Review of natural gas hydrates as an energy resource: Prospects and challenges

Applied Energy - Tập 162 - Trang 1633-1652 - 2016
Zheng Rong Chong1, She Hern Bryan Yang1, Ponnivalavan Babu1, Praveen Linga1, Xiao‐Sen Li2,3
1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117 585, Singapore
2Guangzhou Center for Gas Hydrate Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
3Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

E.I.A. US. Annual energy outlook 2013. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy; 2013.

ExxonMobil. The outlook for energy: a view to 2040; 2014.

I.E.A. World energy outlook. Paris, France. International Energy Agency; 2013.

IPCC. Summary for policymakers. In: Climate change 2007: mitigation. Contribution of working group III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In: Metz ORD B, Bosch PR, Dave R, Meyer LA, editors. United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 2007.

E.I.A. US. Carbon dioxide emissions coefficients. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy; 2013.

I.E.A. World energy outlook special report: are we entering the golden age of gas? Paris, France: International Energy Agency; 2011.

E.I.A. US. Annual energy outlook 2012. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy; 2012.

Makogon, 1965, A gas hydrate formation in the gas saturated layers under low temperature, Gazov Promst, 5, 14

Makogon, 2007, Natural gas-hydrates – a potential energy source for the 21st century, J Petrol Sci Eng, 56, 14, 10.1016/j.petrol.2005.10.009

Buffett, 2000, Clathrate hydrates, Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci, 28, 477, 10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.477

Boswell, 2011, Current perspectives on gas hydrate resources, Energy Environ Sci, 4, 1206, 10.1039/C0EE00203H

Komatsu, 2013, Review of CO2–CH4 clathrate hydrate replacement reaction laboratory studies – properties and kinetics, J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng, 44, 517, 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.03.010

Sun, 2014, A review on simulation models for exploration and exploitation of natural gas hydrate, Arab J Geosci, 7, 2199, 10.1007/s12517-014-1294-1

Song, 2014, The status of natural gas hydrate research in China: a review, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 31, 778, 10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.025

Lu, 2015, A global survey of gas hydrate development and reserves: specifically in the marine field, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 41, 884, 10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.063

Davidson, 1973, Clathrate hydrates, 115

Englezos, 1993, Clathrate hydrates, Ind Eng Chem Res, 32, 1251, 10.1021/ie00019a001

Sloan, 2008

Veluswamy, 2014, Hydrogen storage in clathrate hydrates: current state of the art and future directions, Appl Energy, 122, 112, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.063

Cicerone, 1988, Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane, Global Biogeochem Cycles, 2, 299, 10.1029/GB002i004p00299

Kirschke, 2013, Three decades of global methane sources and sinks, Nat Geosci, 6, 813, 10.1038/ngeo1955

Whiticar, 1986, Biogenic methane formation in marine and freshwater environments: CO2 reduction vs. acetate fermentation-isotope evidence, Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 50, 693, 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90346-7

Seol, 2013, Natural gas hydrate as a potential energy resource. From occurrence to production, Korean J Chem Eng, 30, 771, 10.1007/s11814-013-0033-8

Zatsepina, 1997, Phase equilibrium of gas hydrate: Implications for the formation of hydrate in the deep sea floor, Geophys Res Lett, 24, 1567, 10.1029/97GL01599

Buffett, 2000, Formation of gas hydrate from dissolved gas in natural porous media, Mar Geol, 164, 69, 10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00127-9

Rempel, 1997, Formation and accumulation of gas hydrate in porous media, J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 102, 10151, 10.1029/97JB00392

Waite, 2009, Physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments, Rev Geophys, 47, RG4003, 10.1029/2008RG000279

Subramanian, 2000, Evidence of structure II hydrate formation from methane plus ethane mixtures, Chem Eng Sci, 55, 1981, 10.1016/S0009-2509(99)00389-9

Lu, 2007, Complex gas hydrate from the Cascadia margin, Nature, 445, 303, 10.1038/nature05463

Kang, 2008, Phase behavior of methane and carbon dioxide hydrates in meso- and macro-sized porous media, Fluid Phase Equilib, 274, 68, 10.1016/j.fluid.2008.09.003

Uchida, 2002, Effects of pore sizes on dissociation temperatures and pressures of methane, carbon dioxide, and propane hydrates in porous media, J Phys Chem B, 106, 820, 10.1021/jp012823w

Dickens, 1997, Methane hydrate stability in pore water: a simple theoretical approach for geophysical applications, J Geophys Res B: Solid Earth, 102, 773, 10.1029/96JB02941

Babu, 2013, Morphology of methane hydrate formation in porous media, Energy Fuels, 27, 3364, 10.1021/ef4004818

Dickens, 1994, Methane hydrate stability in seawater, Geophys Res Lett, 21, 2115, 10.1029/94GL01858

Milkov, 2000, Gas hydrates at minimum stability water depths in the Gulf of Mexico: significance to geohazard assessment

Buffett, 2004, Global inventory of methane clathrate: sensitivity to changes in the deep ocean, Earth Planet Sci Lett, 227, 185, 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.005

