Climate and evolutionary history define the phylogenetic diversity of vegetation types in the central region of South America
Tóm tắt
In South America the biogeographic history has produced different biomes with different vegetation types and distinct floras. As these vegetation types may diverge in evolutionary histories, we analysed how alpha and beta phylogenetic diversity vary across them and determine the main drivers of variation in phylogenetic diversity. To this end, we compiled a list of 205 sites and 1222 tree species spread over four biomes and eight vegetation types in central South America. For each site we evaluated six measures of evolutionary alpha diversity (species richness, phylogenetic diversity sensu stricto and the standardized effect size of phylogenetic diversity, mean phylogenetic distance and mean nearest taxon distance) and beta diversity (phylogenetic Sorensen’s similarity). We checked the influence of spatial and environmental variables using generalized least squares models. The greatest phylogenetic differentiation was found between west and east of central South America, mainly between the Chaco communities and the other vegetation types, suggesting that species found in this biome come from different lineages, comparing with the others vegetation types. Our results also showed a clustered phylogenetic structure for the Dry Chaco woodlands, which may be associated with harsh environmental conditions. In addition to historical process, climatic conditions are the main drivers shaping phylogenetic patterns among the distinct vegetation types. Understanding patterns of phylogenetic diversity and distribution can greatly improve conservation planning and management since it allows the conservation of unique biome characteristics.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barton K (2018) MuMIn: Multi-model inference. R. package version 1.43.6. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MuMIn/index.html. Accessed 04 Dec 2018
Bueno ML, Rezende VL, Pontara V, Oliveira-Filho AT (2017) Floristic distributional patterns in a diverse ecotonal area in South America. Plant Ecol 218:1171–1186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-017-0759-1
Bueno ML, Dexter KG, Pennington RT, Pontara V, Neves DM, Ratter JA, Oliveira-Filho AT (2018) The environmental triangle of the Cerrado domain: ecological factors driving shifts in tree species composition between forests and savannas. J Ecol 106:2109–2120. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12969
Cabrera AL (1976) Regiones Fitogeográficas Argentinas, 2nd edn. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardineria, Buenos Aires
Cadotte MW, Tucker CM (2017) Should environmental filtering be abandoned? Trends Ecol Evol 32:429–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.004
Callisto M, Goulart M (2005) Invertebrate drift along a longitudinal gradient in a neotropical stream Serra do Cipó National Park, Brazil. Hydrobiologia 539:47–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-3245-4
Cavender-Bares J, Ackerly DD, Baum DA, Bazzaz FA (2004) Phylogenetic overdispersion in Floridian oak communities. Am Nat 163:823–843. https://doi.org/10.1086/386375
Connolly J, Cadotte MW, Brophy C, Dooley A, Finn J, Kirwan L, Roscher C, Weigelt A (2011) Phylogenetically diverse grasslands are associated with pairwise interspecific processes that increase biomass. Ecology 92:1385–1392. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2270.1
Conord C, Gurevitch J, Fady B (2012) Large-scale longitudinal gradients of genetic diversity: a meta-analysis across six phyla in the Mediterranean basin. Ecol Evol 2:2600–2614. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.350
Corbelli JM, Zurita GA, Filloy J, Galvis JP, Vespa NI, Bellocq I (2015) Integrating taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic beta diversities: interactive effects with the biome and land use across taxa. PLoS One 10:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126854
Coyle JR, Halliday FW, Lopez BE, Palmquist KA, Wilfahrt PA, Hurlbert AH (2014) Using trait and phylogenetic diversity to evaluate the generality of the stress-dominance hypothesis in eastern North American tree communities. Ecography 37:814–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.00473
Crisp MD, Cook LG (2011) Cenozoic extinctions account for the low diversity of extant gymnosperms compared with angiosperms. New Phytol 192:997–1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03862.x
Crisp MD, Cook LG (2012) Phylogenetic niche conservatism: what are the underlying evolutionary and ecological causes? New Phytol 196:681–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04298.x
