rat, Physiol. Behav., 7, 545, 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90107-7 Teitelbaum, 1977, Classical conditioning of hippocampal theta patterns in the rat, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 91, 674, 10.1037/h0077344 Tonnesen, 1948, The absorption and distribution of atropine in rats, Acta pharmacol. (Kbh.), 4, 367, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1948.tb03358.x Urban, 1975, Inferior quality of RSA during paradoxical sleep in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus, Brain Research, 97, 362, 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90459-X Urban, 1976, Changes in excitability of the theta activity generating substrate oy ACTH-4-10 in the rat, Exp. Brain Res., 24, 325, 10.1007/BF00235019 Urban, 1978, Neuropeptides: effects on paradoxical sleep and theta rhythm in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 8, 51, 10.1016/0091-3057(78)90123-5 Usui, 1977, Effects of atropine upon the hippocampal electrical activity in rats with special reference to paradoxical sleep, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 42, 510, 10.1016/0013-4694(77)90214-0 Vanderwolf, 1969, Hippocampal electrical activity and voluntary movement in the rat, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 27, 407, 10.1016/0013-4694(69)90092-3 Vanderwolf, 1971, Limbic-diencephalic mechanisms of voluntary movement, Psychol. Rev., 78, 83, 10.1037/h0030672 Vanderwolf, 1975, Neocortical and hippocampal activation in relation to behavior: effects of atropine, eserine, phenothiazines and amphetamine, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 88, 300, 10.1037/h0076211 Vanderwolf, 1976, Hippocampal activity and scopolamine, Science, 192, 914, 10.1126/science.1273578 Vanderwolf, 1979, The role of the cerebral cortex and ascending activating systems in the control of behavior Vanderwolf, 1973, Diencephalic, hippocampal and neocortical mechanisms in voluntary movement, 229 Vanderwolf, 1974, Hippocampal electrical activity during long-continued avoidance performance: effects of fatigue, Physiol. Behav., 13, 819, 10.1016/0031-9384(74)90268-6 Vanderwolf, 1975, Hippocampal rhythmical slow activity and neocortical low voltage fast activity: relations to behavior, 101 Vanderwolf, 1978, Hippocampal electrical activity during waking behavior and sleep: analyses using centrally acting drugs, 199 Vertes, 1979, Brain stem gigantocellular neurons: patterns of activity during behavior and sleep in the freely moving rat, J. Neurophysiol., 42, 214, 10.1152/jn.1979.42.1.214 Whishaw, 1972, Hippocampal electroencephalographic activity in the Mongolian gerbil during natural behaviors and wheel running and in the rat during wheel running and conditioned immobility, Canad. J. Psychol., 26, 219, 10.1037/h0082431 Whishaw, 1976, The effects of alcohol and atropine on EEG and behavior in the rabbit, Psychopharmacology, 48, 83, 10.1007/BF00423311 Whishaw, 1978, Postnatal hippocampal granule cell agenesis in the rat: effects on two types of rhythmical slow activity (RSA) in two hippocampal generators, Brain Research, 146, 249, 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90972-1 Whishaw, 1976, Neuromuscular blockade: the effects on two hippocampal RSA (theta) systems and neocortical desynchronization, Brain Res. Bull., 1, 573, 10.1016/0361-9230(76)90084-8 Whishaw, 1972, Hippocampal activity, behavior, self-stimulation and heart rate during electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 79, 115, 10.1037/h0032534 Whishaw, 1975, Anterior hypothalamic electrical stimulation and hippocampal EEG in the rat. Suppressed EEG, locomotion, self-stimulation and inhibition of shock avoidance, Behav. Biol., 13, 1, 10.1016/S0091-6773(75)90733-6 Whishaw, 1976, Intraventricular anticholinergics do not block cholinergic hippocampal RSA or neocortical desynchronization in the rabbit or rat, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 5, 275, 10.1016/0091-3057(76)90079-4 Whishaw, 1977, Hippocampal RSA (theta), apnea, bradycardia and effects of atropine during underwater swimming in the rat, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 42, 389, 10.1016/0013-4694(77)90175-4 Whishaw, 1971, Hippocampal EEG and behavior: effects of variation in body temperature and relation of EEG to vibrissae movement, swimming and shivering, Physiol. Behav., 6, 391, 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90172-7 Whishaw, 1973, Hippocampal EEG and behavior: changes in amplitude and frequency of RSA (theta rhythm) associated with spontaneous and learned movement patterns in rats and cats, Behav. Biol., 8, 461, 10.1016/S0091-6773(73)80041-0 Winson, 1972, Interspecies differences in the occurrence of theta, Behav. Biol., 7, 479, 10.1016/S0091-6773(72)80210-4 Winson, 1974, Patterns of hippocampal theta rhythm in the freely moving rat, Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 37, 291, 10.1016/0013-4694(74)90171-0 Winson, 1975, The θ mode of hippocampal function, 169 Winson, 1976, Hippocampal theta rhythm.I. Depth profiles in the curarized rat, Brain Research, 103, 57, 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90686-7 Winson, 1976, Hippocampal theta rhythm. II. Depth profiles in the freely moving rabbit, Brain Research, 103, 71, 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90687-9 Yamaguchi, 1967, A study on the invasive hippocampal θ-waves to the cortex, Vol. 27, 353 Yoshii, 1966, Studies on the neuronal basis of behavior by continuous frequency analysis of EEG, Vol. 21A, 217 Young, 1976, Electrical activity of the dorsal hippocampus in rats operantly trained to lever press and to lick, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 90, 78, 10.1037/h0077257