Haacke, 2007, Gas hydrate, fluid flow and free gas: formation of the bottom-simulating reflector, Earth Planet Sci Lett, 261, 407, 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.008

Collett, 2012, Gulf of Mexico gas hydrate joint industry project leg II logging-while-drilling data acquisition and analysis, Mar Pet Geol, 34, 41, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.08.003

Ryu, 2013, Scientific results of the second gas hydrate drilling expedition in the Ulleung basin (UBGH2), Mar Pet Geol, 47, 1, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.07.007

Ashi, 2002, Distribution of methane hydrate BSRs and its implication for the prism growth in the Nankai Trough, Mar Geol, 187, 177, 10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00265-7

Liu C, Ye Y, Meng Q, He X, Li C. Characterization of natural gas hydrate recovered from both marine and terrestrial regions in China: laboratory studies. In: Proc int'l conf gas hydrates. Beijing; 2014. p. T1–158.

Brooks, 1984, Thermogenic gas hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico, Science, 225, 409, 10.1126/science.225.4660.409

Diaconescu, 2002

Diaconescu, 2001, Geophysical evidence for gas hydrates in the deep water of the south Caspian Basin, Azerbaijan, Mar Pet Geol, 18, 209, 10.1016/S0264-8172(00)00061-1

Pohlman, 2005, The origin of thermogenic gas hydrates on the northern Cascadia Margin as inferred from isotopic (13C/12C and D/H) and molecular composition of hydrate and vent gas, Org Geochem, 36, 703, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.01.011

Makogon, 2013, Commercial gas production from Messoyakha deposit in hydrate conditions, J Nat Gas Sci Eng, 11, 1, 10.1016/j.jngse.2012.08.002

Trofimuk, 1975, The biogenic methane resources in the oceans, Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR, 225, 936

Milkov, 2004, Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments: how much is really out there?, Earth Sci Rev, 66, 183, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2003.11.002

Kvenvolden, 1988, Methane hydrate — a major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere?, Chem Geol, 71, 41, 10.1016/0009-2541(88)90104-0

Macdonald, 1990, The future of methane as an energy resource, Annu Rev Energy, 15, 53, 10.1146/annurev.eg.15.110190.000413

Gornitz, 1994, Potential distribution of methane hydrates in the world’s oceans, Global Biogeochem Cycles, 8, 335, 10.1029/94GB00766

Kvenvolden, 1999, Potential effects of gas hydrate on human welfare, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 96, 3420, 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3420

Klauda, 2005, Global distribution of methane hydrate in ocean sediment, Energy Fuels, 19, 459, 10.1021/ef049798o

Johnson, 2011

Archer, 2009, Ocean methane hydrates as a slow tipping point in the global carbon cycle, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 106, 20596, 10.1073/pnas.0800885105

Dickens, 1997, Direct measurement of in situ methane quantities in a large gas-hydrate reservoir

Soloviev, 2002, Global estimation of gas content in submarine gas hydrate accumulations, Russ Geol Geophys, 43, 609

Collett T. The gas hydrate petroleum system. In: Proc int'l conf on gas hydrates. Beijing; 2014.

Tréhu, 2004, Three-dimensional distribution of gas hydrate beneath southern hydrate ridge: constraints from ODP Leg 204, Earth Planet Sci Lett, 222, 845, 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.035

Holbrook, 1996, Methane hydrate and free gas on the Blake ridge from vertical seismic profiling, Science, 273, 1840, 10.1126/science.273.5283.1840

Koh, 2012, State of the art: natural gas hydrates as a natural resource, J Nat Gas Sci Eng, 8, 132, 10.1016/j.jngse.2012.01.005

Tsujii, 2009, Methane hydrate occurrence and distribution in the eastern Nankai Trough, Japan: findings of the Tokai-oki to Kumano-nada methane-hydrate drilling program, AAPG Mem, 89, 228

Riedel, 2006, Stages of gas hydrate evolution on the Northern Cascadia Margin, Proc Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 311

Suess, 2001, Sea floor methane hydrates at hydrate ridge, Cascadia margin, Nat Gas Hydrates: Occurrence, Distribution, Dyn, 124, 87

Boswell R, Collett T, McConnell D, Frye M, Shedd W, Mrozewski S, et al. Proc offshore technology conference; 2010.

Sassen, 2001, Stability of thermogenic gas hydrate in the Gulf of Mexico: constraints on models of climate change, Nat Gas Hydrates: Occurrence, Distribution Detection, 124, 131

Collett T, Riedel M, Cochran J, Boswell R, Presley J, Kumar P, et al. Proc int’l conference on gas hydrates; 2008.

Hadley C, Peters D, Vaughan A, Bean D. Proc int’l petroleum technology conference; 2008.