Faith DP (1992) Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol Conserv 61:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)91201-3
Fox J, Weisberg S, Adler D, Bates D, Baud-Bovy G, Ellison S, Firth D, Friendly M, Gorjanc, G, Graves S, Heiberger R (2018) Car: companion to applied regression. R. package version 3.0–3. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/car/index.html. Accessed 10 Dec 2018
Gerhold P, Cahill JF Jr, Winter M, Bartish I, Prinzing A (2015) Phylogenetic patterns are not proxies of community assembly mechanisms (they are far better). Funct Ecol 29:600–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12425
Grime JP (1977) Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Am Nat 111:1169–1194
Hijmans RJ, Cameron SE, Parra JL, Jones PG, Jarvis A (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol 25:1965–1978
Honorio-Coronado EN, Dexter KG, Pennington RT, Chave J, Lewis SL, Alexiades MN, Alvarez E, Alves de Oliveira A, Amaral IL, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Aymard GA, Baraloto C, Bonal D, Brienen R, Cerón C, Cornejo Valverde F, Di Fiore A, Farfan-Rios W, Feldpausch TR, Higuchi N, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, López-Gonzalez G, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Neill D, Palacios Cuenca W, Peñuela Mora MC, Pitman NCA, Prieto A, Quesada CA, Ramirez Angulo H, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Salinas Revilla N, Salomão RP, Segalin de Andrade A, Silman MR, Spironello W, ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Toledo M, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Vieira ICG, Vilanova Torre E, Vos V, Phillips OL, Fitzpatrick MC (2015) Phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian tree communities. Divers Distrib 21(11):1295–1307
Jin Y, Qian H (2019) V.PhyloMaker: an R package that can generate very large phylogenies for vascular plants. Ecography 42:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04434
Kembel SW, Cowan PD, Helmus MR, Cornwell WK, Morlon H, Ackerly DD, Blomberg SP, Webb CO (2010) Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics 26:1463–1464. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq166
Kraft NJB, Cornwell WK, Webb CO, Ackerly DD (2007) Trait evolution, community assembly, and the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities. Am Nat 170:271–283. https://doi.org/10.1086/519400
Kraft NJB, Adler PB, Godoy O, James EC, Fuller S, Levine JM (2015) Community assembly, coexistence and the environmental filtering metaphor. Funct Ecol 29:592–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12345
MacArthur R, Levins R (1967) The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. Am Nat 101:377–385
Mazel F, Davies TJ, Gallien L, Renaud J, Groussin M, Münkemüller T, Thuiller W (2016) Influence of tree shape and evolutionary time-scale on phylogenetic diversity metrics. Ecography 39:913–920. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01694
Miazaki AS, Gastauer M, Meira Neto JAA (2015) Environmental severity promotes phylogenetic clustering in campo rupestre vegetation. Acta Bot Bras 29:563–568. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062015abb0136
Morello J (1958) La provincia fitogeográfica del Monte. Opera Lilloana 2:5–155
Muñoz MC, Schaefer HM, Böhning-Gaese K, Schleuning M (2017) Importance of animal and plant traits for fruit removal and seedling recruitment in a tropical forest. Oikos 126:823–832. https://doi.org/10.12761/SGN.2016.01.023
Neves DM, Dexter KG, Pennington RT, Valente ASM, Bueno ML, Eisenlohr PV, Fontes MAL, Miranda PLS, Moreira SN, Rezende VL, Saiter FS, Oliveira-Filho AT (2017) Dissecting a biodiversity hotspot: the importance of environmentally marginal habitats in the Atlantic Semideciduous Forest Domain of South America. Divers Distrib 23:898–909. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12581
Nori J, Torres R, Lescano JN, Cordier JM, Periago ME, Baldo D (2016) Protected areas and spatial conservation priorities for endemic vertebrates of the Gran Chaco, one of the most threatened ecoregions of the world. Divers Distrib 22:1212–1219. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12497
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, McGlinn D, Minchin PR, O’Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MH, Szoecs E, Wagner H (2019) vegan: Community ecology package. R. package version 2.5. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan. Accessed 12 Jun 2019
Oliveira-Filho AT (2015) Um Sistema de classificação fisionômico-ecológica da vegetação Neotropical. In: Eisenlohr PV, Felfili JM, Melo MMRF, Andrade LA, Meira-Neto JAA (eds) Fitossociologia no Brasil: Métodos e estudos de casos. Editora UFV, Viçosa, pp 452–473
