Population structure of tree species in forests as an indicator of regeneration and future stability
Tóm tắt
The size class distribution in tree populations will continue to be used for analysing the regeneration of tree species and successional patterns in forest communities at extensive levels. However, information regarding the approximate estimates of lifetime expectancy (residence time) for each of the size classes, viz seedlings, saplings and trees, and the estimates of rate of net gain for them (population divided by residence time) can considerably enhance our understanding of the regeneration trends of species. It is shown that several population structures, based on size class distribution may indicate declining population trend, although the population, as indicated by rate of net gain parameter, in fact may foretell future expansion or stability. It appears that high species richness and high percentages of species with poor regeneration are interrelated with each other.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alexandre D Y 1984 Strata in tropical rain-forest at Tai (Ivory Coast); inTropical rain forest (eds) A C Chadwick and S L Sutton Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Central Museum. Calverley Street, Leeds LS1 3AA, UK
Aubreville A 1938 La foret coloniale: las forarts de 1 Afrique occidentale Francaise;Ann. Acad. Sci. Col. Paris 9 1–248
Brokaw N 1984 Gap-phase regeneration in a Panamanian forest; inTropical rain forest (eds) A C Chadwick and S L Sutton Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Central Museum. Calverley Street, Leeds LS1 3AA, UK
Collins S 1962 Three decades of change in an unmanaged Connecticut Woodland;Conn. Agric. Exp. St. New Haven Bull. 653 32
Dosso H, Guillaumet J L and Hadley M 1981 The Tai project: Landuse problems in a tropical rain forest;Ambio 10 120–125
Ediln L H 1976The natural history of trees (London: Weidenfield and Nicolson) p 269
de Foresta 1984 Heterogeneity in early tropical rain-forest regeneration after cutting and burning: ARBOCEL, French Guiana; inTropical trees as living systems (eds) P B Tomlinson and M H Zimmermann (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press)
Grime J P 1977 Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory;Am. Nat. 3 1169–1194
Golley F B, McGinnis J T, Clement R G, Child G I and Duever M J 1969 The Structure of tropical forest in Panama and Columbia;BioScience 19 693–694
Good N F and Good R E 1972 Population dynamics of tree seedlings and saplings in mature eastern hardwood forests;Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 99 172–178
Guillaumet J L and Kalin F 1979 Description des vegetations forestieres tropicales: approche morphologique et structurale;Candollea 34 109–131
Halle F, Oldeman R A A and Tomlinson P M 1978Tropical trees and forests—an architectural analysis. (Berlin: Springer Verlag) p 441
Harper J L 1977Population biology of plants (London: Academic Press) p 892
Hartshorn G S 1972The Ecological Life history and population dynamics of Pentacletbra macroloba a tropical wet forest dominant and Strypbnodendron excelsum, an occasional associate, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Washington, Seattle, USA
Hartshorn G S 1975 A matrix model of tree population dynamics; inTropical ecology systems: Trends in terrestrial and aquatic research (eds) F B Golley and F Medina (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp 41–51
Hartshorn G S 1978 Tree fall and tropical forest dynamics; inTropical Trees as living system (eds) P B Tomlinson and M H Zimmermann (London: Cambridge University Press) pp 617–638
Hartshorn G S 1980 Neotropical forest dynamics;Biotropica 12 23–30
Horn H S 1974 The ecology of secondary succession;Annu. Rev. Eco. Syst. 5 25–37
Horn H S 1975a Markovian process of forest succession; inEcology and evolution of communities (eds) M L Cody and J M Dimond (Cambridge: Harvard University Press) pp 196–211
Horn H S 1975b Forest succession;Sci. Am. 232 90–98
Kartawinata K, Adisoematro S, Riswan S and Vayda A 1981 The impact of man on a tropical forest in Indonesia;Ambio 10 115–119
Knight D H 1975 A phytosociological analysis of species rich tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island Panama;Ecol. Monogr. 45 259–284
Kozlowaski T T 1971Growth and development of trees (New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press)
Leigh E G Jr 1975 Structure and climate in tropical rain forest;Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 6 67–86
McIntosh R P 1980 The relationship between succession and the recovery in ecosystem; inThe recovery process in damaged ecosystem (ed) J Crains Jr (Michigan: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.) pp 11–62
Ng F S P 1978 Strategies of establishment in Malayan forest trees; inTropical trees as living systems (eds) P B Tomlinson and M H Zimmermann (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press) Chap. 6
Odum E P 1969 The strategy of ecosystem development;Science 164 262–270
Odum E P 1971Fundamentals of Ecology (Philadelphia: W B Saunders) p 574
Oldeman R A A 1974L’architecture de la forest guyanaise Mem. ORSTOM 73, Paris
Pires J M and Prance S T 1977 The American forest a natural heritage to be preserved; inExtinction of forest: The status of threatened and endangered plants of the America (eds) S T Prance and T S Elias (New York: New York Botanical Garden)
Rao P B 1985Regeneration of some trees of western Kumaun Himalaya, Ph.D. thesis, Kumaun University, Naini Tal
Richard P W 1952The tropical rain forest (London: Cambridge University Press)
Rodin E L and Bazilevich N I 1967 Production and mineral cycling in terrestrial vegetation (London: Oliver and Boyd)
Saxena A K 1979Ecology of vegetation complex of north-western catchment of river Gaula, Ph.D. thesis, Kumaun University, Naini Tal
Saxena A K and Singh J S 1985 Tree population structure of certain Himalayan forest association and implications concerning their future composition;Vegetatio 58 61–69
Singh R S 1986 Phytosociology and population structure of mixed-oak conifer forest of Kumaun Himalaya. M.Sc. dessertation, Kumaun University, Naini Tal
Singh S P 1986 An ecodevelopment model for Central Himalaya. In: River Gaula Catchment Ecodevelopment (Central Himalaya) Project (1984–85) (ed) S P Singh Dept. of Environment, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Singh S P, Ralhan P K and Tewari J C 1985 Stability of Himalayan Climax Oak forests in view of resilience hypothesis;Environ. Conservation 12 73–75
Singh J S, Singh S P, Saxena A K and Rawat Y S 1984a The forest vegetation of silent valley, India; inTropical rain forest, Leeds Symposium, Proceedings England pp 25–52
Singh J S, Singh S P, Saxena A K and Rawat Y S 1984b India’s silent valley and its threatened rain forest ecosystem;Environ. Conservation 11 223–233
Singh J S and Singh S P 1984 An integrated Ecological study of eastern Kumaun Himalaya, with emphasis on Natural Resources, Final report (HCS/DST/187/76) Vol. 2, Kumaun Himalaya, Nainital
Tewari J C 1982Vegetational analysis along altitudinal gradients around Naini Tal Ph.D. thesis Kumaun University Naini Tal
Tomlinson P B and Zimmermann 1978Tropical trees as living systems, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press) p 675
Troup R S 1921The silviculture of Indian trees. (Oxford: Clarendon Press) Vols I–III, p 1195
Upreti N 1982A study on phytosociology and state of regeneration of oak forests of Naini Tal, Ph.D. thesis, Kumaun University Naini Tal
Upreti N, Tewari J C and Singh S P 1985 Oak forests of Kumaun Himalaya; Composition, diversity and regeneration;Mt. Res. Dev. USA 5 163–174
Whitmore T C 1975Tropical rain forest of far east (Oxford: Clarendon Press) p 282
Whittaker R H 1975Communities and ecosystems, 2nd edition (New York: McMillan Publishing Co., Inc.)