Bahk, 2009, Occurrence of near-seafloor gas hydrates and associated cold vents in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, Geosci J, 13, 371, 10.1007/s12303-009-0039-8

Bonnefoy, 2005, Van der Waals interactions in systems involving gas hydrates, Fluid Phase Equilib, 231, 176, 10.1016/j.fluid.2005.02.004

Handa, 1986, Compositions, enthalpies of dissociation, and heat capacities in the range 85–270K for clathrate hydrates of methane, ethane, and propane, and enthalpy of dissociation of isobutane hydrate, as determined by a heat-flow calorimeter, J Chem Thermodyn, 18, 915, 10.1016/0021-9614(86)90149-7

Holder, 1982, Thermodynamic evaluation of thermal recovery of gas from hydrates in the earth, JPT, J Pet Technol, 34, 1127, 10.2118/8929-PA

Waite, 2007, Simultaneous determination of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat in sI methane hydrate, Geophys J Int, 169, 767, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03382.x

Santamarina, 2010, The impact of hydrate saturation on the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of hydrate-bearing sand, silts, and clay, Geophys Charact Gas Hydrates, Geophys Dev Ser, 14, 373, 10.1190/1.9781560802197.ch26

Waite, 2006, Estimating thermal diffusivity and specific heat from needle probe thermal conductivity data, Rev Sci Instrum, 77

Huang, 2004, Thermal conductivity of methane hydrate formed from sodium dodecyl sulfate solution, J Chem Eng Data, 49, 1479, 10.1021/je0498098

Cook, 1983, An exploratory study of the thermal conductivity of methane hydrate, Geophys Res Lett, 10, 397, 10.1029/GL010i005p00397

Cook, 1983, An exploratory study of the thermal conductivity of methane hydrate, Geophys Res Lett, 10, 397, 10.1029/GL010i005p00397

Lide DR. Section 6: Fluid properties; CRC handbook of chemistry and physics; 2005.

Incropera, 1996

Henninges, 2005, In situ thermal conductivity of gas-hydrate–bearing sediments of the Mallik 5L-38 well, J Geophys Res B: Solid Earth, 110, 1, 10.1029/2005JB003734

Chuvilin E, Bukhanov B. The effect of freezing and melting on the thermal conductivity of gas hydrate saturated sediments. In: Proc int'l conf on gas hydrates. Beijing; 2014.

Li, 2010, Seafloor in-situ heat flow measurements in the deep-water area of the northern slope, South China Sea, Chin J Geophys (Acta Geophys Sinica), 53, 2161

Cortes, 2009, Thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediments, J Geophys Res B: Solid Earth, 114

Handa, 1986, Calorimetric determinations of the compositions, enthalpies of dissociation, and heat capacities in the range 85–270K for clathrate hydrates of xenon and krypton, J Chem Thermodyn, 18, 891, 10.1016/0021-9614(86)90124-2

Shimada, 2005, Texture change of ice on anomalously preserved methane clathrate hydrate, J Phys Chem B, 109, 5802, 10.1021/jp044624t

Komai, 2004, In situ Raman spectroscopy investigation of the dissociation of methane hydrate at temperatures just below the ice point, J Phys Chem B, 108, 8062, 10.1021/jp0310955

Stern, 2001, Anomalous preservation of pure methane hydrate at 1 atm, J Phys Chem B, 105, 1756, 10.1021/jp003061s

Zhang, 2008, Ultra-stability of gas hydrates at 1 atm and 268.2 K, Chem Eng Sci, 63, 2066, 10.1016/j.ces.2008.01.008

Sato, 2013, Self-preservation of methane hydrate revealed immediately below the eutectic temperature of the mother electrolyte solution, Chem Eng Sci, 91, 86, 10.1016/j.ces.2013.01.014

Kida, 2014, Pressurization effects on methane hydrate dissociation, Jpn J Appl Phys, 53

Wen, 2013, Research progress on hydrate self-preservation effect applied to storage and transportation of natural gas, Adv Mater Res, 795, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.772.795

Selim, 1989, Heat and mass transfer during the dissociation of hydrates in porous media, AIChE J, 35, 1049, 10.1002/aic.690350620

Tsypkin, 2000

Ahmadi, 2004, Numerical solution for natural gas production from methane hydrate dissociation, J Petrol Sci Eng, 41, 269, 10.1016/j.profnurs.2003.09.004

Kowalsky, 2007, Comparison of kinetic and equilibrium reaction models in simulating gas hydrate behavior in porous media, Energy Convers Manage, 48, 1850, 10.1016/j.enconman.2007.01.017

Moridis, 2003, Numerical studies of gas production from methane hydrates, SPE J, 8, 359, 10.2118/87330-PA

Moridis, 2004, Numerical studies of gas production from several CH4 hydrate zones at the Mallik site, Mackenzie Delta, Canada, J Petrol Sci Eng, 43, 219, 10.1016/j.petrol.2004.02.015

Moridis, 2007, Gas production potential of disperse low-saturation hydrate accumulations in oceanic sediments, Energy Convers Manage, 48, 1834, 10.1016/j.enconman.2007.01.023

Pooladi-Darvish, 2004, Gas production from hydrate reservoirs and its modeling, JPT, J Pet Technol, 56, 65, 10.2118/86827-JPT