Oliveira-Filho A, Fontes M (2000) Patterns of floristic differentiation among Atlantic semideciduous forests in Southeastern Brazil and the influence of climate. Biotropica 32:793–810. https://doi.org/10.1646/0006-3606(2000)032%5b0793:pofdaa%5d2.0.co;2
Pennington RT, Prado DE, Pendry CA (2000) Neotropical seasonally dry forests and quaternary vegetation changes. J Biogeogr 27:261–273. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00397.x
Pennington RT, Lavin M, Prado DE, Pendry CT, Pell SK, Butterworth CH (2004) Historical climate change and speciation: neotropical seasonally dry forest plants show patterns of both tertiary and quaternary diversification. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:315–338. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1435
Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, R Core Team (2017) nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R.package version 3.1–131. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme. Accessed 14 May 2018
Prado DE (1991) A critical evaluation of the floristic links between Chaco and Caatingas vegetation in South America. PhD dissertation, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
Prado DE (1993) What is the Gran Chaco vegetation in South America? I. A review. Candollea 48:14–172
Prado DE, Gibbs PE (1993) Patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of South America. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 80(4):902–927
Qian H (2001) A comparison of generic endemism of vascular plants between East Asia and North America. Int J Plant Sci 162:191–199. https://doi.org/10.1086/317909
Qian H, Chen SH, Zhang JL (2017) Disentangling environmental and spatial effects on phylogenetic structure of angiosperm tree communities in China. Sci Rep 7:5864. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04679-5
Quinn GP, Keough MJ (2002) Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
R Core Team (2019) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/. Accessed 12 Jun 2019
Rezende VL, Bueno ML, Eisenlohr PV, Oliveira-Filho AT (2018) Patterns of tree species variation across southern South America are shaped by environmental factors and historical process. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 34:10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2018.07.002
Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Lumbreras JF, Coelho MR, Almeida JÁ, Cunha TJF, Oliveira JB (2013) Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. Embrapa, Brasília
Silva de Miranda PL, Oliveira-Filho AT, Pennington RT, Neves DM, Baker TR, Dexter KG (2018) Using tree species inventories to map biomes and assess their climatic overlaps in lowland tropical South America. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 27:899–912. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12749
Simberloff DS (1970) Taxonomic diversity of island biotas. Evolution 24:23–47
Smith TW, Lundholm JT (2010) Variation partitioning as a tool to distinguish between niche and neutral processes. Ecography 33:648–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.06105.x
Swenson NG, Enquist BJ (2009) Opposing assembly mechanisms in a neotropical dry forest: implications for phylogenetic and functional community ecology. Ecology 90:2161–2170. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1025.1
Thieltges DW, Hof C, Borregaard MK, Dehling DM, Brandle M, Brandl R, Poulin R (2011) Range size patterns in European freshwater trematodes. Ecography 34:982–989. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06268.x
Tsirogiannis C, Sandel B (2016) Fast computations for measures of phylogenetic beta diversity. PLoS One 11:e0151167. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151167
Ulrich W, Fattorini S (2013) Longitudinal gradients in the phylogenetic community structure of European Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) do not coincide with the major routes of postglacial colonization. Ecography 36:1106–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00188.x
Walter H (1985) Vegetation of the earth and ecological systems of the geo-biosphere. Springer, Berlin
Webb CO (2000) Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: an example for rain forest trees. Am Nat 156:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1086/303378
Webb CO, Ackerly DD, McPeek MA, Donoghue MJ (2002) Phylogenies and community ecology. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 33(1):475–505
Zomer RJ, Trabucco A, Bossio DA, van Straaten O, Verchot LV (2008) Climate change mitigation: a spatial analysis of global land suitability for clean development mechanism afforestation and reforestation. Agric Ecosyst Environ 126:67–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.014