Tang, 2005, Experimental investigation of production behavior of gas hydrate under thermal stimulation in unconsolidated sediment, Energy Fuels, 19, 2402, 10.1021/ef050223g

Pang, 2009, Methane hydrate dissociation experiment in a middle-sized quiescent reactor using thermal method, Fuel, 88, 497, 10.1016/j.fuel.2008.11.002

Linga, 2009, Recovery of methane from hydrate formed in a variable volume bed of silica sand particles, Energy Fuels, 23, 5508, 10.1021/ef900543v

Mekala, 2014, Formation and dissociation kinetics of methane hydrates in seawater and silica sand, Energy Fuels, 28, 2708, 10.1021/ef402445k

Zhao, 2012, Heat transfer analysis of methane hydrate sediment dissociation in a closed reactor by a thermal method, Energies, 5, 1292, 10.3390/en5051292

Misyura, 2013, Effect of heat transfer on the kinetics of methane hydrate dissociation, Chem Phys Lett, 583, 34, 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.08.010

Fitzgerald, 2013, Thermal stimulation based methane production from hydrate bearing quartz sediment, Ind Eng Chem Res, 52, 6571, 10.1021/ie400025f

Nakoryakov, 2013, Combustion of methane hydrates, J Eng Thermophys, 22, 87, 10.1134/S181023281302001X

Moridis GJ, Reagan MT. Strategies for gas production from oceanic class 3 hydrate accumulations. 2007 Offshore technology conference; 2007.

Islam, 1994, A new recovery technique for gas production from Alaskan gas hydrates, J Petrol Sci Eng, 11, 267, 10.1016/0920-4105(94)90046-9

Li, 2008, In situ hydrate dissociation using microwave heating: preliminary study, Energy Convers Manage, 49, 2207, 10.1016/j.enconman.2008.01.031

Castaldi, 2007, Down-hole combustion method for gas production from methane hydrates, J Petrol Sci Eng, 56, 176, 10.1016/j.petrol.2006.03.031

Cranganu, 2009, In-situ thermal stimulation of gas hydrates, J Petrol Sci Eng, 65, 76, 10.1016/j.petrol.2008.12.028

Fitzgerald, 2012, Large scale reactor details and results for the formation and decomposition of methane hydrates via thermal stimulation dissociation, J Petrol Sci Eng, 94–95, 19, 10.1016/j.petrol.2012.06.018

Kim, 1987, Kinetics of methane hydrate decomposition, Chem Eng Sci, 42, 1645, 10.1016/0009-2509(87)80169-0

Sung, 2000, Development and application of gas hydrate reservoir simulator based on depressurizing mechanism, Korean J Chem Eng, 17, 344, 10.1007/BF02699051

Gamwo, 2010, Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of methane production in a hydrate reservoir, Ind Eng Chem Res, 49, 5231, 10.1021/ie901452v

Hong, 2005, Simulation of depressurization for gas production from gas hydrate reservoirs, J Can Pet Technol, 44, 39, 10.2118/05-11-03

Jamaluddin, 1989, Modelling of decomposition of a synthetic core of methane gas hydrate by coupling intrinsic kinetics with heat transfer rates, Can J Chem Eng, 67, 948, 10.1002/cjce.5450670613

Konno, 2010, Key factors for depressurization-induced gas production from oceanic methane hydrates, Energy Fuels, 24, 1762, 10.1021/ef901115h

Konno, 2010, Numerical analysis of the dissociation experiment of naturally occurring gas hydrate in sediment cores obtained at the eastern Nankai Trough, Japan, Energy Fuels, 24, 6353, 10.1021/ef1008727

Liu, 2009, Simulation of methane production from hydrates by depressurization and thermal stimulation, Ind Eng Chem Res, 48, 2451, 10.1021/ie8005275

Sean, 2007, CFD and experimental study on methane hydrate dissociation Part I. Dissociation under water flow, AIChE J, 53, 262, 10.1002/aic.11060

Sun, 2005, 1-D modeling of hydrate depressurization in porous media, Transp Porous Media, 58, 315, 10.1007/s11242-004-1410-x

Zhao, 2013, Numerical simulation of gas production from hydrate deposits using a single vertical well by depressurization in the Qilian Mountain permafrost, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, Energy, 52, 308, 10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.066

Ji, 2001, Natural gas production from hydrate decomposition by depressurization, Chem Eng Sci, 56, 5801, 10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00265-2

Zhao, 2012, Mathematical model and simulation of gas hydrate reservoir decomposition by depressurization, Modèle mathématique et simulation de dépressurisation et de décompression d’un réservoir d’hydrates de méthane, 67, 379

Yan, 2013, Molecular dynamics simulation of methane hydrate dissociation by depressurisation, Mol Simul, 39, 251, 10.1080/08927022.2012.718437

Circone, 2000, Methane hydrate dissociation rates at 0.1MPa and temperatures above 272K, Ann N. Y. Acad Sci, 912, 544, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06809.x

Kono, 2002, Synthesis of methane gas hydrate in porous sediments and its dissociation by depressurizing, Powder Technol, 122, 239, 10.1016/S0032-5910(01)00420-X

Tang, 2007, Control mechanisms for gas hydrate production by depressurization in different scale hydrate reservoirs, Energy Fuels, 21, 227, 10.1021/ef0601869

Yousif, 1991, Experimental and theoretical investigation of methane-gas-hydrate dissociation in porous media, SPE Reservoir Eng, 6, 69, 10.2118/18320-PA

Sung, 2003, Experimental investigation of production behaviors of methane hydrate saturated in porous rock, Energy Sources, 25, 845, 10.1080/00908310390207873

Oyama, 2009, Dependence of depressurization-induced dissociation of methane hydrate bearinglaboratory cores on heat transfer, Energy Fuels, 23, 4995, 10.1021/ef900179y

Haligva, 2010, Recovery of methane from a variable-volume bed of silica sand/hydrate by depressurization, Energy Fuels, 24, 2947, 10.1021/ef901220m

Tsypkin, 2005, Effect of decomposition of a gas hydrate on the gas recovery from a reservoir containing hydrate and gas in the free state, Fluid Dyn, 40, 117, 10.1007/s10697-005-0050-3

Zhou, 2009, Experimental investigation of methane gas production from methane hydrate, Ind Eng Chem Res, 48, 3142, 10.1021/ie801004z

Li, 2011, Experimental investigation into the production behavior of methane hydrate in porous sediment by depressurization with a novel three-dimensional cubic hydrate simulator, Energy Fuels, 25, 4497, 10.1021/ef200757g

Li, 2014, Depressurization induced gas production from hydrate deposits with low gas saturation in a pilot-scale hydrate simulator, Appl Energy, 129, 274, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.05.018

Falser, 2013, Temperature increase during the depressurization of partially hydrate-saturated formations within the stability region, Energy Fuels, 27, 796, 10.1021/ef301916b

Li, 2012, Experimental study on gas production from methane hydrate in porous media by huff and puff method in pilot-scale hydrate simulator, Fuel, 94, 486, 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.011

Demirbas, 2010

Dong, 2009, Experimental investigation on propane hydrate dissociation by high concentration methanol and ethylene glycol solution injection, Energy Fuels, 23, 1563, 10.1021/ef800660m

Fan, 2005, Natural gas hydrate dissociation by presence of ethylene glycol, Energy Fuels, 20, 324, 10.1021/ef0502204

Sira, 1990, Study of hydrate dissociation by methanol and glycol injection, SPE Ann Tech Conf Exh, 977

Li, 2007, Experimental investigation of production behavior of methane hydrate under ethylene glycol injection in unconsolidated sediment, Energy Fuels, 21, 3388, 10.1021/ef060644d

Yuan, 2011, Gas production from methane-hydrate-bearing sands by ethylene glycol injection using a three-dimensional reactor, Energy Fuels, 25, 3108, 10.1021/ef200510e

Qi, 2012, The influence of NaCl ions on hydrate structure and thermodynamic equilibrium conditions of gas hydrates, Fluid Phase Equilib, 325, 6, 10.1016/j.fluid.2012.04.009

Yi L, Liang D. Decomposition mechanism of methane hydrate in brine solution by molecular dynamics simulation. In: Proc int'l conf on gas hydrates, Beijing; 2014.

Lee, 2009, Experimental study on the dissociation behavior and productivity of gas hydrate by brine injection scheme in porous rock, Energy Fuels, 24, 456, 10.1021/ef900791r

Li, 2012, Gas production from methane hydrate in a pilot-scale hydrate simulator using the huff and puff method by experimental and numerical studies, Energy Fuels, 26, 7183, 10.1021/ef301258w

Wang, 2014, Experimental study on the hydrate dissociation in porous media by five-spot thermal huff and puff method, Fuel, 117, 688, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.088

Falser, 2012, Increased gas production from hydrates by combining depressurization with heating of the wellbore, Energy Fuels, 26, 6259, 10.1021/ef3010652

Wang, 2013, A three-dimensional study on methane hydrate decomposition with different methods using five-spot well, Appl Energy, 112, 83, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.079

Li, 2014, Methane hydrate dissociation using inverted five-spot water flooding method in cubic hydrate simulator, Energy, 64, 298, 10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.015

Loh, 2015, Gas production from methane hydrates in a dual wellbore system, Energy Fuels, 29, 35, 10.1021/ef501769r

Li, 2013, The use of dual horizontal wells in gas production from hydrate accumulations, Appl Energy, 112, 1303, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.057

Li, 2013, Experimental study on gas production from methane hydrate in porous media by SAGD method, Appl Energy, 112, 1233, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.02.007

Ohgaki, 1994, A proposal for gas storage on the bottom of the ocean, using gas hydrates, Int Chem Eng, 34, 417

Ebinuma, 1993, Method for dumping and disposing of carbon dioxide gas and apparatus therefor, Google Patents

Goel, 2006, In situ methane hydrate dissociation with carbon dioxide sequestration: current knowledge and issues, J Petrol Sci Eng, 51, 169, 10.1016/j.petrol.2006.01.005

Ohgaki, 1996, Methane exploitation by carbon dioxide from gas hydrates – phase equilibria for CO2–CH4 mixed hydrate system, J Chem Eng Jpn, 29, 478, 10.1252/jcej.29.478

Yezdimer, 2002, Determination of the Gibbs free energy of gas replacement in SI clathrate hydrates by molecular simulation, J Phys Chem A, 106, 7982, 10.1021/jp020795r

Schicks, 2011, New approaches for the production of hydrocarbons from hydrate bearing sediments, Energies, 4, 151, 10.3390/en4010151

Hirohama, 1996, Conversion of CH4-hydrate to CO2-hydrate in liquid CO2, J Chem Eng Jpn, 29, 1014, 10.1252/jcej.29.1014

Lee, 2003, Recovering methane from solid methane hydrate with carbon dioxide, Angew Chem – Int Ed, 42, 5048, 10.1002/anie.200351489

Lee, 2004, Replacement of methane hydrate by carbon dioxide: 13C NMR study for studying a limit to the degree of substitution, 495

Seo, 2013, Experimental verification of methane replacement in gas hydrates by carbon dioxide, Chem Eng Trans, 32, 163

Ota, 2005, Methane recovery from methane hydrate using pressurized CO2, Fluid Phase Equilib, 228–229, 553, 10.1016/j.fluid.2004.10.002

Ota, 2005, Replacement of CH4 in the hydrate by use of liquid CO2, Energy Convers Manage, 46, 1680, 10.1016/j.enconman.2004.10.002

Ors, 2014, An experimental study on the CO2–CH4 swap process between gaseous CO2 and CH4 hydrate in porous media, J Petrol Sci Eng, 119, 156, 10.1016/j.petrol.2014.05.003

Zhou, 2008, Replacement of methane from quartz sand-bearing hydrate with carbon dioxide-in-water emulsion, Energy Fuels, 22, 1759, 10.1021/ef700705y

Zhou, 2008, Determination of appropriate condition on replacing methane from hydrate with carbon dioxide, Energy Convers Manage, 49, 2124, 10.1016/j.enconman.2008.02.006

Moridis G, Collett T. Strategies for gas production from hydrate accumulations under various geologic conditions. In: Proc TOUGH symp 2003.

Moridis, 2004, Numerical studies of gas production from class 2 and class 3 hydrate accumulations at the Mallik Site, Mackenzie Delta, Canada, SPE Reservoir Eval Eng, 7, 175, 10.2118/88039-PA

Jiang, 2012, Sensitivity analysis of gas production from Class I hydrate reservoir by depressurization, Energy, 39, 281, 10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.016

Yuan, 2012, Recovery of methane from hydrate reservoir with gaseous carbon dioxide using a three-dimensional middle-size reactor, Energy, 40, 47, 10.1016/j.energy.2012.02.043

Yuan, 2013, Methane recovery from natural gas hydrate in porous sediment using pressurized liquid CO2, Energy Convers Manage, 67, 257, 10.1016/j.enconman.2012.11.018

Deusner, 2012, Methane production from gas hydrate deposits through injection of supercritical CO2, Energies, 5, 2112, 10.3390/en5072112

Kvamme, 2007, Storage of CO2 in natural gas hydrate reservoirs and the effect of hydrate as an extra sealing in cold aquifers, Int J Greenhouse Gas Control, 1, 236, 10.1016/S1750-5836(06)00002-8

Ersland, 2010, Measuring gas hydrate formation and exchange with CO2 in Bentheim sandstone using MRI tomography, Chem Eng J, 158, 25, 10.1016/j.cej.2008.12.028

Lee, 2014, Quantitative measurement and mechanisms for CH4 production from hydrates with the injection of liquid CO2, Phys Chem Chem Phys, 16, 14922, 10.1039/C4CP01780C

Murshed, 2010, Kinetics of methane–ethane gas replacement in clathrate-hydrates studied by time-resolved neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, J Phys Chem A, 114, 247, 10.1021/jp908016j

Yoon, 2004, Transformation of methane hydrate to carbon dioxide hydrate: in situ Raman spectroscopic observations, J Phys Chem A, 108, 5057, 10.1021/jp049683l

Demurov, 2002, Computations of diffusivities in ice and CO2 clathrate hydrates via molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations, J Chem Phys, 116, 702, 10.1063/1.1425821

Davies, 2008, A novel approach to measuring methane diffusivity through a hydrate film using differential scanning calorimetry

Collett, 2013, Historical methane hydrate project review

Sapir, 1976, Analysis of the development of Messoyakha gas hydrate deposit

Sapir, 1973, Oil Gas Geol, 6

Collett, 1998, Gas hydrates in the Messoyakha gas field of the west siberian basin – a re-examination of the geologic evidence, Int J Offshore Polar Eng, 8, 22

Collett TS, Agena WF, Lee MW, Zyrianova MV, Bird KJ, Charpentier RR, et al. Assessment of gas hydrate resources on the North Slope, Alaska; 2008.

Anderson, 2011, Regional long-term production modeling from a single well test, Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope, Mar Pet Geol, 28, 493, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.01.015

Hunter, 2011, Mount Elbert gas hydrate stratigraphic test well, Alaska north slope: overview of scientific and technical program, Mar Pet Geol, 28, 295, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.02.015

Kurihara M, Sato A, Funatsu K, Ouchi H, Yamamoto K, Numasawa M, et al. Analysis of production data for 2007/2008 mallik gas hydrate production tests in Canada. Society of petroleum engineers – international oil and gas conference and exhibition in China, IOGCEC2010; 2010. p. 2908–31.

Kvamme, 2012, Adsorption of water and carbon dioxide on hematite and consequences for possible hydrate formation, Phys Chem Chem Phys, 14, 4410, 10.1039/c2cp23810a

Birkedal, 2010, Geomechanical stability during CH4 production from hydrates – depressurization or CO2 sequestration with CO2–CH4 exchange

Vafaei, 2012, Nonequilibrium modeling of hydrate dynamics in reservoir, Energy Fuels, 26, 3564, 10.1021/ef300348r

Svandal, 2006, The phase-field theory applied to CO2 and CH4 hydrate, J Cryst Growth, 287, 486, 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.11.071

Svandal, 2006, Thermodynamic properties and phase transitions in the H2O/CO2/CH4 system, Phys Chem Chem Phys, 8, 1707, 10.1039/b516375g

Graue A, Kvamme BGE, Husebo J, Stevens J, Howard J, et al. Laboratory investigation of hydrate production through CO2–CH4 exchange. Fire in the Ice. National Energy Technology Laboratory; 2008. p. 1–4.

Jalloh A. Methane and carbon dioxide exchange production studies from exposed natural gas hydrate: the University of Bergen; 2010.

Schoderbek D, Farrell H, Hester K, Howard J, Raterman K, Silpngarmlert S, et al. ConocoPhillips gas hydrate production test final technical report. United States Department of Energy; 2013.

Noguchi S, Furukawa T, Oikawa N, Aung TT. Quantitative characterization of methane hydrate reservoir in the Eastern Nankai Trough, Japan; 2012. p. 3290–5.

Daigle, 2014, Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of shallow marine sediments from the Nankai Trough, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 333, J Geophys Res B: Solid Earth, 119, 2631, 10.1002/2013JB010784

Miyakawa, 2014, Gas hydrate saturation at Site c0002, IODP expeditions 314 and 315, in the Kumano Basin, Nankai Trough, Island Arc, 23, 142, 10.1111/iar.12064

Yamamoto K, Suzuki K, Nagano Y, Nakatsuka Y. Approach to study mechanical stability of wellbore and formation for the offshore production test from methane hydrate deposits. In: Proc int'l conf on gas hydrates, Beijing; 2014.

JOGMEC. Gas produced from methane hydrate (provisional). In: JOGMEC, editor; 2013.

Boswell R, Coffin RB, Collett T, Frye M, Haq B, Niglio L, et al. An interagency roadmap for methane hydrate research and development: 2015–2030; 2013.

Ruppel C. Methane hydrates and the future of natural gas. MITEI Natural Gas Report, Supplementary Paper on Methane Hydrates; 2011.

IPCC. Direct global warming potentials. IPCC fourth assessment report: climate change 2007: intergovernmental panel on climate change; 2007.

NRC. Advancing the science of climate change. Washington, DC, USA.: National Research Council; 2010.

Maslin, 2010, Gas hydrates: past and future geohazard?, Philos Trans R Soc A: Math, Phys Eng Sci, 368, 2369, 10.1098/rsta.2010.0065

Archer, 2007, Methane hydrate stability and anthropogenic climate change, Biogeosciences, 4, 521, 10.5194/bg-4-521-2007

Kvenvolden, 1993, Gas hydrates-geological perspective and global change, Rev Geophys, 31, 173, 10.1029/93RG00268

Dickens, 1995, Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene, Paleoceanography, 10, 965, 10.1029/95PA02087

Hatzikiriakos, 1993, The relationship between global warming and methane gas hydrates in the earth, Chem Eng Sci, 48, 3963, 10.1016/0009-2509(93)80375-Z

Nagakubo, 2011, Methane hydrate development and environmental impacts: environmental studies in phase 2 of Japan’s methane hydrate R&D [Research And Development] program, J Jpn Assoc Pet Technol, 76, 310, 10.3720/japt.76.310

Arata N, Sukizaki S, Awashima Y, Ogisako E, Okada Y. Overview of the R&D program for an environmental impact assessment of methane hydrate exploitation in Japan. OCEANS; 2008.

Dvorkin, 2003, Introduction to physical properties and elasticity models, 245

Francisca, 2005, Geophysical and geotechnical properties of near-seafloor sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico gas hydrate province, Earth Planet Sci Lett, 237, 924, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.050

Durham, 2003, The strength and rheology of methane clathrate hydrate, J Geophys Res B: Solid Earth, 108

Waite, 2004, Methane hydrate formation in partially water-saturated Ottawa sand, Am Mineral, 89, 1202, 10.2138/am-2004-8-906

Ebinuma T, Kamata Y, Minagawa H, Ohmura R, Nagao J, Narita H. Mechanical properties of sandy sediment containing methane hydrate. In: Proc int'l conf on gas hydrates, Trondheim; 2005.

Hyodo, 2014, Effects of dissociation on the shear strength and deformation behavior of methane hydrate-bearing sediments, Mar Pet Geol, 51, 52, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.11.015

Li, 2012, Experimental research on the mechanical properties of methane hydrate-ice mixtures, Energies, 5, 181, 10.3390/en5020181

Li, 2013, A new strength criterion and constitutive model of gas hydrate-bearing sediments under high confining pressures, J Petrol Sci Eng, 109, 45, 10.1016/j.petrol.2013.08.010

Li, 2012, Analysis of mechanical properties and strength criteria of methane hydrate-bearing sediments, Int J Offshore Polar Eng, 22, 290

Li, 2012, Investigation of the stress-strain and strength behaviors of ice containing methane hydrate, J Cold Regions Eng, 26, 149, 10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000044

Priest, 2009, Influence of gas hydrate morphology on the seismic velocities of sands, J Geophys Res B: Solid Earth, 114

Hyodo, 2013, Mechanical behavior of gas-saturated methane hydrate-bearing sediments, J Geophys Res B: Solid Earth, 118, 5185, 10.1002/2013JB010233

Hyodo, 2013, Mechanical and dissociation properties of methane hydrate-bearing sand in deep seabed, Soils Found, 53, 299, 10.1016/j.sandf.2013.02.010

Hyodo, 2014, A comparative analysis of the mechanical behavior of carbon dioxide and methane hydrate-bearing sediments, Am Mineral, 99, 178, 10.2138/am.2014.4620

Brewer, 1999, Direct experiments on the ocean disposal of fossil fuel CO2, Science (New York, NY), 284, 943, 10.1126/science.284.5416.943

Abu-Khader, 2006, Recent progress in CO2 capture/sequestration: a review, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, Environ Eff, 28, 1261, 10.1080/009083190933825

Li, 2006, CO2 sequestration in depleted oil and gas reservoirs—caprock characterization and storage capacity, Energy Convers Manage, 47, 1372, 10.1016/j.enconman.2005.08.023

Bachu, 2000, Sequestration of CO2 in geological media: criteria and approach for site selection in response to climate change, Energy Convers Manage, 41, 953, 10.1016/S0196-8904(99)00149-1

Zatsepino, 2012, Storage of CO2 as hydrate in depleted gas reservoirs, SPE Reservoir Eval Eng, 15, 98, 10.2118/137313-PA

Yamasaki, 2003, An overview of CO2 mitigation options for global warming—emphasizing CO2 sequestration options, J Chem Eng Jpn, 36, 361, 10.1252/jcej.36.361

Zatsepina, 2011, Storage of CO2 hydrate in shallow gas reservoirs: pre-and postinjection periods, Greenhouse Gases: Sci Technol, 1, 223, 10.1002/ghg.23

Sun, 2014, Storage of CO2 in a partially water saturated porous medium at gas hydrate formation conditions, Int J Greenhouse Gas Control, 25, 1, 10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.03.008

Plasynki SI, Ciferno JP. The cost of carbon dioxide capture and storage in geological formations. In: US DOE, editor; 2008.

EPA. Geologic CO2 sequestration technology and cost analysis; 2008.

Park, 2006, Sequestering carbon dioxide into complex structures of naturally occurring gas hydrates, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, 12690, 10.1073/pnas.0602251103

Koh, 2012, Recovery of methane from gas hydrates intercalated within natural sediments using CO2 and a CO2/N2 gas mixture, ChemSusChem, 5, 1443, 10.1002/cssc.201100644

Anderson B, Boswell R, Collett T, Farrell H, Ohtsuki S, White M, et al. Review of the findings of the Igmik Sikumi CO2–CH4 gas hydrate exchange field trial. In: Proc int'l conf on gas hydrates, Beijing; 2014.

Walsh, 2009, Preliminary report on the commercial viability of gas production from natural gas hydrates, Energy Econom, 31, 815, 10.1016/j.eneco.2009.03.006

Döpke, 2014, The economics of exploiting gas hydrates, Energy Econom, 42, 355, 10.1016/j.eneco.2013.11.001

Holder, 1984, The potential of natural gas hydrates as an energy resource, Annu Rev Energy, 9, 427, 10.1146/annurev.eg.09.110184.002235

Birchwood, 2008, Safe drilling in gas hydrate prone sediments: findings from the 2005 drilling campaign of the gulf of Mexico gas hydrate joint industry project (JIP), Fire Ice, 8, 1

ETSAP, 2010, Unconventional oil and gas production, 1

Hancock, 2005, Overview of thermal-stimulation production-test results for the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC etc., Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well